Bio Chapter 8 Study Guide
What is the product of the Calvin Cycle?
A sugar called G3P
Describe the activities that take place in the stroma in (a) bright sunlight and (b) in darkness.
A) light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH B) The Calvin cycle cannot continue running in the dark, because it doesn't have ATP and NADPH from light reactions.
Why are six carbon dioxide molecules required to make one molecule of glucose?
Because carbon dioxide (CO2) has one carbon per molecule while glucose (C6-H12-O6) molecules have six carbons.
The _______ _______ is the process by which carbon moves from organic to inorganic compounds and back.
Carbon cycle
Light Reactions convert the energy in sunlight into ____________.
Chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
This is where light is absorbed (light-absorbing pigment)
Chlorophyll (gives plant its green color)
Describe electromagnetic spectrum, using the term wavelength in your explanation.
Electromagnetic spectrum is the range of types of electromagnetic energy from gamma waves to radio waves. Wavelengths are the distance between adjacent waves. Visible light, wavelengths that your eyes can see different colors, makes up only a small fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum; shorter wavelengths = more energy
Stomata is responsible for .....?
Gas exchange - CO2 enters leaf, O2 exits
Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into __________.
Glucose (and oxygen)
_______ _______ keeps the world climate warm enough for a living things.
Greenhouse effect
Describe the relationship between the light and Calvin Cycle.
Light reactions convert light energy into chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle makes sugar from the atoms in carbon dioxide, H+ ions, and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH. The ATP made by the light reactions provides the energy to make sugar. Therefore, the Calvin cycle requires inputs supplied by the light reactions: ATP and NADPH to make sugar.
What does the Calvin cycle do?
Makes sugar from the atoms in carbon dioxide, H+ ions, and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH.
Most photosynthesis occurs in the __________.
Mesophyll
_______ within the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll and other molecules are rearranged and clusters.
Photosystems
Describe how ATP is generated during the light reactions.
The light reactions that take place in the thylakoid membrane's convert light energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
Describe stroma.
The thick fluid, found outside the thylakoids, and is within the chloroplast
This is the place where light reactions take place.
Thylakoids (disk-shaped sacs found in chloroplast --> arranged in stacks called grana.)
True or False: The Calvin cycle provides cells with sugars that can be stored for more than a few minutes .
True
Sunlight is a form of _______ energy. Electromagnetic energy travels in _____ that can be compared to ocean waves rolling onto a beach. Patient and the distance between two adjacent waves is called a ________. The range or types of electromagnetic energy, I am from in the very short wavelengths of gamma waves to the very long wavelengths of radio waves, is called the _______ _______. _______ _______ - those wavelengths that your eyes see as different colors - makes up only a small fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum. Shorter wavelengths have more energy than longer wavelengths.
electromagnetic ; waves ; wavelength ; electromagnetic spectrum ; Visible light
Two photosystems are involved in the light reactions. The first photosystem traps light energy and transfers of light excited electrons to the _________________________. This photosystem can be thought of as a "__________ photosystem" because the electrons are replaced by splitting a molecule of water. This process releases _______ as a waste product, and also releases _______. The electron transport chain connecting the two photosystems releases energy, which the chloroplast uses to make _______. The second photo system can be thought of as the "_______ - producing photosystem". This photosystem produces NADPH by transferring excited electrons and hydrogen ions to NADP+. The light reactions convert light energy to the chemical energy of _______ and _______. But recall that photosynthesis also produces _______. So far no sugar has been produced. That is the job of the ________________ which uses the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions.
electron transport chain ; water-splitting ; oxygen ; hydrogen ions ; ATP ; NADPH ; ATP and NADPH ; sugar ; Calvin Cycle
Suppose that you could observe what happens inside a chloroplast as sunlight strikes a leaf. Within the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll and other molecules are arranged in clusters called _______. This cluster of pigment molecules acts like a __________ panel. Each time a pigment molecule absorbs light energy, one of the pigments electrons _______ energy - The electron is raised from a low energy "ground state" to a high energy "excited state". This excited state is very _______. Most immediately, the excited electron falls back to the ground state and _______ the energy to the neighboring molecules.
photosystems ; light-gathering ; gains ; unstable ; transfers
A substance is color is due to chemical compounds called _______. When light shines on a material that contains pigment, three things can happen to the different wavelengths: they can be _______ , _______ , or _______. The pigment in a leaves chloroplast absorbs it blue-violet and orange-red light very well. But the chloroplast pigments do not absorb _______ very well.
pigments ; absorbed, transmitted, reflected ; green light
The light reaction which takes place in the _______ _______, converts _______ energy into _______ energy of _______ and _______. The light reactions use the reactant water from the equation and release the product _______. The Calvin cycle, which takes place in the _______, uses _______ and _______ to convert _______ _______ to sugar.
thylakoid membrane ; light ; chemical ; ATP and NADPH ; oxygen ; stroma ; ATP and NADPH ; light energy
