BIO Chapter 3

Describe the structure and function of amino acids.

Amino acids, often referred to as the building blocks of proteins, are compounds that play many critical roles in your body. They're needed for vital processes like the building of proteins and synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters.

What is the chemical formulas for glucose and fructose? What type of molecules are they?

C6H12O6. Disomers.

Describe the important types of macromolecules.

Carbohydrates, Protiens, Fats, Nucleic acids

Define the terms hydrocarbon chains and carbon skeletons.

Carbons + Hydrogen. ; carbon skeletons are essentially just Hydrocarbon chains

Define polysaccharide. Explain how they are formed. Explain how they are broken down.

Complex sugars that can be broken down. Formed through dehydration. Broken down by hydrolysis.

Explain what is meant by the statement "Diversity is based on the arrangement of the monomers, not the numbers."

Different arrangements make different things. Similar to the alphabet.

What are conditions that may lead to the denaturation of a protein? Explain the significance of denaturation.

Extremem changes in heat, salt, or pH. Denaturation disrupts the normal alpha-helix and beta sheets in a protein and uncoils it into a random shape. Denaturation occurs because the bonding interactions responsible for the secondary structure (hydrogen bonds to amides) and tertiary structure are disrupted.

Identify the polysaccharide animals use to store sugars. Where in the body is the compound stored?

Glycogen. It is stored in the Muscles or Liver.

Define the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

Hydrophobic dislikes water. Hydrophillic loves water. Fats are phobic, Sugars are phyllic.

Identify the functional groups in carbohydrates.

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl.

Name three important disaccharides. identify how they are formed.

Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose. Maltose is Glucose + Glucose. Lacose is Galactose + Glucose. Sucrose is Fructose + Glucose.

Define monomer and polymer

Monomer- simple unit that makes up larger molecules Polymer- repeating units of monomers

Identify the types of carbohydrates that are the primary fuel for the cells.

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides.

Describe the difference between organic and inorganic compounds.

Organic compounds have carbon.

Describe the structure and function of a nucleotide. What do we mean by base pairing? Describe the significance of DNA being a double helix.

Phosphate group, sugar, and hydrogenous bases make up your genes. Base pairing A-T G-C. Double helix is so DNA can be stored easily.

Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.

Saturated fats have no double bonds. Saturated fats are usualy from animals and are solid at room temperature.

Identify the polysaccharide that plants use to store sugars. Explain the role of this compund for plants.

Starches store sugar in plants. If there is no light, plants can break down stach for energy.

Define cellulose, explain it's function in plants.

Structural polysaccharides. ; Makes Cell wall.

Describe each of the 4 levels of protein structure, and explain how the shape of the protein determines its functions. Explain why the primary level of protein structure is so significant.

The different levels of protein structure are known as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain.

What are isomers?

Two or more compounds having the SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA but different structural formula and properties.

Define functional group

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound. For example, Carbonyl, Hydroxyl, Phosphate, Carboxyl, Methyl, and Amino.

Define the term lipid. Describe the major types of lipids. Describe the structures of these lipid types. what are the physiological functions of a lipid?

any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Phospholipid, function: membrane ; Triglyceride. Function: fats ; Steroids. Function: Testosterone.

Explain the process of dehydration and hydrolysis, and how they are related.

dehydration bonds by removing water, while hydrolysis does the opposite.

Describe the process linking monosaccharides together to form carbohydrates.

dehydration synthesis.

Define R group of an amino acid. List the functional groups of an amino acid structure.

in proteins the side chains are attached to the alpha carbon atoms of the amino backbone. different with each amino acid

Describe a peptide bond

• Minimal rotation due to double bond character • Amide plane is fairly flat plane that remains that way due to double bond character. • Covalent bond • Electron cloud of O and N could be repelling one another •Formed with Dehydration. •Bond between two amino acids.