Bio Chapter 1 test
inserting / removing glasware from rubber stopers
- lubricate glassware - protect hands in towel -
what happened in the 1890's with Pouchet?
- pouchet puts hay infusion in tube -heats up hay very high - left and found micro organisms
whats a scirentific law
A scientific law is a statement or mathematical equation that expresses a relationship between elements under certain conditions. It is usually the result of many indisputable observations. It is an established principle of science. A Scientific law describes things, but it does not answer the question "why?"
temperature
F = 212 AND 32 C= 100 AND 0 KELVIN= 373 AND 273 *0* = NO HEAT
Second step ?
Get information and form a Hypothesis
Larger to smaler
Mulitlply
What is spotaneous generation?
The idea that life can arise from non living matter THERE IS NO PARENT ORGANISM
Smaller to larger
divide
living things maintaining a relatively stable internal envirorment
homeostasis
scientific notation
moving to LEFT = POSITIVE moving to RIGHT = NEGATIVE
Science
organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world
biosphere
a living planet
bias
a point of view that is personal rather than scientific
cytology?
cells
what two things are vital to modern science?
communication and sharing of ideas
measurements are often referred to as
data
in a line graph you find the most consistent variable in the experiment
x axis -on the y you will find the other variable
what does the top/ biggest level include?
• Bioshphere-the part of earth where life exists • Biome-all similar ecosystems on the planet • Ecosystem-all living things and their environment • Community-all living things in a particular area • Population- same species in a particular area
understanding science helps what?
people make descions that also involve cultural customs, values and ethical standards - Can help people predict the conquences of their actions and plan the future
botany?
plants
cold glassware and hot glassware look the ...
same
science as a way of knowing
science is not a list of facts but a way of knowing
abiogenesis generation
spotaneous generation
signal in whcih ornaism srepsond
stimuli
evolutuon
taken a group living things evolve
metabolism
the combination of chemical reactions through which an orgaism builds hip or breaks down materials
data
the information gathered during an experiment
fume hood
used to get ride of dangeous fumes
what does using science involve?
using science involves understanding its context and limitations in society?
What are the certain components of all experiments ?
variables control, experimental group, data
virology ?
viruses
what did Leunenock do in the 1660's
-discovered micro organidsms from pond water under lense
what did redi do in the 1660's
-first recoded instance of scientific method - took jars and put meat in them and sealed the jar - half of the jars were left unprotected -half of jars protected -proved that meat turning into flies was untrue
what did needham do after?
-heated gravy up -sealed tube -left gravy and found micro organisms
biology
-the study of life
what happened with pastuer after?
-took flask heated it and twisted the neck into a s shape - put broth in tube - left tube motuh open - no micro orgnaisms
characteristics of living things (list all 8)
1 cells 2 grow and develop 3. reproduce 4. respond to stimuli 5. evolve (populations only) 6. have genetic material (DNA or RNA) 7. Metabolism 8. Status quo- Homeostasis
whats a scientific theory?
A hypothesis which has been accepted as true, which has been tested many times and which has never been proven false after many years, may become a theory. A theory is not usually an isolated bit of information or a single hypothesis, but, on the contrary, it is usually combined with other related hypotheses to form a general frame-work which explains certain phenomenon. A theory can change if a hypothesis on which it is based is proven to be false, or as more data becomes available. A theory is a "big deal" in science.
THIRD step?
Do the Experiment
whats the next step in the scientific method
Draw a Conclusion
how are new ideas created?
curiosity, skeptiscism, open mindedness and crativity
structure and function
each major group or oerganisms has evolved its own particular body part
whats the biggest electrical hazard in the lab ?
electrical shock
controlled experiment
experiment in which there is only one variable
control group
exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group except for one independant variable
Bachuism
food poisoning
physiology ?
fuction of a body
bunsen burners
heating objects
hotplates
heating objects
genetics study of?
heredity
microbiology?
micro organisms
whats the second level include
o Organism-multicellular o Organ system-working together for the same function o Organs-working together for the same function o Tissues-working together for the same function o Cells-smallest unit of life (one celled organisms)
the act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful certain way
observation
whats the first step in the scientific method
observe and define the problem
what does scientific methodology include?
observing and asking questions, making inferences and forming hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data and drawing conclusions
what is a way to determine whether two organisms are in the same species ?
Two organisms are in the same species if they can mate and produce fertile offspring
inference
a logical interpreatiaion based on what scientists already know
inference
a logical interpretation based on what scientists already know
hypothesis
a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it
sexual reproduction
cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism
where do ideas from exploaration arise from?
practical problems
does a steep curve on a line graph indicate rapid or a slow rate of change?
rapid
publishing peer reviewed articles in scientific journals allow scientists to ?
share ideas test and evauluate each others work
what does publsihing peer reviewed articles in scientific journals allow researchers to do?
share ideas and to test and evaluate each others work
anatomy ?
structure of a body
What is biology the study of?
study of living things
what does the lowest/ smallest level of biology include
• Organelles-cell parts • Molecules • Atoms
what occurs in drawing a conclusion
After performing the experiment, the scientist must analyze his/her data and either accept the hypothesis as true, or reject the hypothesis as false. (The hypothesis is either supported or not supported. Hypotheses can NEVER be proven, only disproven.)
what happens in this experiment?
An experiment is scientific testing. Experiments are designed to test hypotheses.
what occured in 400 B.C. ?
Aristotle tried to reason out solutions to questions thought that meat turned into flies
whats the next step ?
Confirm the results
the genetic code common to all living things
DNA
what occurs in confirming the results
The scientist must confirm his/her results by repeating the experiment. This is to be sure the results have not been affected by experimental error. Scienctists would then write up their findings. Scientists usually submit their work to publications, so that other scientists also have the opportunity to confirm or refute the results. Scientific publications solicit peer reviews BEFORE printing the research findings. This is what makes the scientific process so powerful----other scientists, who specialize in the specific scientific area, question, retest, or analyze the results, before the research is confirmed, accepted and published.
Whats data?
These are observations or numerical facts gathered during the experiment. They are usually presented in a tables and graphs. - quantitive data = numbers - qualitive data= descriptive and involve uncountable charceristics
what are variables?
These are the factors that are being tested in the experiment. Ideally, there should be only one independent variable (so that any differences observed in the experimental group can be attributed to this particular variable).
matter and energy
lviign things obtain and use material and energy
observation
involves the act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful orderly way
biogenisis generation
living from living
information and hereidty
living things are based of a universal genetic code
celllar basis of life
living things are made of cells
homeostasis
living things maintain a relatively stable internal envirorment
Dependent variable?
the variable that is dependent on the independent variable. This is what the experimenter is measuring. normally y axis
independant variable?
the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter. This is the variable that is being tested. normally x axis
Managed variables-
these are the variables (conditions) that are managed by the experimenter so that they are the same for both the experimental group and the control group. (They are sometimes called "controlled variables", which should not be confused with "the control group".)
what are the goals of science?
to provide natural explanations for events in the natural world and to use those explanations to make predictions
technology
- advancements in science can lead to new technology and the technology can cause rise for ore questions to be tested - technology anad science are closely linked SEE MORE IN TEXTBOOK
what are the big ideas of biology
- cellular basis of life -information and heredity - matter and energy - growth, development and reproduction - homeostasis -evolution - structure and function - unity and diversity of life - interdependnace in nature - science as a way of knowing
what did spallazani do instead?
- did not believe Needham -heats up gravy higher - found no micro orgnaisms
how to design an experiment (steps of designing one )
- first think of hypothesis using if- then - manipulation of variable = explain how the control differs from the experimental group - measurment = describe how to measre the effect on the variable - verification= confirm results (do experiment atleast 5 times) - managed variables ( explain conditons that are going to be the same between control and experimental group) - statistical anyalysis= generation of duplicated sets of data - how you will interpret the data - elaboration
clostrianum botulinum
- forms spore which survives during heat - toxin can kill the whole world
when should you wear safety goggles?
- lab activities involving chemicals - involving heating of materials - whenever teacher indicates use
things to remember while making a graph
- which variable to place along the x - which variable to place along the y - scale the graph appropiatetly - make the scale as large as possible within the limits of your paper - x axis label - y axis label -title
METIC SYSTEM
KILO = K 1000 HECTO = H 100 DEKA =DA 10 BASE= Mass length volume meter liter gram 1 DECI = D .1 CENTI = C .01 MILI = M .001 MICRO = (weird U) .00001
what do they do in this step?
Scientists need to be curious about the world around them. After wondering about a phenomenon, a scientist would formulate a testable question or problem to help explain this phenomenon.
what happens in this step?
Scientists would gather information about the problem, then form a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a possible answer or solution to the question. It is an educated guess that makes a prediction. It is often stated as "If...Then..." For further clarification, go here. Hypotheses must be falsifiable.
whats a control?
The control is used to compare with the experimental group to see if there are any differences. The control is set up exactly the same as the experimental group except for one thing-- the independent variable.
whats a experimental group ?
This is the group of specimens which are being tested.
asexual reproduction
a single organism produces offspring identical to itself
interdpendance in nature
all forms of life are connected into a bissphere
growth development and reproductiont
all living thigns reproduce
unity and dicersity of life
although life takes an almost unbeliebaly variety of forms, all living things are fundamentally similar at the molecular level
what is the type of graph that best shows the relationship between two variables?
the line graph
