Bio Chapter 1
Embryology
1. A subdivision of Developmental Anatomy 2. Concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
(Survival Needs for Life) Oxygen
1. All the nutrients in the world are useless unless oxygen is also available needs to ATP release
Directional terms
1. Allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another.
Examples of physiology
1. Are anything that deals with functions 2. often times going to see physiology variables that indicate the study of physiology Example: if someone is measuring the Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Body temperature -any variable that could represent a change in function in a physiology variable
Cellular level
1. Cells are made up of Molecules 2. Molecules associate in specific ways to form organelles that are the basic components of cells
Cells
1. Cells are the smallest units of living things and the fundamental unit of life. 2. Cells are made up of Molecules 3. organelles are the basic components of cells 4. All cells share some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body
Levels of Structural organization
1. Chemical level 2. Cellular Level 3. Tissue Level 4. Organ Level 5. Organ System Level 6. Organismal level
Microscopic Anatomy
1. Deals with structures to small to be seen with the naked eye 2. Subdivisions of Microscopic anatomy include CYTOLOGY and HISTOLOGY
The 4 Basic Tissue types in the human body
1. Epithelial tissue 2. Muscle tissue 3. Connective Tissue 4. Nervous Tissue
(Complementarity of Structure and Function) 1. Although its possible to study anatomy and physiology individually, they are really inseparable because
1. Function always reflects structure.
Examples of Anatomy
1. Gross/Macro-scopic anatomy 2. Microscopic Anatomy 3. Developmental Anatomy
(Subdivision of the ventral body cavity) Abdominopelvic Cavity
1. Has two parts: A. Abdominal Cavity: contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs B. Pelvic Cavity: Lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum these parts not aligned with each other
Homeostatic Imbalance
1. Homeostasis is so important that most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance 2. Homeostatic Imbalance = sickness/disease 3. A source of homeostatic imbalance occurs when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over 4. Increases risk of disease 5. as we age our body controls systems become less efficient and our internal environment becomes less and less stable and these events increase our risk of illness and produce the changes we associate with aging
(Survival Needs for Life) Normal body temperatures
1. If chemical reactions are to continue at life-sustaining rates, normal body temperature must be maintained 37°C, 98.6°F
(functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans) Movement
1. Includes the activities promoted by the muscular system and the skeletal system provides the bony framework that the muscles pull on as they work 3. movement also occurs when substances such as blood, foodstuffs, and urine are propelled through internal organs 2. Contractibility
(functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans) Metabolism
1. Is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells 2. It includes CATABOLISM and ANABOLISM
Sagittal plane
1. Is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts 2. A sagittal plan that lies exactly in the midline is the median plane or midsagittal plane 3. All other sagittal planes, offset from the midline are parasagittal planes (para=near)
List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans
1. Maintaining boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth
Negative feedback Mechanisms
1. Most Homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. 2. In these systems the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity 3. All negative feedback mechanisms have the same goal: preventing severe changes within the body Examples: - Regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism) - Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an endocrine system mechanism)
Survival needs for life
1. Nutrients 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Appropriate temperature 5. Appropoiate atmospheric pressure the mere presence of these surreal factors is not sufficient enough to sustain life , they must be in the proper amounts as well
Dorsal Body Cavity
1. Protects the fragile nervous system organs, 2. Has two subdivisions A. Cranial Cavity = in the skull, encases the brain B. Vertebral cavity or spinal Cavity= runs within the bony vertebral column and encloses the delicate spinal cord
All Homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least 3 components that work together to regulate the variable, what the components
1. Receptor - First componet, it is a sensor that monitors the environment , it responds to stimuli (changes)by sending information (input) along the afferent pathway to the second componet 2. Control Center - 2nd Component, determines the set point which is the level at which a variable is to be maintained 3. Effector- 3rd component, carries out the controls centers response to the stimulus
Examples of physiology list them
1. Renal physiology 2. Neurophysiology 3. Cardiovascular physiology
Positive Feedback Mechanism
1. Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus - Response in SAME direction as STIMULUS 2. Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment - Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin (chapter 28) - Platelet plug formation and blood clotting May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect typically they set off a linked sequence of events and this why they are referred to as cascades Positive feedback mechanisms are likely to race out of control so they are rarely used to promote the moment to moment well-being of the body.
The Nine Abdominopelvic Regions
1. Right Hypochondriac Region .Liver .Gallbladder 2. Epigastric region .Stomach 3. Left hypochondriac region .Spleen . Diaphgram 4. Right Lateral (lumbar) region .Ascending colon of large intestine 5. Umbilical REGION .Small intestine . Transverse colon of large intestine 6. Left lateral (lumbar) Region .Descending colon of large intestine 7. Right Inguninal (iliac) region .Cecum .Appendix 8. Pubic (hypogastric) region .Urinary bladder 9. Left inguinal (iliac) region .Initial part of sigmoid colon
Abdominoplevic Quadrants
1. Right upper quadrant. (RUQ) 2. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) 3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) 4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
The Most frequently used body planes
1. Sagittal, 2. Frontal 3. Transverse plans
Chemical Level
1. Simplest level 2. Atoms Combine to form Molecules 3. ATOMS are the simplest unit of a element -Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and these make up 96% of the human body 4. MOLECULES : Examples are water (60% of total body weigh), Glucose (C6H1206) and proteins -form organelles
(organ System) 1. Intugementary system 2. Skeletal System 3. Musclar system
1. Skin, forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissue from injury, systhnesizes vitamin D, Hair, nails , skin 2. Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause a movement 3. Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
Anatomy
1. Structure 2. Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Gross or Macro-scopic anatomy
1. Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. 2. Can be approached in 3 different ways: 1. Regional anatomy. 2. Systemic anatomy 3. Surface Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
1. Subdivision of Gross Anatomy 2. The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface 3. Use surface anatomy when you identify the bulging muscles beneath a bodybuilders skin, and clinicians use it to locate appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pulses and draw blood
Cytology
1. Subdivision of Microscopic Anatomy 2. Considers the cells of the body
Histology
1. Subdivision of Microscopic Anatomy 2. The Study of Tissues
Regional anatomy.
1. Subdivision of gross anatomy 2. All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc,) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.
Systemic anatomy
1. Subdivision of gross anatomy 2. Body structure is studied system by system and an example is when studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of there entire body
Connective Tissue
1. Supports and protects body organs 2. Diverse
(Subdivision of the ventral body cavity) Thoracic cavity
1. Surrounded by the ribs and the muscles of the chest 2. Further subdivided into Lateral pleural cavities each enveloping a lung Pericardial cavity encloses the heart
Anatomical Position
1. The anatomical reference point is a standard body position called the anatomical position 2. The body is erect with feet slightly apart, resembles standing at attention except the palms face forward and the thumbs point away from the body
Ventral Body Cavity
1. The more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities is the ventral body cavity 2. has two major subdivisons = the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity 3. houses internal organs collectively called the viscera organs
Developmental Anatomy
1. Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span. 2. A subdivision of this is Embryology
(Metabolism) 1. Catabolism 2. Anabolism
1. breaking down substances into simpler building blocks 2. synthesizing more complex substances from simpler building blocks
1. Physiology often focuses on events at the
1. cellular or molecular level
Organ System Level.
1. consist of different organs that work together closely. 2. examples are the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels working together), skeletal, muscular, digestive, endocrine,
(Organ systems) 1. Urinary system 2. Male and female reproductive system
1. eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood 2. overall function is production of offspring
(functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans) Maintaining Boundaries
1. every living organism must maintain its boundaries so that its internal environment (its inside) remains distinct from the external environment (its outside) 2. - The integumentary system or skin encloses the body as a whole 3. Plasma membranes an example
(organ systems) 1. Nervous system 2. Endorcine System 3. Cardiovascular system
1. fast-acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands 2. glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells 3. blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes. heart pumps blood
Physiology
1. function 2. Concerns the function of the body, in other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities
Organ
1. is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (four is more common) that performs a specific function for the body -the liver, brain, and a blood vessel are very different from the stomach but each is an organ
(Homeostatic control) 1. Variable 2. All Homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least
1. is the factor or event being regulated 2. 3 components that work together to regulate the variable
Frontal plane
1. like sagittal planes, lie vertically, 2, frontal planes however divide the body into anterior and posterior parts 3. A frontal plan is also called a coronal plane
(Regional terms) 1. Axial Part 2. Appendicular Part
1. makes up the main axis of the body and includes our head, neck, and trunk 2. Consists of the appendages, or limbs which are attached to the body axis
(Studying Anatomy) 1. One essential tool for studying anatomy is a 2. Other tools for studying anatomy are
1. mastery of anatomical terminology 2. observation, manipulation, and, in a living person, palpation (feeling organs with your hands) and Auscultation (listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope)
Organ Level
1. organs are made up of different types of tissues 2. at this level extremely complex functions become possible
(organ systems) 1. Lymphatic system/Immune 2. Respiratory system 3. Digestive system
1. picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and return it to the blood. disposes of debris in the lymphatic system. houses white blood cells 2. keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide . 3. breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
Organismal level
1. represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive. 2. The human organism is made ups of many organ systems
Transverse or horizontal plane
1. runs horizontally from right to left dividing the body into superior and inferior parts 2. A transverse section is also called a cross section
(Survival Needs for Life) 1. Nutrients (food)
1. taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building 2. Carbs are the major energy fuel for the body cells
Regional terms
1. used to designate specific areas within these major body divisions 2 fundamental divisions - axial and appendicular parts
Approximately what percentage of the air we breathe is oxygen?
20%
Which of the following is true of digestion? A. It involves the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules. B. Simple molecules are absorbed into the esophagus. C. Large complex molecules are absorbed by the digestive system. D. Nutrients are distributed by the respiratory system.
A IS CORRECT
A result of homeostatic imbalance could be __________. A. Disease B. sweating as a result of being hot C. shivering as a result of being cold D. heart rate increasing as a result of exercise breathing rate increasing as a result of exercise
A. Disease
As blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense this change, and the pancreas (the control center) secretes insulin into the blood. This change in turn prompts body cells to absorb more glucose, removing it from the bloodstream. As blood sugar falls, the stimulus for insulin release ends. Which of the following best describes this example of a feedback system?
A. Endocrine system maintaining homeostasis by positive feedback B. Endocrine system maintaining homeostasis by negative feedback C. Nervous system maintaining homeostasis by negative feedback E. Nervous system maintaining homeostasis by positive feedback B is correct.
In feedback, which statement is true?
A. Positive feedback is, in most cases, beneficial as the example of enhancing labor contractions during birth. B. Homeostasis refers to the process of positive feedback. Most homeostatic control mechanisms are positive feedback mechanisms. C. Most medical situations can be viewed from the point of view of a failure of homeostasis. Disease can be regarded as a disturbance of homeostasis. D. Due to less developed homeostatic mechanisms, young adults are more prone to homeostatic imbalances than older adults. C IS CORRECT
Serous membranes line the cavity walls and the surfaces of the organs that are contained within which of the following cavities? Cranial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Vertebral cavity Synovial cavity Orbital cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity -venrtal body cavity which includes this and thoracic
Scentist observing something is an example of an
Anatomists
Two complementary branches of science ___________ and _________ provide the concepts that help us to understand the Human body
Anatomy and Physiology.
Complementarity of structure and function
Anatomy tell the observer something about physiology
(Survival Needs for Life) Appropriate atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the force that air exerts on the surface of the body breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure
Which of the following is not an example of the body's use of homeostasis to regulate the internal environment? Being covered with a blanket when you are cold Sweating Shivering Jerking the hand away to withdraw from a painful stimulus
Being covered with a blanket when you are cold
Which of the following events is an example of a positive feedback mechanism? An increased respiratory rate when blood pH is elevated Decreased urine production when the blood pressure drops Blood clotting when the lining of a blood vessel is injured Sweating to help lower elevated body temperature
Blood clotting when the lining of a blood vessel is injured
Homeostasis
Bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even through the outside worlds changes continuously It indicates a DYNAMIC State of EQUILIBRIUM or a balance in which internal conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits in general the body is in homeostasis when its needs are adequately met and it is functioning smoothly virtually every organ system plays a role in maintaining it Communication is essential for homeostasis
Physiology often focuses on events at the cellular or molecular level. this is because the
Bodys abilities depend on those of its individual cells, and cell's abilities ultimately depend on the chemical reactions that go on within them.
Which of the following is true concerning appropriate atmospheric pressure? Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure. The body will use as much oxygen that is available and this is why oxygen is often used in a medical setting to improve healing. The body is able to adapt to any atmospheric condition. The high water content of the body maintains the force that air exerts on the surface of the body.
Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure.
When considering nutrients as a survival need, which of the following is true? Carbohydrates provide a reserve of energy-rich fuel. Carbohydrates are the major energy fuel for body cells and are found primarily in plant-derived foods. Fats are the most essential for building cell structures. Fats are the major energy fuel for body cells, and are found primarily in animal-derived foods. Carbohydrates are the major energy fuel for body cells and are found primarily in animal-derived foods.
Carbohydrates are the major energy fuel for body cells and are found primarily in plant-derived foo
Renal physiology
Concerns Kidney function and urine production
Epithelial tissue
Covers the bodys surface and lines its cavities
Excretion is the process of removing wastes from the body. If the body is to operate as we expect it to, it must get rid of nonuseful substances produced during digestion and metabolism. Which of the following is untrue with regards to excretion? Every organ system plays a direct role in excretion. The urinary system disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes, such as urea, in urine. Carbon dioxide, a by-product of cellular respiration, is carried in the blood to the lungs, where it leaves the body in exhaled air. The digestive system rids the body of indigestible food residues in feces.
Every organ system plays a direct role in excretion.
Cardiovascular physiology
Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
Neurophysiology
Explains the working of the nervous system (brain)
The plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is called the __________.
Fontal plane
The principle of complenentarity of structure and function
Function always reflects structure. That is, what a structure can do depends on its specific Form and this key concept is called the principle of complenentarity of structure and function
Which of the following is not true of the necessary life function of growth? True growth involves an increase in the number of cells or an increase in the size of cells. Similar to reproduction, growth usually involves the division of cells. In growth, destructive activities must occur at a faster rate than constructive ones. Growth is usually accomplished by increasing the number of cells.
In growth, destructive activities must occur at a faster rate than constructive ones. --constructive must occur faster than destructive
Which of the following does not represent a negative feedback mechanism? Increasing the muscle in the heart to cope with high blood pressure Decreasing the depth of breathing when carbon dioxide levels are low Increasing urine output to bring down blood pressure Increasing breathing rate to counter an increase in carbon dioxide
Increasing the muscle in the heart to cope with high blood pressure
Which of the following is correctly matched? Posterior is sometimes referred to as ventral. Inferior is sometimes referred to as caudal. Superficial is sometimes referred to as internal. Anterior is sometimes referred to as dorsal.
Inferior is sometimes referred to as caudal.
Which of the following pairings with regards to regional terms is correct? Antebrachial is the more medically accurate term for wrist. Otic is the more medically accurate term for back of head. Inguinal is the more medically accurate term for groin. Antebrachial is the more medically accurate term for the arm.
Inguinal is the more medically accurate term for groin.
Which of the following is not a necessary human life function? Intelligence Movement Metabolism Excretion Responsiveness
Intelligence
(functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans) Digestion
Is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
What is the function of serous fluid?
It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction.
The human body as a whole is enclosed and protected by the integumentary system. This is an example of a necessary life function. Select the correct function from the list below. Homeostasis Metabolism Responsiveness Maintaining boundaries
Maintaining boundaries
What name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Metabolism
Metabolism is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking down substances into simpler building blocks (the process of catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce (via cellular respiration) ATP, the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities. Given what you know about metabolism, which of the following statements is false? Endocrine glands secrete hormones that control many aspects of metabolism. Metabolism is regulated largely by the nervous system. Metabolism depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood. Metabolism depends on the cardiovascular system to distribute nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.
Metabolism is regulated largely by the nervous system.
What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold?
Negative Feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range
The highest level of of organization is the
Organism
In feedback, which statement is true? Negative feedback refers to times when levels are reduced while positive feedback refers to times when levels are increased. Positive and negative feedback mechanisms are named for the direction of the response relative to the initial stimulus. Negative feedback refers to events that often result in amplification, or a waterfall effect. Thus, they are often referred to as cascades. Most disease states arise from difficulties with positive feedback, which is more common than negative feedback.
Positive and negative feedback mechanisms are named for the direction of the response relative to the initial stimulus.
Which choice below is not one of the three components of homeostatic control systems? Positive feedback Control center Receptor Effector
Positive feedback
Muscle Tissue
Provides Movement
Nervous Tissue
Provides a mean of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses
Which of the following is correct regarding a feedback cycle? Effector responds to a stimulus by sending input along the efferent pathway. Receptor responds to a stimulus by sending input along the efferent pathway. Receptor perceives a stimulus by sending input along the afferent pathway. Effector responds to a stimulus by sending input along the afferent pathway.
Receptor perceives a stimulus by sending input along the afferent pathway.
Match the following: Example of negative feedback system Provides the means to respond to the stimulus; intensity of the stimulus is increased Monitors changes in the environment; sets off a series of events that may be self-perpetuating Labor contractions during birth Regulation of body temperature Formation of a platelet plug in blood clotting
Regulation of body temperature
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? Release of glucagon to increase a lower-than-normal level of glucose in the blood Release of insulin to decrease a high level of glucose in the blood Release of oxytocin to increase the strength of labor contractions Shivering to generate heat in a situation where body temperature is below normal
Release of oxytocin to increase the strength of labor contractions
The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is a physiological ability known as __________.
Responsiveness
A person with appendicitis will most often present pain in the __________. right lower quadrant left upper quadrant right upper quadrant epigastric region
Right lower quadrant
Which of the following statements with regards to regional terms is correct? Popliteal refers to the area also know as the knee cap. Sural refers to the calf. The umbilical region, being in close proximity to the appendix, is also known as the appendicular region. Antebrachial refers solely to the anterior portion of the forearm. In anatomical position, the metatarsals are posterior to the tarsal.
Sural refers to the calf.
In what ways does Physiology depend on anatomy?
The Operation or function of a structure is promoted or prevented by its anatomy
Which usage of a directional term is correct? The head is caudal to the abdomen . The breastbone is dorsal to the spine. The skeletal muscles are superficial to the skin. The arms are lateral to the chest.
The arms are lateral to the chest.
Which of the following is false concerning the survival need of water? The body is 98% water and is thus crucial to survival. Water is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body. We lose water from the body by evaporation from the lungs and skin and in body excretions. Water is obtained chiefly from ingested foods or liquids.
The body is 98% water and is thus crucial to survival.
Which of the following is true? The naval is distal to the chin. The collarbone is superior to the shoulder blade. The elbow is proximal to the wrist. The breastbone is posterior to the spine..
The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Which of the following directional terms is accurate? The heart is superficial to the lungs. The heart is posterior to the lungs. The heart is inferior to the lungs. The heart is medial to the lungs. The lungs are distal to the heart.
The heart is medial to the lungs.
Which of the following statements is true The calcaneal region is anterior to the tarsal. The knee is proximal to the thigh. The pollex is distal to the antebrachial region. The otic area is also midsagittal.
The pollex is distal to the antebrachial region.
Which of the following statements with regards to regional terms is correct? The term digital can pertain to both the pedal and manus. The proper order from superior to inferior is cervical, cephalic, lumbar, and sacral. Tarsal refers to the heel. Calcaneal refers to the ankle.
The term digital can pertain to both the pedal and manus.
Which cavity contains the lungs and heart? Abdominal cavity Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Pelvic cavity Cranial cavity Thoracic cavit
Thoracic cavit
Tissue Level
Tissues are group of similar cells that have a common function
A section that will allow you to look at the superior surface of the liver would be considered ________. Transverse sagittal frontal oblique
Transverse A transverse section will divide the body into superior and inferior portions. A sagittal section divides left into right while a frontal section divides anterior and posterior. An oblique section are cuts that are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes.
Which cavity contains the spinal cord? Vertebral cavity Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity
Vertebral cavity
Failure of homeostatic mechanisms often lead to pathological symptoms. Which of the following represent an inaccurate pairing between parts of a homeostatic mechanism and disease? Vitamin deficiencies that damage nerves and cause numbing in the hands may lead to failure to withdraw from a painful stimulus. This represents a failure in the effector portion of the homeostatic mechanism. A person born with a reduced number of sweat glands would be missing a key effector in reducing body temperature. Consuming alcohol is a depressant that slows activity in the region of the brain controlling breathing rate. Thus, alcohol affects the control center of the homeostatic mechanism for breathing. Low blood pressure caused by a lack of thirst represents a failure of the receptor portion of the homeostatic mechanism.
Vitamin deficiencies that damage nerves and cause numbing in the hands may lead to failure to withdraw from a painful stimulus. This represents a failure in the effector portion of the homeostatic mechanism.
(Survival Needs for Life) Water
Water accounts for 50-60% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body
For anatomical studies the body is often cut or sectioned along a flat surface called
a plan
Oblique Sections
are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes, seldom used
Which of the following is the regional term that includes the head?
axial
Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels?
cardiovascular physiology
A home heating system connected to a temperature-sensitive thermostat is a nonbiological example of a negative feedback system. Which of the following best describes the heating element of the furnace? control center receptor effector variable
effector -The effector is the component that brings about change. In this case, the change is warming the temperature.
The thoracic cavity contains the ________. It is found ________ to the vertebral cavity.
heart and lungs, Anterior
You are told to take an axillary temperature on a small child. You will place the thermometer ________.
in the armpit
Organelle:
is a mini organ responsible for specific function within the cell
(functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans) Growth
is an increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole
Movement ________. requires muscle cells to shorten, an ability that is more precisely called excitability is defined solely as moving the organism through the environment using the muscular system is defined as both moving the organism through the environment using the muscular system as well as moving substances through the internal organs of the body refers only to the movement of substances through the internal organs of the body
is defined as both moving the organism through the environment using the muscular system as well as moving substances through the internal organs of the body
(functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans) Responsiveness or Excitability
is the ability to sense of changes in the environment and then respond to them allows communication between outside world and your body Nervous system mostly involved with Responsiveness
(functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans) Excretion
is the process of removing wastes from the body different systems involved in this : Digestive, urinary, respiratory system, and skin (integumentary system)
What separates living beings from nonliving objects
living organisms can maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, disposes of wastes, reproduce and grow. while inanimate objects may exhibit some of these properties, they do not exhibit all of them
If the human body temperature drops below 37°C (98.6°F), the body's __________. metabolic reactions become slower death takes place chemical reactions continue at life-sustaining rates metabolic reactions become faster
metabolic reactions become slower
Homeostasis communication is accomplished chiefly by the
nervous and endocrine system - The controlling systems
(functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans) Reproduction
occurs at the cellular and organismal level
Contractibility
on the cellular level, the muscles cell's ability to move by shortening is more precisely called this
With regards to a variation of a physiological value from its set point or normal limit, negative feedback always __________ the value back to the set point or normal limit.
returns
Which of the following cuts could cross the umbilical, pelvic, and nasal regions?
sagittal section
Radiographic anatomy
studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures
Pathological Anatomy
studies structural changes caused by a disease
Anatomical position is characterized by ________. palmar surface facing posteriorly lying flat on one's back, facing upward the pollex as the most lateral feature the terms "right" and "left" referring to those of the observer, not the person or cadaver being viewed
the pollex as the most lateral feature
The dorsal body cavity is divided into which of the following subdivisions?
the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities
The ventral body cavity is subdivided into which of the following sets of cavities?
thoracic cavity and andominopelvic cavity
Reproduction refers __________. to both cellular reproduction (where a cell divides producing two identical daughter cells) and organismal reproduction (making a new person) only to organismal reproduction (making a new person) to a process exquisitely regulated by the nervous system only to cellular reproduction (where a cell divides producing two identical daughter cells)
to both cellular reproduction (where a cell divides producing two identical daughter cells) and organismal reproduction (making a new person)
What is the role of the serous membranes covering some organs?
to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall
A radiographic image that would show both lungs would need to be in what plane? A sagittal or frontal plane A transverse or frontal plane A sagittal or oblique plane A sagittal or transverse plane
transverse or frontal plane
The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region.
true
