BIO chapter 6-10 Exam
Which of the following is a net product of the citric acid cycle for each molecule of pyruvate generated in glycolysis? (Select all that apply.) 1 ATP 1 FADH2 3 NAD
1 ATP 1 FADH2 3 NAD
Complete the following with regard to entropy as a measure of disorder. Predict which if the following transformations of related molecules would include a change from more entropy to less entropy? A)the conversion of monosaccharides to starch B)salt crystals dissolving in an aqueous solution c)the conversion of RNA to nucleotides d)the conversion of a polypeptide to amino acids
A
Of the following choices, which can be a product of a catabolic reaction? A) an amino acid like tryptophan B) a complex carbohydrate like cellulose C) a nucleic acid like RNA D) a lipid like cholesterol E) a motor protein like myosin
A
Suppose that three critical amino acids in the active site of a specific enzyme are threonine, serine, and glutamic acid. Which of the following characteristics would you predict the substrate to possess in order to bind the active site of this enzyme? A)hydrophilic, with a positive charge B)relatively hydrophobic C)hydrophilic, but without a charge D)hydrophilic, with a negative charge
A
How many reactions in glycolysis directly generate ATP? 4 5 2 3 1
2
The breakdown of one glucose molecule during glycolysis results in 2 molecules of pyruvate, which are then oxidized to 2 molecules of acetyl-CoA, and these, in turn, are substrates for the citric acid cycle. If all three fatty acids of a triacylglycerol molecule (a fat molecule) are palmitic acid (C16, having 16 carbons), how many acetyl-CoA molecules would result from beta-oxidation of all of these fatty acids? 8 24 32 16 4
24
The approximate yield of ATP molecules from the full oxidation of a molecule of glucose is: 6. 32. 64. 2. 12.
32
After pyruvate oxidation, the chemical energy of how many carbons of the original glucose molecule is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP in the remaining steps of cellular respiration? 3 2 4 1 5
4
As a cat pounces on a mouse, her muscles burn 10 units of potential energy (which the cat previously gained from eating). However, the pounce itself only required 4 units of kinetic energy. How many units of energy were dissipated as heat? 6 4 10 2.5 14
6
The photosynthetic electron transport chain requires two photosystems in order to perform two separate essential tasks. What are they? A) Strip electrons from water molecules, and reduce NADP+ to NADPH. B) Energize multiple antenna chlorophyll molecules, and reduce FADH to FADH2. C) Reduce O2 to water, and carboxylate RuBP. D) Pass electrons to plastoquinone, and pump protons into the thylakoid lumen.
A
Which of the following statements is a consequence of the first law of thermodynamics? A)The energy of the starting materials for a reaction equals the sum of the product energies plus energy released as heat and disorder. B)The amount of useable energy resulting from a reaction is always less than the total energy available in the starting materials. C)The entropy of the starting materials for a reaction is always greater than the entropy of the products. D)The entropy of the products of a reaction is always greater than the entropy of the starting materials.
A
You are studying the anabolic pathway leading to the production of sphingolipids. You note that when you add a mature sphingolipid to the reactions it inhibits the enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). Which of the following is (are) probably true about SPT? A) It catalyzes an early step in the sphingolipid synthesis pathway. B) It is an allosteric enzyme C) It catalyzes a late step in the sphingolipid synthesis pathway. D) It is competitively inhibited by sphingolipids
A & B
A scientist is investigating some colon cancer cells. He notices that the cells have a high activity of the enzyme MAP kinase kinase. Which of the following is (are) likely explanations for this? A) The cell has a mutant growth factor receptor that is always active. B) The cell has a mutant adenylyl cyclase that is always active. C) The cell has a mutant Ras that cannot hydrolyze GTP. D) The cell has a mutant MAP kinase that is always active. E) The cell has a mutant tumor suppressor gene that cannot block expression of genes that stimulate cell division.
A & C
1. You are studying a reaction in which the products have less Gibbs free energy than the reactants. Which of the following is true about this reaction? A) The reaction is considered spontaneous. B) The reaction will go to completion very quickly. C) The reaction will have a low activation energy. D) The reaction is exergonic. E) The reaction will require an input of energy beyond the activation energy.
A & D
Consider the refrigerator in your kitchen. Based on what you know about the first and second laws of thermodynamics, how does a refrigerator most likely work? A refrigerator destroys any heat in its interior, or in the food it contains. A refrigerator creates new energy, although it is in the form of cold rather than heat. A refrigerator removes heat from its interior and transports this energy outside, into the kitchen. A refrigerator removes the potential energy contained within food. A refrigerator both destroys any heat in its interior, or in the food it contains, and creates new energy in the form of cold.
A refrigerator removes heat from its interior and transports this energy outside, into the kitchen.
Atractyloside is a poison that inhibits the transport of ADP from the cytosol across the mitochondrial membranes and into the mitochondrial matrix. The direct effect of this drug is to stop ATP synthesis because: ADP is a necessary substrate for the reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase. it prevents electron transfer from NADH to complex I. it prevents electron transfer to O2. it prevents proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane
ADP is a necessary substrate for the reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase.
Which regulatory mechanism is activated when the overall energy availability of a cell is high? ADP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1. ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1. AMP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1. Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase-1
ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
Which of the following statements is NOT one of the laws of thermodynamics? -The amount of energy in the universe is constant. -All cells arise from pre-existing cells. -The energy available to do work decreases as energy is transformed from one form to another. -None of the other answer options is correct.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
A scientist is studying pigmentation in the skin of salamanders. She has bred a mutant salamander that is very lightly pigmented. Microscopic examination of skin cells from this animal shows that pigment granules, which would normally be dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, are concentrated near the nucleus, causing the light color. She hypothesizes that there is a problem with what motor protein in these cells? A) myosin B) kinesin C) dynein
B
A scientist is studying the structure and function of epithelial cell layers. He treats the epithelium with a signaling molecule and notes that it becomes leaky. That is to say, substances can pass from the apical side of the epithelium to the basolateral side following treatment. He hypothesizes that the signaling molecule has caused disruption of what type of cell junction? A) adherens junctions B) tight junctions C) desmosomes D) hemidesmosomes E) gap junctions
B
Follow up question. Further studies show that all the motor proteins are normal. She then changes her hypothesis to state that something may be wrong with which cytoskeletal fiber? A) microfilaments B) microtubules C) intermediate filaments
B
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? (Select all that apply.) A)The entropy of the products of a reaction is always greater than the entropy of the starting materials. B)The amount of useable energy resulting from a reaction is always less than the total energy available in the starting materials. C)The energy of the starting materials for a reaction equals the sum of the product energies plus energy released as heat and disorder. D)The entropy of the starting materials for a reaction is always greater than the entropy of the products.
B & C
You are studying the electron transport chain in isolated mitochondria. You note that treating the mitochondria with a drug you are investigating decreases production of ATP, but does not decrease electron transport. Which of the following is a reasonable hypothesis to make? A) The drug blocks the interaction of NADH with Complex I. B) The drug prevents pumping of protons by Complex I and Complex III. C) The drug blocks interaction of FADH2 with Complex II. D) The drug binds to and inhibits the function of CoQ. E) The drug creates pores in the inner mitochondrial membrane that protons can diffuse through.
B & E
Which of the following is/are a product(s) of glycolysis? A) Glucose B) Pyruvate C) NADH D) ATP E) Acetyl-CoA
B, C, D
What is the correct order of events in G protein-coupled receptor signaling after activation by adrenaline? A) G protein activation, protein kinase A activation, cAMP production, adenylyl cyclase activation. B) protein kinase A activation, G protein activation, adenylyl cyclase activation, cAMP production. C) G protein activation, adenylyl cyclase activation, cAMP production, protein kinase A activation. D) adenylyl cyclase activation, G protein activation, cAMP production, protein kinase A activation.
C
Which of the following reactions is MOST likely to be exergonic? A)the formation of cellulose from individual glucose molecules B)the synthesis of a phospholipid from glycerol and fatty acids C)the digestion of protein from food into amino acids D)the replication of DNA from free nucleotides
C
You are studying an enzyme inhibitor. You notice that if you increase the concentration of substrate the inhibitor has less effect. Which of the following is likely true of this inhibitor? A) It is a non-competitive inhibitor B) It is an irreversible inhibitor C) It is a competitive inhibitor D) It is a reversible inhibitor E) It is an allosteric inhibitor
C & D
Which regulatory mechanism is important in keeping glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in relative balance to each other? AMP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1. Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase-1. ADP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1. ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
Rubisco, the enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation reaction in the Calvin cycle, works very slowly. What does this likely mean regarding the mechanism of its catalytic function? A) It does not bind strongly to its products. B) It raises the free energy of the transition state. C) It lowers the free energy of the products only moderately. D) It lowers the free energy of the transition state only moderately. E) It raises the free energy of the reactants.
D
The reactions in the pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle break down glucose into smaller molecules. Therefore, these pathways: A) take place in animal cells, but not in plant cells. B)are anabolic pathways. C)involve the reduction of glucose and its metabolic intermediates. D)are catabolic pathways.
D
You grow identical plants in two separate greenhouses. Both plants are exposed to the same amount of light and given identical amounts of water, but one greenhouse has higher levels of O2 in its atmosphere (CO2 is the same). What would be the likely results of the higher level of O2 for photosynthesis A) It would increase the rate of photosynthesis as O2 is necessary for this process. B) It would have no effect on photosynthesis as O2 is not important for this processC) It would increase the rate of the photosynthetic electron transport chain but have no effect on the Calvin cycle. D) It would decrease the rate of the Calvin Cycle due to increased photorespiration E) It would increase the rate of cyclic electron transport due to low NADP+ levels caused by the slowed down Calvin cycle.
D & E
Imagine that you are talking with one of your friends. He states that evolution has actually violated the second law of thermodynamics because complex living organisms are more ordered than the nucleic acids, amino acids, and other molecules that compose them. Why doesn't evolution contradict the second law of thermodynamics? Evolution doesn't affect entropy, as living organisms eventually die and become "disordered." Even though evolution may decrease the entropy of living organisms, it increases the entropy of the Earth (or the universe) as organisms release heat. Evolution is a biological process, and biological processes do not have to conform to the laws of physics. Because evolution takes place over millions of years, the loss of entropy is negligible and thus the laws of thermodynamics are not violated. Evolution actually does violate the second law of thermodynamics, and this fact is problematic for scientists.
Even though evolution may decrease the entropy of living organisms, it increases the entropy of the Earth (or the universe) as organisms release heat.
Imagine that a eukaryotic cell carries a mutation impairing its ability to phosphorylate glucose during glycolysis. What is a likely result of this mutation? Because phosphorylation stabilizes glucose, glucose would spontaneously form pyruvate. More pyruvate would be formed at the end of glycolysis. Without the phosphorylation of glucose, glycolysis would consist entirely of exergonic reactions. Glucose could move out of the cell, slowing cellular respiration. High (possibly toxic) levels of glucose would accumulate in the cell.
Glucose could move out of the cell, slowing cellular respiration.
An individual's ability to excel in certain types of sports may be due to different muscle fiber types. Certain muscle types allow some people, like marathoners, to achieve sustained muscle activity, while other muscle types allow people, like sprinters, to make use of a rapid burst of muscle activity, although the muscles fatigue quickly. The sustained activity of muscles in marathon runners is due to the higher yield of ATP per glucose. What differences would you predict for marathoners' muscles compared to sprinters'? (Select all that apply.) Marathoners' muscles require greater oxygen delivery to the muscle cells. Marathoners' muscles have a greater number of mitochondria. None of the other answer options is correct. Marathoners' muscles rely more on oxidative phosphorylation. Marathoners' muscles use a different set of enzymes for cellular respiration.
Marathoners' muscles require greater oxygen delivery to the muscle cells. Marathoners' muscles have a greater number of mitochondria. Marathoners' muscles rely more on oxidative phosphorylation.
When a single pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, the other products of the reaction are: Pi and FADH2. NADH and CO2. CO2 and ATP. ATP and NADH. FADH2 and ATP.
NADH and CO2.
Which one of the following represents the REDUCED forms of the two major electron carriers? NADH and FAD NAD+ and FAD NADH and FADH2 NAD+ and FADH2
NADH and FADH2
The inputs to glycolysis do not include: NAD+. NADH. glucose. ADP. Pi.
NADH.
What happens to pyruvate during the process of fermentation? It is reduced to ethanol. It is oxidized to lactic acid. It is converted to acetyl-CoA. It is oxidized to ethanol. It is converted to pyruvic acid.
It is reduced to ethanol.
If oxygen is unavailable, predict what happens to the citric acid cycle. It continues because none of the reactions in the citric acid cycle require oxygen. It stops because the supplies of NAD+ and FAD become depleted. It continues because ATP levels are low, and low ATP activates enzymes of the cycle. It stops because ADP levels increase in the absence of oxygen.
It stops because the supplies of NAD+ and FAD become depleted
Which of the following statements is true regarding pyruvate oxidation? Like glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation is carried out in the mitochondria. Pyruvate oxidation ends with the oxidation of an acetyl group, which forms CO2. Pyruvate oxidation directly follows the citric acid cycle during cellular respiration. Pyruvate oxidation forms the same number of NADH (per glucose molecule) as glycolysis.
Pyruvate oxidation forms the same number of NADH (per glucose molecule) as glycolysis.
In 1937, two German biochemists published a paper proposing the following reactions as part of glucose oxidation: citrate → isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate → succinate → fumarate → malate → oxaloacetate Adding succinate, fumarate, or malate to thin slices of tissue increased oxygen consumption, supporting the hypothesis that these molecules are intermediates in the process. However, a puzzling observation was that intermediates were still present in the reaction mixture at the end of the experiment. If they are intermediates, then they should be consumed as the next product in the pathway is formed. What explains this observation? Succinate, fumarate, and malate are not reactants but catalysts, and catalysts are not consumed in the process. Succinate, fumarate, and malate increase metabolism and therefore oxygen consumption, but they are not directly part of the glucose oxidation pathway. Succinate, fumarate, and malate are constantly regenerated in the citric acid pathway.
Succinate, fumarate, and malate are constantly regenerated in the citric acid pathway.
The amino acids that actively contribute to catalysis in an enzyme do not have to be located adjacent to each other in the primary sequence (the linear sequence of amino acids) of the protein. False True
TRUE
Bread making requires yeast, flour, and water. Why is yeast used? The carbon dioxide released during ethanol fermentation makes the bread rise. The yeast makes the bread crunchy. Lactic acid fermentation makes the bread sour. The carbon dioxide released during cellular respiration makes the bread rise. It makes the bread healthier because yeast is a source of vitamins
The carbon dioxide released during ethanol fermentation makes the bread rise.
Imagine that you walk out of your warm house on a cold winter's day. What is different between the air inside and outside of your house in this scenario? The molecules in the warm air of your house are moving faster than those outside. The molecules in the warm air inside of your house have less entropy than those outside. The molecules in the warm air have more potential energy than those outside. The molecules in the cold air outside of your house have more kinetic energy than those inside. The molecules in the cold air outside of your house are moving faster than those inside.
The molecules in the warm air of your house are moving faster than those outside.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2+ 6H2O + energy? The movement of hydrogen atoms in reactions involving C6H12O6 and H2O yields no information regarding the movement of electrons. Glucose could be considered a reducing agent. The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative, and glucose is considered a reducing agent. The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative, and glucose is considered a reducing agent. The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative. In the production of CO2 from glucose, the oxygen atoms lose electrons and the carbon atom is oxidized.
The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative, and glucose is considered a reducing agent.
Allosteric inhibitors of an enzyme bind: -to the active site of the enzyme. -to the substrate. -a site on the substrate that is not the active site. -to cofactors that accelerate the reaction. -a site on the enzyme that is not the active site.
a site on the enzyme that is not on the active site
How would you characterize the process of fermentation? (Select all that apply.) a very useful way of deriving energy without oxygen as the amount of ATP made is high a limited way of deriving energy without oxygen as the amount of ATP made is low a useful process in the production of alcohol a useful process in the production of cheese and yogurt a useful process for organisms that were present when there was very little atmospheric oxygen a useful process for making glucose
a limited way of deriving energy without oxygen as the amount of ATP made is low a useful process in the production of alcohol a useful process in the production of cheese and yogurt a useful process for organisms that were present when there was very little atmospheric oxygen
Which of the following is a product of the breakdown of lipids? (Select all that apply.) acetyl-CoA FADH2 glycerol NADH
acetyl-CoA FADH2 glycerol NADH
Certain complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pump protons. Which of the following BEST describes the movement of protons in this situation? across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the intermembrane space to the matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space across the outer mitochondrial membrane, from the cytoplasm to the intermembrane space across the outer mitochondrial membrane, from the intermembrane space to the cytoplasm
across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space
Which of the following is a component of an ATP molecule? (Select all that apply.) adenine three phosphate groups ribose
all
Which one of the following is an example of potential energy? -heat -wind -light -an electrochemical gradient -a moving muscle
an electrochemical gradient
The assembly of glucose molecules into polysaccharides is a(n) _____ process. anabolic catabolic
anabolic
Animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air containing less oxygen. The consumed oxygen is used: in the glycolysis pathway. in photosynthesis. as an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain. in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A. in the citric acid cycle.
as an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain.
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in: animals and fungi. animals and plants. plants and bacteria. fungi and bacteria. bacteria and animals.
bacteria and animals.
How did the earliest organisms on Earth most likely produce ATP? by pyruvate oxidation by the citric acid cycle by glycolysis by oxidative phosphorylation
by glycolysis
What is the function of an enzyme? a)to decrease amount of energy needed to reach the transition state b)to alter the equilibrium of a specific reaction c)to both increase the rate of a specific reaction and decrease the amount of energy needed to reach the transition state d) to increase the rate of a specific reaction
c
The most oxidized form of carbon is carbon dioxide pyruvate diamonds ethanol glucose
carbon dioxide
Imagine that you discover a microbial deep-sea organism that can derive energy from (inorganic) hydrogen gas (H2). However, this microbe can also synthesize organic compounds from carbon-containing inorganic molecules in the ocean. This microbe is a: photoautotroph. photoheterotroph. phototroph chemoautotroph. chemoheterotroph
chemoautotroph
Animals such as cats, worms, and butterflies are classified as: -chemoautotrophs. -chemoheterotrophs. -photoautotrophs. -photoheterotrophs
chemoheterotrophs
Escherichia coli bacteria in your colon are categorized as: chemoautotrophs. photoautotrophs. photoheterotrophs. chemoheterotrophs.
chemoheterotrophs
Which one of the following does NOT actively move protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space? complex III complex I complex IV complex II None of the other answer options is correct.
complex II
Phosphorylating glucose during phase 1 of glycolysis: releases phosphorylated glucose from cells. destabilizes the glucose molecule so that it can be broken down in phase 2. provides electrons to reduce NAD+ in phase 3. provides electrons to reduce FADH in phase 3. None of the other answer options is correct.
destabilizes the glucose molecule so that it can be broken down in phase 2.
DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) is an effective weight-loss agent that was used in diet pills in the 1930s. It has since been removed from the market (though it is available online) because of serious side effects such as fever, cataracts, rashes, and sometimes death. DNP inserts into the inner mitochondrial membrane and shuttles protons between the intermembrane space and the matrix. Based on this information, which of the following might you predict? (Select all that apply.) dissipation of the proton gradient reduced ATP production increased hydrolysis of ATP decreased difference in pH between the matrix and intermembrane space increased ATP production
dissipation of the proton gradient reduced ATP production increased hydrolysis of ATP decreased difference in pH between the matrix and intermembrane space
PFK-1 is _____ by ATP and _____ by ADP. activated; activated inhibited; activated inhibited; inhibited activated; inhibited
inhibited; activated
ATP is a good energy currency for cells because it has a(n) _____ amount of Gibbs free energy. very low intermediate very high
intermediate
In human cells such as muscle tissue, the product of fermentation is: ethanol. FADH2. acetic acid. lactic acid. pyruvate.
lactic acid
A cellular reaction with a ΔG of 8.5 kcal/mol could be effectively coupled to the hydrolysis of a single molecule of ATP. True False
false
As plant cells rely on energy obtained directly from the sun to carry out cellular processes, sugars are only used as backup energy sources for plants on cloudy days. true false
false
Pyruvate oxidation is remarkably similar to glycolysis in that when one molecule of pyruvate enters into a mitochondrion, two molecules of acetyl-CoA are formed. true false
false
Pyruvate oxidation produces a large amount of ATP. true false
false
In cellular respiration, oxygen: gains electrons and is an oxidizing agent. loses electrons and is a reducing agent. gains electrons and is a reducing agent. loses electrons and is an oxidizing agent. None of the other answer options is correct.
gains electrons and is an oxidizing agent
Of the following molecules, which has the greatest potential energy? sodium chloride water alanine carbon dioxide glucose
glucose
Which of the following molecules has the GREATEST potential energy? water glucose carbon dioxide
glucose
Lactose is composed of _____ joined by a _____ linkage. two glucoses; peptide two galactoses; glycosidic two amino acids; peptide glucose and galactose; glycosidic glucose and fructose; glycosidic
glucose and galactose; glycosidic
ATP is chemically related MOST closely to which of the following? -phospholipid -testosterone -guanine -glucose -tryptophan
guanine
In chemical reactions, most of the entropy increase occurs as: chemical energy. glycolysis. heat. ATP production. electrical energy.
heat
Suppose that three critical amino acids in the active site of a specific enzyme are arginine, lysine, and histidine. Which of the following characteristics would you predict the substrate to possess in order to bind the active site of this enzyme? hydrophilic, but without a charge relatively hydrophobic hydrophilic, with a positive charge hydrophilic, with a negative charge
hydrophilic, with a negative charge
During pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and an acetyl group. The CO2 is: less oxidized than the acetyl group. more reduced than the acetyl group. more energetic than the acetyl group. less energetic than the acetyl group. None of the other answer options is correct.
less energetic than the acetyl group.
Glycogen stored in muscles can be "mobilized" to supply metabolic energy by hydrolyzing individual glucose subunits from the polymer. What other organ has a major function of storing glycogen? liver large intestine brain stomach
liver
Oligomycin is an antibiotic that binds ATP synthase, blocking the flow of protons through the enzyme's proton channel. In addition to preventing synthesis of ATP, what additional effect might you expect in response to the presence of oligomycin? higher pH in the intermembrane space lower pH in the intermembrane space a buildup of protons in the mitochondrial matrix
lower pH in the intermembrane space
The chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because: they are strong reducing agents. they are easy to hydrolyze. they are strong oxidizing agents. many of these bonds are C—C and C—H bonds. they are easy to phosphorylate.
many of these bonds are C—C and C—H bonds.
Which of the following organisms are considered heterotrophs? most bacteria plants hydrogen bacteria dogs most bacteria and dogs
most bacteria and dogs
Which of the following statements is true regarding pyruvate and glucose? Glucose easily passes in and out of mitochondria, and can often be found in the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is typically "trapped" in the intermembrane space of mitochondria, where it is oxidized to form acetyl-CoA. Glucose and pyruvate are remarkably similar in structure, with both molecules possessing a ring shape. Both glucose and pyruvate can feed directly into the citric acid cycle, although acetyl-CoA is the preferred reactant for this process. None of the other answer options is correct.
none of these options are correct
The citric acid cycle begins when acetyl-CoA combines with _____ to form _____. malate; oxaloacetate pyruvate; citrate oxaloacetate; citrate citrate; cis-aconitate oxaloacetate; malate
oxaloacetate; citrate
In cellular respiration, glucose is _____ to CO2 and oxygen is _____ to water. deoxygenated; phosphorylated reduced; oxidized oxidized; reduced phosphorylated; deoxygenated oxidized; oxidized
oxidized; reduced
In the second phase of glycolysis: phosphorylated sugar molecule is cleaved and the products rearranged. phosphate groups are added to glucose. NAD+ is reduced to NADH. ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation. ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation.
phosphorylated sugar molecule is cleaved and the products rearranged.
Organisms that derive their energy from the sun and carbon from carbon dioxide are: photoautotrophs. photoheterotrophs. chemoautotrophs. chemolithotrophs. chemoheterotrophs.
photoautotrophs
Organic molecules store _____energy in their _____ bonds. kinetic; ionic potential; covalent potential; ionic kinetic; hydrogen kinetic; covalent
potential;covalent
Glycolysis can proceed if: (Select all that apply.) pyruvate is oxidized in the mitochondria during cellular respiration. pyruvate is reduced in the cytoplasm during fermentation. an oxidizing agent is present. NADH is oxidized to NAD+.
pyruvate is oxidized in the mitochondria during cellular respiration. pyruvate is reduced in the cytoplasm during fermentation. an oxidizing agent is present. NADH is oxidized to NAD+.
Converting glucose to glycogen: requires energy. releases energy. requires sunlight. requires cellulose. requires diffusion of glycogen into a muscle cell.
requires energy
ATP is a nucleotide composed of adenine, _____, and three phosphate groups.
ribose
You have entered a 5K race. As you finish the last 50 yards, you are breathing harder than at the start of the race and sweating profusely. This is an example of the _____ law of thermodynamics because _____ is increasing. first; entropy second; entropy first; body temperature second; body temperature None of the other answer options is correct.
second; entropy
during which stage(s) of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide released?
stages 2 and 3
Energy can be extracted from glucose and converted to ATP only if: (Select all that apply.) the cell has enzymes that can carry out glycolysis. the cell has enzymes that can carry out oxidation-reduction reactions. oxygen is the electron acceptor. the cell has membrane proteins that can pump hydrogen ions. the cell has mitochondria.
the cell has enzymes that can carry out glycolysis. the cell has enzymes that can carry out oxidation-reduction reactions.
In eukaryotic cells, the oxidation of pyruvate occurs in: vacuoles. the cytoplasm. the matrix of the mitochondria. the nucleus. the endoplasmic reticulum.
the matrix of the mitochondria.
Nearly all cells use ATP as their primary energy source. This is evidence that: ATP evolved recently (in the last 100 years) as a potential source of energy. life continues to evolve and use novel energy sources. the use of ATP by cells began eons ago and has been conserved over time. only eukaryotic cells can produce ATP. fossil fuels are composed of ATP.
the use of ATP by cells began eons ago and has been conserved over time.
An anabolic reaction decreases entropy within the system because the reaction results in a more ordered macromolecule. False True
true
Even though the full oxidation of glucose is exergonic, some of the reactions in cellular respiration are endergonic. True False
true
The energy from the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is directly used to synthesize ATP. False True
true
Which of the following is a mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain? (Select all that apply.) ATP synthase ubiquinone cytochrome c
ubiquinone cytochrome c
