Bio-Chapter 21- Protist Evolution and Diversity

Diatoms provide both _____ and food for heterotrophs in freshwater and marine habitats.

oxygen

Algae are ___ protists

photoautotrophic

Which of the following structures is NOT related to choanoflagellate structure?

pseudopods

Which of the following organisms of supergroup excavata lack mitochondria and produce ATP by fermentation?

-parabasalids -diplomonads

The exchange of haploid micronuclei between paramecia that accompanies sexual reproduction is called _____

conjugation

The group of protozoans that contain a unique organelle at one end of the cell that is used to penetrates a host cell:

apicomplexans

Most ciliates ____ their food

ingest

The eukaryotic supergroup that contained both animals and fungi is the supergroup

opisthokonts

The loose-fitting calcium carbonate shell of a foraminiferan is called a _____

test

The members of the Supergroup Archaeplastida that have cell walls impregnated with calcium carbonate and help build coral reefs are the _________. dinoflagellates brown algae red algae diatoms multicellular green algae

red algae

The eukaryotic supergroup that contains foraminiferans and radiolarians is the supergroup ____

rhizarians

Saprolegnia, a ________, is feeding on the dead insect pictured here. This classifies it as a heterotrophic protist. green algae slime mold ciliate water mold

water mold

Select all that apply. Which of the following are associated with brown algae structure?

-chloropyll a -laminarin -chlorophyll c -brown pigments -a broad range in size and complexity

Match the supergroups with the correct description: -Archaeplastids -Chromoalveolata -Excavata -amoebozoa -opisthokonta -rhizaria

-contains land plants and both green and red algae -includes brown and golden algae as well as water molds -includes zooflagellates -inlcudes protists that use pseudopods for motility -includes muticellular protists -includes foraminiferans and radiolarians

The endosymbiont hypothesis proposes all of the following EXCEPT prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium. chloroplasts originated when a nucleated cell engulfed a cyanobacterium. mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria. a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium which evolved into mitochondria.

prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium.

A eukaryotic organism, usually unicellular, that is not a plant, animal, or fungus is a ____

protist

An amoebid cell is one that moves by using:

pseudopods

A protozoan with a glassy silicon test and pseudopods that extend outward from the test is called a ____

radiolarian

Ulva, the multicellular leaf-life chlorophyte, goes by the common name of_____

sea lettuce

The most widely accepted formal classification of protists assigns them to the kingdom Protista. six different supergroups. Domain Archaea. Domain Eubacteria

six different supergroups.

Group of protists that includes water, molds, diatoms, and golden brown algae:

stramenopile

The kinetoplastids that are responsible for the African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease are called ______

trypanosomes

An aquatic, fungus-like protist that could be found parasitizing a dead insect would be called a _____

water mold

A flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted is Trichomonas. Plasmodium. Giardia. Entamoeba. Paramecium.

Trichomonas.

The general term for a unicellular protist that moves the flagella but that is not photosynthetic is:

zooflagellate

The reason biologists believe that green algae and land plants, both members of the supergroup Archaeplastida, are related is because both of them possess chlorophyll a & b as well as cell walls made of starch. True False

True

Water molds are heterotrophic because they are parasitic on fish, plants, and insects. True False

True

Whereas ____ are the protists that share common ancestors with land plants, __ are the protists that are most closely related to animals.

algae; protozoans

The zooxanthellae are dinoflagellates that often have symbiotic relationships with_____

corals

A ____ is a photosynthesis protist with two flagella and proactive cellulose plates that is an important component of phytoplankton.

dinoflagellates

A spore that is mobile, by way of one or more flagella is called a _____

zoospore

A protist with a test made of calcium carbonate that contains many opening through which pseudopods extend is a ______

foraminiferan

Amoebic dysentery is transmitted by (through) the bite of a mosquito. the bite of a tsetse fly. having sex with an infected partner. ingesting contaminated water or food.

ingesting contaminated water or food.

A _____ is an organism that can use either autotrophic or heterotrophic means of gaining nutrients.

mixotroph

Which definition would best describe the feeding mechanism of Euglena? carnivorous decomposer heterotrophic photoautotrophic mixotrophic

mixotrophic

Regarding nutrition, golden-brown algae are most commonly ___

mixotrophs

Which is NOT a feature found in protozoans? multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic usually motile

multicellular

Supergroup Opisthokinta includes all of the following organisms EXCEPT choanoflagellates. plants. animals. fungi.

plants.

small freshwater and marine organisms that are suspended on or near the surface of the water are called ____

plankton

The cellular structures that form as ciliates ingest their food are called food ____.

vacuoles

"Red tides" are produced by massive blooms of Archaeplastids. Chromalveolates. Excavates. Amoebozoans. Rhizarians.

Chromalveolates.

_________ is a mixotrophic protozoan that is able to combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes. Euglena Giardia Amoeba Plasmodium

Euglena

Which description best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelles? Eukaryotic cells acquired nuclei and flagella by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Nuclei were derived from aerobic bacterium while flagella were derived from motile bacteria. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and flagella by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while flagella were derived from motile bacteria. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while choloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from anaerobic bacterium while choloroplasts were derived from aerobic bacterium.

Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while choloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium.

Diatoms share a more recent common ancestor with dinoflagellates than with water molds. True False

False

Which type of slime mold has free-living cells that feed by phagocytosis and aggregate to produce spores when conditions are poor?

cellular

The group of green algae that, based on genetic data, is most closely related to land plants are the ___

charophytes

Which group of excavates are unicellular, flagellated protists with masses of DNA in their mitochondria?

-Kinetoplastids

a supergroup is a taxonomic group located between ___ and ___

-domain -kingdom

Which of the following forms are found among the protists?

-unicellular -multicellular -colonial -filamentous

The most common mode of reproduction observed in protists is ___ reproduction, especially on favorable environments.

Asexual

DNA sequencing suggests that among the green algae, the __________ are most closely related to land plants. Spirogyra Ulva Volvox Chara Chlamydomonas

Chara

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Amoebozoans? Amoeboids and euglenoids Choanoflagellates and diplomonads Cellular slime molds and radiolarians Plasmodial and cellular slime molds Plasmodial and water molds

Plasmodial and cellular slime molds

The unicellular protists that have small sacs lying just beneath their plasma membranes are the _____

alveolates

A stramenopile alga with valves made of silica is called a ____

diatom

The structure that bears sporangia and that forms during the sexual phase of a slime mold life cycle can also be called a _____ body

fruiting

Bacteria being classified as a protist, the slime molds were classified as:

fungi

The protists with threadlike pseudopods called filopodia and that are closely related to fungi are the _____

nucleariids

Which of the following is made from brown algae?

-algin -fertilizer

Which of the following are products made from red algae?

-carrageenan -agar -sushi wrappers

Match the euglenid structures with the correct function: -Contractile vacuole -pyrenoid -chloroplast -eye spot

-elimination of excess water -carb synthesis -photosynthesis -photoreceptor that detects light

Which of the following are uses for diatomaceous earth?

-filtering agents -polishing agents -soundproofing material

Which of the following are examples of the importance of rhizarian tests to humans?

-indicate oil deposits -used as index fossils

Which of the following are diseases caused by apicomplexan protozoans?

-malaria -toxoplasmosis

Protozoans are a diverse group of organisms and may be:

-motile via cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia -heterotrophic -autotrophic -unicellular

Select all responses that describe the green algae.

-starch carbs storage -chlorophyll a -chlorophyll b -cell walls that contain cellulose

Which of the following would be a likely habitat of a charophyte?

-suspended in water -on aquatic plants -on submerged rocks

Which of the characteristic(s) apply to the Supergroup Archaeplastida? They contain plastids that originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. They include multicellular and unicellular organisms. They include land plants and the green algae, Chlorophyta. All of the above apply. They include only multicellular organisms that contain plastids.

All of the above apply.

Imagine you are working for the Florida Public Health Department and you have been assigned the task of preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades. Which of the following scenarios would have the greatest chance of success? Spraying the edges of the Everglades with a pesticide that will kill mosquitos Developing a vaccination that would prevent the ability of the merozoites to reproduce within the hosts bloodstream Devise a insect repellant that would prevent the Anopheles mosquito from biting a human host All of the above are scenarios that would have a chance of success in preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades.

All of the above are scenarios that would have a chance of success in preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades.

A distinctive form of this pictured organism is found in each geologic period. Which statement(s) about this organism is/are true? The organisms pictured are foraminiferans, members of Supergroup Rhizarian and have a skeleton called a test. These organisms may be used as index fossils to date sedimentary rock. The Egyptian pyramids are built of this type of limestone. All of the above are true. The organisms pictured are foraminiferans, members of Supergroup Excavates.

All of the above are true.

If a public health official was trying to reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide" which of the following actions would they take? Place a ban on eating fish that were exposed to the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catanella Avoid eating shellfish that live in coastal areas that have a high influx of nutrients Decrease the amount of nutrients that are washed into the aquatic ecosystem All of the above would help reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide".

All of the above would help reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide".

Slime molds, found in the Supergroup Amoebozoa, were once classified as fungi. What characteristics of the slime molds distinguish them from fungi? Slime molds lack cell walls. All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi. They are flagellated cells at certain stages of the life cycle. The vegetative state of the slime mold is mobile and amoeboid.

All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi.

Which group of organisms feed via phagocytosis?

Amoebids

Which of the following pairs of Protists would be most closely related due to both of them possessing plastids? Archaeplastids & Rhizaria Archaeplastids & Chromalveolata Rhizaria & Chromalveolata Amoebozoa & Excavata

Archaeplastids & Chromalveolata

A common cause of amoebic dysentery is Entamoeba histolytica. Plasmodium falciparum. Giardia intestinalis. Trichomonas vaginalis.

Entamoeba histolytica.

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Excavates? Foraminiferans, radiolarians & fungi Euglenoids, Amoeboids & cellular slime molds Diplomonads, euglenoids & parabasalids Diplomonads, euglenoids & diatoms

Diplomonads, euglenoids & parabasalids

Which of the following protozoans is mismatched with the disease that it causes? Entamoeba histolytica—amoebic dysentery Trypanosoma brucei—sleeping sickness Giardia lamblia—malaria Trichomonas vaginalis—vaginitis and urethritis

Giardia lamblia—malaria

The deposits of chalky fossils that built the White Cliffs of Dover were formed by Rhizarians. Opisthokonts. Chromalveolates. Excavates. Amoebozoans.

Rhizarians.

This name of the filamentous algae pictured here, belongs in the supergroup Archaeplastida, is _______. Spirogyra Plasmodium Ulva Volvox Chlamydomonas

Spirogyra

Which of the following alga is mismatched with its description? Volvox—filamentous Chara—multicellular Chlamydomonas—unicellular Ulva—multicellular

Volvox—filamentous

Which feature has to be present in a protist in order to classify it as a photoautotroph? The ability to synthesize organic compounds. The presence of cellulose in the cell wall. The presence of mitochondria within the cell. The ability to synthesize inorganic compounds. The presence of a light trapping pigment.

The presence of a light trapping pigment.

Chromalveolates that live along the rocky shores of the north temperate zones are able to withstand pounding tides and drying because of their holdfasts and mucilaginous cell walls. True False

True

It is believed that eukaryotes evolved their mitochondria from a symbiotic relationship with a free-living aerobic bacteria. True False

True

Most Chromalveolates have the alternation of generations life cycle, but some species of Fungus have a diplontic life cycle.

True

The 1840s Irish potato famine was caused by a water mold parasite on potatoes. True False

True

The term "protists" is used to refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi. True False

True

A Chlamydomonas parent cell can produce up to 16 daughter cells contained by the parent cell wall during ______ reproduction

asexual

Ciliates reproducce asexually via ____ and sexually via ___

binary fission; conjugation

A ____ is a complete unicellular protist that moves by means of cilia and digests food in food vacuoles.

ciliate

Separate Spirogyra filaments exchange genetic material during a process called _____

conjugation

Which protistan structure is not correctly matched with its function? trichocyst - defense and capture of prey cyst - a reproductive structure pseudopodia - movement and feeding pyrenoid - synthesis of starch

cyst - a reproductive structure

The endosymbiotic theory proposes the evolution of:

eukaryotic cells

The various forms of algae (Archaeplastids) are NOT considered plants because they are not multicellular. lack strengthened cell walls. never have specialized tissues. lack plant structures such as true roots, stems, and leaves. All of the choices are differences that separate the algae from plants.

lack plant structures such as true roots, stems, and leaves.

Which disease is mismatched with the incorrect causative agent? African sleeping sickness - a trypanosome fish ick - a ciliate malaria - an amebozoan fish kills - dinoflagellate

malaria - an amebozoan

Protist reproduction is always asexual fission. is always sexual with alternation of haploid and diploid generations. may be asexual or any of these sexual cycles. is always sexual with the adult diploid. is always sexual with the adult haploid.

may be asexual or any of these sexual cycles.

Which organelles serve as the energy centers for most Protists? chloroplasts and Golgi Bodies mitochondria and Endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria and nucleus mitochondria and plastids

mitochondria and plastids

In Plasmodium, sexual reproduction occurs in the _________, while asexual reproduction occurs in ________. deer tick; deer humans; mosquitoes mosquito; humans tsetse fly; humans

mosquito; humans

During sexual reproduction in dinoflagellates, the zygote divides melotically and

one daughter cell is produced

The algae that contain pigments that are best adapted to absorb sunlight at very great depths in the oceans are the ___ algae

red

Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows? amoeboids—pseudopodia sporozoan—flexing the pellicle ciliates-—cilia zooflagellates—flagella

sporozoan—flexing the pellicle

Unifying features of organisms classified in the supergroup Excavata include:

zooflagellates with atypical or absent mitochondria and distinctive flagella and/or deep oral grooves.