Bio Chapter 27 Test

The evolution of a predatory organism to resemble a harmless animal or a part of the environment, just gaining access to prey.

Aggressive mimicry

a harmless species mimics a harmful one

Batesian mimicry

The increased accumulation of a toxic substance in progressively higher trophic levels

Biological magnification

Terrestrial ecosystem that occupies an extensive geographical area and is characterized by a specific type of plant community. For example, deserts.

Biome

Duration and/or shape that renders an organism inconspicuous and its environment.

Camouflage

effects on the population due to niches

Competition, Predation, Symbiosis

one species outcompetes another

Competitive exclusion

Substances acquired from the environment and needed for the survival, growth, and development of an organism

Nutrients

An organism that is among the first to colonize an unoccupied habitat in the first stages of succession.

Pioneer

Form of mimicry in which a color pattern (in many cases resembling large eyes) can be displayed Suddenly by a prey organism when approached by a predator.

Startle coloration

A community in which succession is stopped before the climax community has reached; it is maintained by regular disturbance. For example, a Tallgrass Prairie maintained by periodic fires.

Subclimax

A carnivore that feeds on other carnivores ( secondary consumers).

Tertiary consumer

What is the purpose of the octopus' "smoke screen"? a. It is meant to confuse predators and mask the prey's escape. b. The cloud of ink is a means of disseminating sperm. c. It is a toxin that stuns a predator. d. The cloud of ink is a form of aggressive mimicry.

a. It is meant to confuse predators and mask the prey's escape.

If an island population of fruit bats is competing with other nocturnal mammals, such as the sugar glider, for the same resources of fruit, pollen, nectar, and insects, which concept best describes the splitting of this similar niche of food resources so that both species may coexist with these limited resources? a. resource partitioning b. competitive exclusion principle c. adaption d. mimicry e. mutualism

a. resource partitioning

Within a year of the abandonment of agriculture on a plot of prairie, the previously bare soil is overrun with annual weeds. Light, carbon dioxide, and mineral nutrients are readily available, but soil moisture is limiting. Still, some species appear to coexist very close to one another. Upon closer examination, two such species, smartweed and bristly foxtail, are observed to have very different root systems and ways of managing water. Smartweed has a deep taproot, extending about a meter beneath the surface, tapping (literally) into a continuous deep-water supply. Britsly foxtail has a much shallower and spreading fibrous root system, reaching less than 20 cm down. However, the latter plant is able to tolerate periods of drought and to take up water rapidly after a rain. This example is a clear case of a. resource partitioning b. competitive exclusion c. intraspecific competition d. commensalism e. a keystone species

a. resource partitioning

living

biotic

an interaction that occurs between individuals within a species or between individuals of different species as they attempt to use the same, limited resources, particularly energy, nutrients, or space

competition

the concept that no two species can simultaneously and continuously occupy the same ecological niche

competitive exclusion principle

Organism that feeds directly and exclusively on producers semicolon a primary consumer.

herbivore

Area of the ocean shore that is alternately covered by water during high tides and exposed to the air during low tides

intertidal zone

An organism that lives in or on a larger organism (its host), harming the host but usually not killing it immediately

parasite

Why Are Exotic Populations Out of Control?

-Native populations within communities have evolved together -Community persists in a delicate balance between populations -Introduction of an "exotic" species destroys the balance -All because of lack of coevolution

A diverse and relatively stable community that forms the endpoint of succession.

Climax community

One of a diverse group of organisms, ranging from worms to vultures, that live off the waist and dead remains of other organisms.

Detritus feeder

An event that disrupts the ecosystem by altering its community.

Disturbance

What land formed where a river meets the ocean; the salinity is quite variable, but lower than in seawater and higher than in freshwater.

Estuary

Deer feeding relationship in a community, using a single representative from each of the trophic levels.

Food chain

Organism that eats other organisms; a consumer.

Heterotroph

A species whose influence on community structure is greater than its abundance would suggest.

Keystone species

The situation in which a species has evolved to resemble something else, typically another type of organism.

Mimicry

mimicry among distasteful species

Mullerian mimicry

Biotic relationship in which both participating species benefit.

Mutualism

An organism that feeds on producers; a herbivore.

Primary consumer

Succession that occurs in an environment, such as bare rock, and which no trace of a previous Community is present.

Primary succession

A new community develops after an existing ecosystem is Disturbed in a way that leaves significant remnants of the previous community behind, such as soil and seeds.

Secondary succession

The categories of organisms in a community, and the position of an organism in the food chain, defined by the organism's source of energy; includes producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and so on.

Trophic level

Visualize a lake surrounded by a forest. Over time sediments washing into the lake cause the lake to shrink and succession occurs around the edges. What will be the effect of succession over a long period of time? a. A meadow is formed with trees growing around the meadow's edges. b. Aquatic vegetation increases. c. The lake becomes toxic to plant life as succession leads closer and closer to a climax community. d. The lake becomes acidic.

a. A meadow is formed with trees growing around the meadow's edges.

What is a reason for allowing fire to burn a forest or a prairie? a. Fire (and other disturbances) allow and even encourage rapid regeneration of communities. b. Different species assemble. c. The abiotic structure would be significantly changed. d. A climax community would rapidly develop.

a. Fire (and other disturbances) allow and even encourage rapid regeneration of communities.

It has been estimated that 1 million vertebrates are killed on the highways in the United States each day by cars and trucks. What part of the predator/prey relationship could be responsible for many of these? a. Prey has a desire to stop and fight to escape. b. Prey often remain motionless when hunted by a predator, hoping camouflage will protect them. c. Many predators and prey have keen eyesight, like that of the hawk. d. Prey have an instinct to run away from danger.

b. Prey often remain motionless when hunted by a predator, hoping camouflage will protect them

Which of the following is true of lichen? a. The fungus provides food for the two mutualistic participants. b. The alga provides the food for the two mutualistic participants. c. It is usually found as a parasite on a tree. d. The fungus provides light-trapping pigments.

b. The alga provides the food for the two mutualistic participants.

Assume that you are interested in the life cycle of an ant parasite and the mechanism it uses to disperse its eggs. You find that ant larvae are infected when they eat bird droppings containing the parasite's eggs. As the ant matures, the parasite eggs grow in the abdomen of the ant. The abdomen swells with parasite eggs and turns red, causing it to resemble a berry. You find that berries and other fruit are an important part of the diet of local birds. Further study shows that the abdomen becomes red to attract birds and fool them into eating the ants, thinking they are berries. Consequently, birds spread the parasite eggs through their droppings, which infect the larvae of other ants. After considering the reproductive strategy of the parasite, what is the purpose of the bird as an intermediate host in the life cycle of the parasite? a. The bird is considered prey for the parasite. b. The bird disperses the parasite to other uninfected ant colonies to assure survival of the parasite. c. The bird serves no purpose in the life cycle of the parasite. d. The bird serves as a site for metamorphosis of the parasite.

b. The bird disperses the parasite to other uninfected ant colonies to assure survival of the parasite.

In the intertidal zone, diverse assemblages of many invertebrate species and algae exist attached to the rocks. If an oil spill occurred that directly affected only a species of starfish that is a keystone predator in this system, totally eliminating it, what do you predict would happen to the community? a. No significant change in the structure of the community would be likely to occur b. The community is likely to become less diverse, increasingly dominated by a few species that are good competitors for space c. The community is likely to become more diverse, because strong and weak competitors can then coexist

b. The community is likely to become less diverse, increasingly dominated by a few species that are good competitors for space

Which of the following relates to lichens growing on weathered rock? a. They represent a climax community. b. The lichens are pioneer species. c. A recent fire made it possible for them to begin growth. d. There must be extensive shading for them to survive.

b. The lichens are pioneer species.

Why does a climax community tend to persist in an area? a. It is made up of large, hard-to-move organisms. b. The species in it do not alter their environment significantly c. It is able to change the weather d. the species in it are able to kill off competitors.

b. The species in it do not alter their environment significantly

Brownheaded cowbirds lay their eggs in the nest of other songbird species, forcing them to raise brownheaded cowbird offspring rather than their own. This relationship could be considered to be a. a mutualistic relationship b. a parasitic relationship c. a predator/prey relationship d. a coevolutionary relationship

b. a parasitic relationship

Coevolution is _____. a. a mechanism that results in death of one of the competing individuals b. a process wherein two interacting species act as agents of natural selection on one another c. an interaction between two species that benefits both d. the particular space within an ecosystem occupied by a species e. a competition between two species that harms one and benefits the other

b. a process wherein two interacting species act as agents of natural selection on one another

Consider a situation wherein a plant provides a nodule on its roots to house and feed nitrogen-fixing bacteria; the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in turn supply nitrogen for the plant. This is an example of _____. a. primary succession b. a symbiotic mutualism c. climax community d. a keystone species

b. a symbiotic mutualism

Consider a situation wherein a predator may use mimicry to attract prey. In one example female fireflies use a series of flashes to attract males. Females of one species will mimic the flashing pattern of a different species and when males respond, they kill and eat them. What would be a good name for this type of mimicry? a. warning coloration b. aggressive mimicry c. startle coloration d. Mullerian mimicry e. Batesian mimicry

b. aggressive mimicry

Extensive areas of characteristic climax plant communities, such as deserts, grasslands, and some forests are called _____. a. an ecological niche b. biomes c. invasive species d. an intertidal zone e. a climax community

b. biomes

The lynx is a predator that feeds on hare. if the two populations tend to cycle with each other, what would you expect to see happen to the lynx population if the hare population increased significantly? a. Nothing; since the lynx has many prey to choose from, it is not affected by population numbers of hare b. it should go up since there are more resources to feed more offspring so that more lynx offspring survive. c. It should go down since there will be more hare for lynx to compete over as food resources d. Nothing; since the hare resource is not limited, there would be no competition to reduce predator numbers.

b. it should go up since there are more resources to feed more offspring so that more lynx offspring survive.

What was a reason for Native Americans to maintain a prairie in a subclimax stage? a. to provide habitat for a large number of species b. to increase grazing land for bison c. to provide land for growing crops and other types of agriculture d. to initiate the formation of a climax community

b. to increase grazing land for bison

Under what conditions does competition occur between individuals of the same or different species? a. when there is competition between a predator and prey b. when they attempt to use the same limited resources, particularly energy, nutrients, or space c. only when available resources are limited d. when resources are partitioned

b. when they attempt to use the same limited resources, particularly energy, nutrients, or space

Which of the following is a characteristic of a climax community? a. It is undergoing recurring disturbances. b. It is composed almost entirely of pioneer species. c. The climax community perpetuates itself. d. This community is entirely abiotic.

c. The climax community perpetuates itself.

What must be true in order for competition to take place? a. There should be resource partitioning between the individuals involved b. The individuals must be from two different species c. There must be a limited resource d. There has to be a struggle for a resource

c. There must be a limited resource

Which of the following is the definition of keystone species? a. a particular species that interacts with another where both benefit b. the few hardy plants that initiate succession c. a particular species that plays a major role in determining community structure d. the species that is the primary prey of a parasite

c. a particular species that plays a major role in determining community structure

Which factor most likely speeds up the process of secondary succession on an abandoned farm in the southeastern United States? a. pioneer plants b. climax plants c. a thick layer of soil d. additional nitrogen e. water

c. a thick layer of soil

What event will lead to succession of plants and animals in a community? a. parasitism b. coevolution c. an ecological disturbance d. resource partitioning e. mimicry

c. an ecological disturbance

Which of the following organisms is an example of an herbivore? a. bear b. coyote c. bison d. rattlesnake

c. bison

Trypanosoma is a protozoan (single-celled organism) that lives and reproduces for an extended period in the blood of a mammalian host (e.g., a human, native antelope, or introduced cattle). Newly introduced cattle generally die from this infection if they are not treated, whereas the native antelope or cattle that have been exposed to this protozoan for several generations are less severely affected. This relationship is an example of a. predation b. competition c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism

c. parasitism

Which of the following is an example of resource partitioning? a. coevolution b. a moth whose color and shape resemble a bird dropping c. related species of finches of the Galapagos Islands d. predator and prey relationships e. both bats and moths with wings

c. related species of finches of the Galapagos Islands

Overfishing of lobsters off the east coast of Canada has allowed the population of its prey, sea urchins, to expand enormously. This is an example of _____. a. a biome b. a climax community c. removal of a keystone species d. succession

c. removal of a keystone species

A predatory organism that feeds on herbivores or on other carnivores semicolon a secondary (or higher) consumer

carnivore

What is the function of aggressive mimicry? a. to hide a prey from a predator b. to warn a predator that a prey is dangerous c. to warn a predator that a prey is distasteful d. to keep prey from recognizing a predator e. to startle a prey when it sees a predator

d. to keep prey from recognizing a predator

Which of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry? a. insects with markings that closely resemble the eyes of a much larger animal b. the South American poison dart frog c. the sand dab d. toxic monarch butterflies with wing patterns similar to those of equally distasteful viceroy butterflies e. a bee, which can sting, and the stingless hoverfly

d. toxic monarch butterflies with wing patterns similar to those of equally distasteful viceroy butterflies

On many coral reefs in the Pacific, large fish bearing parasites will visit "cleaning stations" where species of small fish, known as cleaner wrasses, remove parasites and loose scales from the larger fish. The cleaner fish may even enter the mouth and gills of the larger fish to clean parasites from the soft tissues. The cleaner fish are recognized by their coloration, black with a bright blue or yellow stripe, and by a little "dance" that invites the larger fish in to be cleaned. Also on the reef, however, is a small fish known as the saber-tooth blenny. Looking and acting very much like the cleaner wrasse, the benny also attracts the larger fish, but instead of cleaning away parasites, the blenny bites small bits of flesh from the larger fish. The interactions among the larger fish, the cleaner wrasse, and the saber-tooth blenny represent all of the following EXCEPT a. mutualism b. parasitism c. aggressive mimicry d. warning coloration

d. warning coloration

In a farm pond location, a landowner decided to introduce bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) because she liked to fish and preferred to eat bluegill. The species of fish already living in the pond were sunfish (Lepomis humilis). After introduction of the bluegill, which is very similar to sunfish in habitat and food preferences, the landowner discovered several years later that there were not as many sunfish in the pond; the sunfish numbers had diminished over time. This is an example of a. intraspecific competition b. interspecific competition c. the competitive exclusion principle d. both a and c e. both b and c

e. both b and c

The rattles of rattlesnakes would be similar in function to which of the following? a. camouflage b. warning coloration c. startle coloration d. aggressive mimicry e. both b and c

e. both b and c

Habitat destruction is the leading cause pushing endangered species toward extinction. What is the second leading cause? a. pollution of waterways b. imported beetles to control purple loosestrife in North America c. increasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere d. wildfires e. invasive species

e. invasive species

What biological event followed the Mount St. Helens eruption in 1980 that left only the remnants of a forest and a layer of nutrient-rich ash? a. development of an oak-hickory climax forest b. development of keystone species c. a disturbance d. emergence of a biome e. secondary succession

e. secondary succession

No two species can occupy the same ecological niche in the same place at the same time. This statement is known as a. mutualism b. a premating isolating mechanism c. Darwin's theory of natural selection d. The Hardy-Weinberg principle e. the competitive exclusion principle

e. the competitive exclusion principle

the role of a particular species within an ecosystem, including all aspects of its interaction with the living and nonliving environments

ecological niche

Prey organism on or in which a parasite lives; is harmed by the relationship.

host

competition among individuals of different species; helps control population size

interspecific competition

Competition among individuals of the same species

intraspecific competition

Organisms with a high biotic potential that are introduced ( deliberately or accidentally) into ecosystems where they did not evolve and where they encountered little environmental resistance and tend to displace native species

invasive species

An organism that eats other organisms

predator

-the coexistance of two species with similar requirements, each occupying a smaller niche than either would if it were by itself; a means of minimizing the species' competitive interactions -develops during the course of coevolution

resource partitioning

An organism that feeds on primary consumers; a carnivore.

secondary consumer

A structural change in a community and its nonliving environment over time.

succession

In many ways, parasitism and predation are similar types of interactions between species. Which of the following is NOT true about their differences? a. Parasites are usually much smaller than their hosts, but predators are usually larger than their prey. b. Parasites are usually much more numerous than their hosts, but predators are usually less numerous than their prey. b. Parasites are usually much more numerous than their hosts, but predators are usually less numerous than their prey. c. Parasites usually do not kill their hosts immediately, but predators usually do kill their prey immediately. d. Parasites usually have no effect on their hosts, but predators usually harm their prey

d. Parasites usually have no effect on their hosts, but predators usually harm their prey

A cheetah hiding inconspicuously in grass watching for grazing antelope is an example of _____. a. intraspecific competition b. a herbivore c. mimicry d. camouflage e. mutualism

d. camouflage

Honeyguides are African birds that excitedly lead the way to a bee's nest, and ratels are the honey-and-bee-eating mammals that open up and scatter the contents of the bee's nests, allowing both the ratels and the honeyguides to feed on the contents. This relationship is an example of a. predation b. competition c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism

d. mutualism

Complete the statement: Different species share many aspects of their niche with others, but _____. a. they do not compete within the niche for the resources it provides b. intraspecific competition will be detrimental to the species c. the niche is not necessarily the home of any of the species d. no two species ever occupy exactly the same ecological niche within the same community

d. no two species ever occupy exactly the same ecological niche within the same community

What evolutionary adaptation occurs when species with similar ecological niches coexist and compete? a. population size reduction b. loss of physical and behavioral adaptations c. predation d. resource partitioning

d. resource partitioning

Bright coloration that warns predators that the potential prey is distasteful or even poisonous.

warning coloration

Following applications of insecticides to agricultural fields to control pest insects, sometimes the crops suffer more insect damage than if no pesticides were applied. Knowing what you know about interactions between species and the factors that regulate population sizes, what is the most likely explanation for this? a. The insecticides probably killed off most of the predators that previously kept the size of the plant-eating insect population from exploding. The insects then increased in number and did more damage to the plants. b. The insecticides probably killed off most the competitors that previously kept the size of the plant-eating insect population from exploding. The insects then increased in number and did more damage to the plants. c. The insecticides probably weakened the defenses of the plants, making them more vulnerable to attack by the surviving plant-eating insects. d. The insecticides probably inhibited the growth of mycorrhizae and nitrogen-fixing bacteria on which the plants rely for nutrients. The plants were therefore weakened and more prone to attack by insects.

a. The insecticides probably killed off most of the predators that previously kept the size of the plant-eating insect population from exploding. The insects then increased in number and did more damage to the plants.

The malaria parasite spends part of its life cycle infecting human red blood cells. However, up to 40% of the human population in some parts of Africa is resistant because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene that prevents infection. This is an example of _____. a. a parasite exerting selective pressure on evolution of its host b. mutualism c. resource partitioning d. aggressive mimicry e. parasitism

a. a parasite exerting selective pressure on evolution

Fireflies use their amazing bioluminescence to find mates of the right species. males fly around and emit a series of flashes in a pattern that differs from all other species. A female, perched nearby, may respond with her own species-specific signal. The male immediately flies toward her and, after a few more exchanges, it's wedded bliss! Well, not always. females of a few species have learned to imitate other species' signals and, when their males arrive, they eat them. These femme fatales are exhibiting a form of a. aggressive mimicry b. startle coloration c. camouflage d. warning coloration e. chemical warfare

a. aggressive mimicry

Plant and animal communities in a biome are regulated by a. climate b. succession c. the biological interactions of the organisms d. competition for limited resources

a. climate

What process has provided the predator, the mountain lion, with tearing teeth and claws and its prey, the fawn, with dappled spots that serve as camouflage? a. coevolution b. the competitive exclusion principle c. intraspecific competition d. mimicry e. carnivorous food gathering

a. coevolution

Over time a predator adapts to blend in to the environment in order to catch a prey species that has adapted a strategy of alerting its relatives to the presence of a predator. This relationship can be explained as a. coevolutionary b. mimicry c. adaptionary d. a predator/prey cycle

a. coevolutionary

If you were a predator and came upon the frog shown below, you would a. leave the frog alone since it is warning by its color that it is poisonous b. leave the frog alone since it is a predator as well, and I don't want to be eaten c. eat the frog since it is my preferred prey d. leave the frog alone since the color tells me that it is not the right prey species for me

a. leave the frog alone since it is warning by its color that it is poisonous

Which of the following is a symbiotic mutualistic relationship between two different species? a. lichen b. malaria c. nagana d. octopus and other mollusks e. A female firefly producing a rhythmic flashing to attract males.

a. lichen

Corals are polyps of coelenterates (cnidarians) that contain numerous algae in their tissues. The algae contain photopigments that give the corals their color. When stressed by high temperatures, water pollution, or similar shocks, many corals expel their algae and turn white, a process called "coral bleaching." This appears to help the coelenterates survive the initial shock, but if they do not recover their native algae quickly, they soon die. Similarly, the algae cannot live for long outside the coelenterates' bodies. based on this information, the relationship between the two organisms is most likely a. mutualism b. interspecific competition c. commensalism d. parasitism e. predation

a. mutualism

Boulders are often overturned by wave action during storms along the lower reaches of the rocky intertidal shore. Along the coast of Southern California, there is a fairly predictable sequence of species that colonize the bare rock as spores and then replace each other. This starts with the green algae Ulva, which is replaced after a year or so by various red algae, and so on. this is an example of a. primary succession b. secondary succession c. aggressive mimicry d. a keystone species

a. primary succession

What is implied by the reference, "biotic portion of an ecosystem"? a. the "living" portion of the ecosystem b. everything within the ecosystem c. the portion of the community involved in competition d. the portion involved in coevolution

a. the "living" portion of the ecosystem

Nonliving ( includes soil, rock, water, and the atmosphere)

abiotic

the process by which two interacting species act as agents of natural selection on one another

coevolution

all the interacting populations within an ecosystem

community

What is a major reason invasive species are wreaking havoc on natural ecosystems throughout the world? a. They are camouflaged. b. They are resistant to biocontrols. c. Invasive species have evolved aggressive mimicry. d. Invasive species evade the checks and balances imposed by millennia of coevolution. e. They are poisonous.

d. Invasive species evade the checks and balances imposed by millennia of coevolution.