Bio Chapter 41 Section 1
local elimination of a particular species that results from strong competition
competitive exclusion
states that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place
competitive exclusion principle
or camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot (type of coloration)
cryptic coloration
An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.
detritivore
all species living in the same place
ecological community
the specific set of biotic and abiotic resources used by an individual (ecological role)
ecological niche
Parasites that live on the external surface of a host are
ectoparasites
Parasites that live within the body of their host are called
endoparasites
(+/+ or 0/+) is an interaction in which one species has positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact (broad effect)
facilitation
range of physical and chemical conditions needed for survival. The total space & time that a species could occupy if there were no other species to interact with. Limits are abiotic.
fundamental niche
the niche that is POTENTIALLY occupied by a species
fundamental niche
Name the five levels of organization in order
Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism
(+/− interaction) refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga
Herbivory (see slide 30)
two or more unedible species resemble each other (type of mimicry)
Müllerian mimicry
Which of these is a starting point for primary succession?
a surface exposed by a retreating glacier
Animals with effective chemical defenses often exhibit (type of coloration)
aposematic coloration
The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____.
batesian mimicry
an edible or harmless species mimics an unedible or harmful model (type of mimicry)
batesian mimicry (see slide 26)
an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction
biological community
(+/0 interaction), one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
commensalism
occurs when species compete for a resource that limits their growth or survival (-,-)
interspecific competition
ecologists call relationships between species in a community
interspecific interactions
species whose absence would cause major disruption in a community
keystone
(+/+ interaction), is an interspecific interaction that benefits both species
mutualism
range of space & time that a species occupies based on limitations of interactions with other species. Limits are biotic interactions
realized niche
the niche that is ACTUALLY occupied by a species
realized niche
(+/− interaction), one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process
parasitism
(+/− interaction) refers to an interaction in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey
predation
A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.
primary consumer
In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.
producers
_____ _______ reduces the impacts of competition through differences in organisms ecological niches
resource partitioning (example is two lizards, one prefers sunny places, the other prefers shady spots)
When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.
secondary consumer
a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another
symbiosis
A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____.
tertiary consumer
According to MacArthur and Wilson's hypothesis of island biogeography, species immigration and extinction rates on a particular island correlate to _____.
the island's size and distance from the mainland
