Bio Chapters 1-3
Which domain is characterized by having unicellular and multicellular organisms whose cells contain a nucleus
Eukaryia
What is a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions?
Organ
Organisms that make their own food by obtaining energy and nutrients from nonliving sources are called
Producers
ways that different organisms can prevent freezing of water in their cells
antifreeze chemicals, insulation
Two or more atoms are held together in a molecule or compound by attractive forces called
chemical bonds
Asexual reproduction
genes from only one parent, offspring virtually identical
anion
ion with a negative
bacteria cell wall composition
peptidoglycan
Ribosome
site of protein production
glycogen
storage molecules of animals and fungi
What is high in water due to cohesion of water molecules
surface tension
Only DNA
thymine
Other than hydrogen, electrically neutral atoms of all other elements have how many electrons in the lowest energy shell
2
Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that consist of
3 to 100 monomers
If an atom has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16 then the atom has.....
8 neutrons
How does the fact that ice floats benefit aquatic organisms
A cap of ice at the surface can prevent a body of water from entirely freezing
Double Blind Study
A double-blind study helps avoid bias in medical research, Neither researchers or participants know who received the placebo and who received the treatment
What is deoxyribonucleic acid DNA
A molecule that encodes genetic instructions
hydrogen bonds hold the two strands of DNA together by attaching
A with T and C with G
What describes a Community
All the populations of different species that live in an area
A protein is an organic molecule with diverse functions and composed of monomers called
Amino Acids
The monomers of polypeptides and proteins are called ________ _______ and have a central carbon bonded to a hydrogen, an amino group, and an R group
Amino acids
__________ ____________ link cytoskeletal filaments or adjacent animal cells in one place like a rivet
Anchoring Junction
Offspring are virtually identical to each other / Genetic information comes from only one parent. These are characteristics of?
Asexual Reproduction
What are the small chemical units that can combine to form molecules?
Atom
What term refers to all the parts if the planet that can support life?
Biosphere
Hydrogen Bond
Bond between nitrogenous bases of DNA
_________ are one of the four most abundant types of organic molecules in organisms and consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often in a proportion of 1:2:1. These organic molecules include monosaccharides and polysaccharides
Carbohydrates
What acid-base pair is a buffer that helps maintain the pH of blood?
Carbonic acid and bicarbonate
Triglycerides are formed during dehydration synthesis, in which the ________ groups of three fatty acids are linked to the three _________ groups of glycerol
Carboxyl; Hydroxide
What is the basic unit of life and consists of a membrane enclosing water, DNA, and other Chemicals
Cell
What is the basic unit of life and consists of a membrane enclosing water, DNA, and other chemicals?
Cell
A lipid called _________ is a compound of animal cell membranes and is the sterol used as a starting material in the synthesis in of the testosterone and estrogen
Cholesterol
What is the term for all the populations of different species that occupy the same locations at the same times?
Community
Select all of the following that are found in the cytoplasm, outside the nuclear membrane
Cytoskeleton, RNA and Ribosomes, Ions and enzymes
Alterations of the sequence encoded ___ may lead to evolution changes over time
DNA
In reproduction, what is transmitted to the offspring that will determine what the offspring are like?
DNA
The cells genetic instructions are encoded in a molecule called _______ and these instructions and used to produce proteins and allow the cell to carry out specialized functions.
DNA
What is the process whereby a hydroxyl group (OH-) is removed from one molecule and a hydrogen ion (H+) from another molecule, bonding the two molecules together and forming a molecule of water?
Dehydration synthesis
What biological level includes the living and nonliving components of a particular area?
Ecosystem
___________ is the ability to do work and move matter
Energy
Characteristics of life
Energy use, evolve as population over time, reproduction growth and development, organization, homeostasis or maintenance if internal constancy.
Roles of proteins
Enzymes, providing structure, storage, contraction, transport of materials
Which domain is characterized by having unicellular organisms whose cells contain a nucleus?
Eukarya
TorF Proteins and Carbohydrates provide more energy to the body that an equal weight of fat
False
Each type of organism is assigned a unique, two-part scientific name, which consists of the ________ of the organism.
Genus and species descriptor
In this picture of the endomembrane system, the structure in the black circle indicated by the arrow is called the
Golgi apparatus
Select all of the following that are roles of cell walls
Help determine cell specializations, regulate cell volume, provide shape
EUK Fungi
Heterotrophs; obtain food by external digestion
EUK Animalia
Heterotrophs; obtain food by ingestion
What describes the state of internal constancy maintained by an organism
Homeostasis
What type of bond forms between opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules or within a large molecule
Hydrogen
The tails of phospholipids are _________ and thus water-insoluble
Hydrophobic
The low, medium, and high concentrations of vaccine in the experiment shown compromise in the _______ variable
Independent
______ are atoms which have gained or lost electrons
Ions
qualities of a valid hypothesis
It can be rejected, it must be testable
In scientific experiments, more credible results are obtained with a _____ sample size
Larger
___________ is characterized by cellular organization, energy requirements, homeostasis, reproduction, growth, development, and evolution.
Life
The _________ microscope is ideal for viewing living cells that are between 200 nanometers and 1 millimeter size
Light
What type of microscope passes light through a transparent or thinly specimen to generate true-color views cells?
Light microscopes
Forms of energy
Light, chemical bonds, heat
4 main types of molecules in an organism
Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid
Which of the following does not differ between domains bacteria and Archaea?
Location of DNA
anything that takes up space is defined as
Matter
The chemical reactions that occur within cells and allow organisms to build molecules and use energy for their activities are collectively called
Metabolism
Polymers, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, consist of small subunits called ________ linked together to form long chains
Monomers
The smallest carbohydrates are called ________ and consist of a singular monomer
Monosaccharides
Euk Plantae
Multicellular, almost all are autotrophic organisms
The traits if individuals that have higher reproductive success is a particular environment become more common within a population due to
Natural Selection
What process favors survival of specific individuals within a population based on inherited characteristics
Natural Selection
The _________ on the two strands of DNA are complementary to each other
Nitrogenous bases
A covalent bond there is equal sharing of electron pairs such as between carbon atoms, is called a(n) ________ covalent bond.
Nonpolar
Organism or not DNA
Not
The _____________ found within the nuclear envelope are lined with specialized proteins that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus
Nuclear pores
what type of polymer is made up of many nucleotides?
Nucleic acid
In prokaryotic cells, DNA congregates in an area called the
Nucleoid
Baking soda and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are bases because they release ______ ions into a solution
OH-
When a water molecule breaks apart, what are its products
OH-, H+
Organism or Not Bacterial cell
Org
Organism or not Fungus
Org
An ___________ is composed if several organs that are connected and working together.
Organ Systems
Hydroxyl
Oxygen atom single-bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH)
The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecules called a(n) _______________, which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule
Phospholipids
Eukaryotic groups
Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista
The bond between an oxygen atom and a hydrogen is a _____ covalent bond because there is unequal sharing of the electron
Polar
What term refers to members of the same species living in the same place at the same time
Population
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain forms the _________ a structure of protein
Primary
Once a polypeptide or multiple polypeptides are folded into a functional shape, it is referred to as a(n)
Protein
The 20 types of amino acids are distinguished by their _________ group, which may be a hydrogen or a more complex group of atoms
R
Molecules that consist of monomers called nucleotides
RNA, DNA
What describes metabolism?
Reactions that occur within cells to use and produce energy and molecules
What types of cell membrane proteins receives molecules on the cell's exterior and stimulates a reaction in the cells interior
Receptor proteins
Sexual Reproduction
Results in genetic diversity, offspring has mix genes from two parents
Whats in Bacteria cells
Ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA, enzymes
To make lemonade, water is combined with lemon juice and sugar. The lemonade is the _______ in this example
Solution
Examples of hydrophilic
Sugar, many ions, salt
TorF Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms
T
The ____________ structure or a polypeptide is its overall shape and is formed through the interaction between R groups and water:
Tertiary
hydrogen bonding among water molecules?
The partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom attracts the partial negative charge of an oxygen atom on an adjacent molecule
What is taxonomy
The science of naming and classifying organisms
What suggests that the current diversity of life evolved from a common ancestor?
The similarities among organisms
adhesion
The tendency of water to form hydrogen bonds with other substances
_______ are groups of specialized cells the function together
Tissues
iron and zinc are examples of _______ elements because they are required in small amounts by living things
Trace
Types of lipids
Triglycerides, waxes phospholipids, sterols
TofF almost all cells have a cells have a small size less than 0.1 mm in diameter
True
TorF Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution
True
TorF The presence of hydrogen bonds between adjacent water molecules increase the amount of energy required to raise water temperature.
True
TorF, the ultimate energy source in most ecosystems is the sun
True
EUK Protista
Unicellular and multicellular organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms
Cell Theory 3 Names
Virchow, Schleiden, Schwann
Covalent bonds are broken within a polymer when a(n) _________ molecule is added during hydrolysis
Water
Which of the following substances regulates temperature, dissolve many chemicals, and has cohesive and adhesive properties?
Water
Weakest to Strongest bonds
Weakest -single covalent bonds double covalent bond Strongest- Triple covalent bond
confocal microscope description
White or lasers light is focused through a lens, and the image passes through a pinhole
when the bonds of two or more molecules are broken and new ones formed, this is called
a chemical reaction
what describes a control group
a group that receives a placebo or no treatment
A eukaryotic cell is different from a prokaryotic cell in that it contains _________.
a nucleus
A eukaryotic cell is different from a prokaryotic cell in that it contains __________
a nucleus
What is an Element
a pure chemical that cannot be further broken down
What type of chemical adds H+ to a solution
acid
The fluid in your stomach is ________, which helps to kill some microbes and activate enzymes for digestion of food
acidic
A(n) ____________ is an inherited characteristics or behavior which enables an individual to survive better that without the inherited characteristic.
adaptation
Water being absorbed in plant roots and carried through concluding tubes to the leaves through the combination of two water properties
adhesion and cohesion
What type of cell membrane protein enables neighboring cells to stick to each other
adhesion particles
A neutral solution has
an equal concentrations of H+ and OH
Eukaryotic flagella
anchored by basal body, prominent in sperm cells, contain microtubules
Water expands as it freezes because the hydrogen bonds ice
are stable are space molecules into hexagonal shapes
What is a single unit of an element
atom
Molecules consists of two or more chemical linked _______, which are the smallest "pieces" or units of elements
atoms
Producer
autotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from nonliving sources
What does the term "alkaline" mean in reference to an alkaline solution
basic
Hydrogen Bond
bond between atom with a partial negative charge and a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge
Covalent Bonds
bond between atoms sharing pairs or electrons
Ionic Bond
bond between oppositely charged ions
Covalent Bond
bonds between sugars and phosphate groups of RNA nucleonic, Bond between sugars and phosphate groups of DNA nucleotides
chemical reactions
breaking and forming bonds
Lysosomes
can fuse with vesicle carrying debris from outside the cell or damaged organelles, contain enzymes tagged with sugars, enzymes inside the lysosome perform hydrolysis reactions
Archaean cells description
can have flagella, lack nuclei and organelles, most have cells walls
electron microscopes description
can resolve proteins and small cellular structures, use beam of electrons instead of light, usually require that specimen be killed, expensive to build and operate
carboxyl
carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to another oxygen atom carrying a hydrogen atom (-COOH)
What reaction counteracts a rise in blood pH?
carbonic acid releases H+
the ______ ________ states that all life is composed of one or more cells, which are the fundamental units of all life
cell theory
What surrounds the cell membrane of most bacteria and provides structure and protections
cell wall
animal wall composition
cell wall absent
A living thing exhibits all five properties of life and is composed of one or more ________ the basic units of life.
cells
What is the most common organic compound in nature and strengthens the cell walls of plants
cellulose
plant wall composition
cellulose and lignin
polysaccharides that function in structural support of cells
cellulose chitin
In animal cells, structures called ____________ are microtubule-organizing centers that contain the centrioles
centrosomes
fungi chintin wall composition
chitin
what plant organelle contains photosynthetic pigments
chloroplast
Animal cells
chloroplast absent, centrioles present
Present in plant cells not in animal cells
chloroplasts, cell walls
Short numerous, hairlike structures that surround some cells like a fringe, are powered by microtubules, and have coordinated movements are called
cilia
One of the properties of water is ________-, which is the tendency of water molecules to stick together
cohesion
What is formed then atoms of two or more different elements are linked together
compound
central vacuole in plants
contains enzymes, salts, pigments, sugars, and acids
A peptide bond is a type of __________ bond between amino acids
covalent
What type os bind involves two atoms sharing electrons which travel around both nuclei
covalent
The __________ is the fluid matrix between the cell membrane and the nucleus
cytoplasm
DNA and RNA
cytosine, adenine, guanine
What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement
cytoskeleton
New proteins are built to repair a torn muscle by combining amino acids in a reaction process called _______________ synthesis
dehydration
In human body tissues, significant changes from the normal pH of a tissue can
destroy shapes of critical proteins
examples of using radioactive isotopes in science and medicine
detecting broken bones, determining age of fossils and artifacts
What process describes the cell division and growth of specialized tissues that produces mature individuals from a single, fertilized egg?
development
food vacuole in amoebas
digest nutrients engulfed by ceil
Sucrose and lactose are examples of _______ and are formed by joining two simple sugars
disaccharides
The fact that water is often the solvent in a solution demonstrates that water can
dissolve a variety of substances
most denature proteins _______, an exception is gelatin, which is derived from protein collagen
do not renature
What type of microscope allows resolution of an object between 70 micrometers and i angstrom in size
electron
oxygen is highly _______ because it strongly attracts electrons
electronegative
An electrically neutral atom has no net change because the number of protons is equal to the number of _________
electrons
Which subatomic particle is located outside the nucleus of an atom?
element
New complex functions and characteristics that arise when the smaller components of an organism interact and called
emergent properties
Select all the roles that membranes play in cells
enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells, separate cytoplasm and cell's surroundings, receive and respond to external stimuli
products
ending materials
The _____________ ____________ is network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
the endomembrane system
endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, golgi apparatus
Proteins that increase the speed of chemical reactions on the cell membrane and in other parts of the cell called ____________
enzymes
Key genetic sequences suggest that arcaea are more closely related to members to domain ___________ than they are to members of domain bacteria
eukaryotes
The change in genes of a population over multiple generations can also be referred to as
evolution
Hypothesis are tested with an investigation called a(n)
experiment
adipose tissue is filled with _________ to cushion organs, retain heat, store energy, and release heat in animals
fat
hydrophobic and doesn't dissolve in water
fats, olive oil
In some types of bacteria, appendages called ___________ rotate like a propeller and allow movement forward or backward
flagella
cytoplasm
fluid matrix occupying most of the cell's volume
chitin
found in exoskeletons of insects, spiders, and crustaceans
Cellulose
found in plant cells
The complex properties seen in living things are evidence that biological structure is closely tied to
function
A protein channel that links the cytoplasm of two animal cells and allows the exchange of ions, nutrients, and small molecules between the cells is called a(n)
gap junction
in triglycerides, fatty acids chains are attached to a three-carbon molecule called
glycerol
polysaccharides that break up glucose monomers when needed
glycogen, starch
In multicellular organisms, a fertilized egg undergoes a process called ___________ in which multiple rounds of cell division produce a mature individual
growth and development
The time required for half of the atoms in a sample to decay to a more stable form is called the _______ of a radioactive isotopes
half-life
atom of chlorine
has a high electronegativity, has one vacancy in its valence shell
Consumer
heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients by eating other organisms
decomposer
heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from wastes and dead organism
The head of a phospholipid is ___________ meaning polar covalent bonds attract water
hydrophilic
What is the function of recognition proteins in the plasma membrane
identify the cell as belonging to the body and a certain tissue type
cytoskeletal components called _________ ______________ are made of different proteins depending upon the cell type and help to maintain cell shape and bind some cells together.
intermediate
cation
ion with a positive charge
What type of bind is formed from the attraction of two ions with opposite charges
ionic
Forms of an element with different numbers are called
isotopes
Prokaryotes
lack nucleus, most ancient forms of life on earth, simplest types of cells
Small objects have a surface area to a volume ratio _______ that of large objects
larger than
In biology, old facts and new discoveries can be used to ask interesting questions about
life
cell membrane/ plasma membrane
lipid-rich boundary between the cells and outside environment
What group of organic molecules does not dissolve in water and does not consist of long chains of monomers
lipids
What organelle of the endomembrane system breaks down debris food and old cell carts with special dismantling enzymes?
lysosome
If the result of an experiment are completely unexpected, what might scientists do?
make new observations and hypothesis
All cells have a cell __________ surrounding the cytoplasm an forming a boundary and forming a boundary between the cell and its environment.
membrane
Organelles carry out specialized functions in the cell and are enclosed by
membranes
Which of the three main components of the cytoskeleton is composed of tubulin proteins subunits and is used in cell division and transportation within cells
microtubules
cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle called a(n)
mitochondria
Pure water has a _________ pH
neutral
oxytocin
nine linked amino acids
Amino
nitrogen atom single-bonded to two hydrogen atoms (-NH2)
Element with five valence electrons
nitrogen, phosphorus
What type of bond is likely to form between two atoms with a small difference in electronegativity
nonpolar covalent
The subunits of ribosomes are synthesized in the
nucleolus
In eukaryotic cells, the DNA that specifies the proteins of the cell is stored in a membrane-bounded organelles called the
nucleus
Characteristics of eukaryotic cells
nucleus, larger than prokaryotic cells, system of internal membranes, size is about 10 and 100 micrometers
In the scientific method, the first step is
observations and questions
Organism or not Plant
org
Compartments within cells that carry out specific functions are called
organelles
What type of molecules are found in living things and contain both carbon hydrogen?
organic
Buffer systems contain week acids and bases and help solutions resist changes in
pH
What can denature a protein by breaking the hydrogen bond that maintain the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins?
pH, salt, heat
What process in a scientific inquiry allows anonymous and knowledgeable scientists to evaluate the validity of scientific papers
peer review
Biological membranes are selectively ______________ permeable, meaning they allow only specific types of molecules to pass into or out of the cell
permeable
What organelle protects all eukaryotic cells from toxic substances or toxic by-products of chemical reactions
peroxisome
What molecules are key components of cell membranes and are arranged in bilayers to form membrane
phospholipids
Phosphate
phosphorus atom double-bonded to one oxygen atom and single bonded to three other oxygen atoms, two of which have negative charges
A(n) _______ is an inert substance given to a portion of the experiment group without their knowledge to act as a control
placebo
Hydrophilic molecule
polar and readily dissolves in water
Proteins, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates are large molecules called __________ , which consist of many monomers linked together
polymers
Complex Carbohydrates consisting of many monomers are called
polysaccharides
An atom that has lost an electron and has become an ion carries a
positive charge
Eukarya
possible larger cell size, fatty acids in the cell membrane, and nucleus present
In the scientific method, hypothesis should lead to specific if then statements called
predictions
applications of protein structure research
producing "permanent wave" hair solutions, understanding prions, finding targets for disease treatments
components of cell membrane
proteins, phospholipids, sterols
A hydrogen ion H' has one one subatomic particle, a(n) _______
proton
atoms of the same element have the same number of
protons
What is the function of sugars such as glucose and sucrose
provide a ready source of energy
Carbohydrates (simple answer)
provide energy, store energy, support cells
contractile vacuole in paramecium
pump excess water out of the cell
Another name for an unstable isotope is a(n)
radioactive isotopes
The nucleolus is a dense spot in the nucleus where components of __________ are assembled
ribosomes
Proteins to be secreted outside of a eukaryotic cell are formed at ribosomes of the surface of the __________ ____________ ____________
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Triglycerides such as bacon contain
saturated fatty acids
A new combination of traits inherited from two parents is passed to offspring as a result of
sexual reproduction
When examining evolutionary relationships, taxonomists classify organisms according to
shared common ancestors
Bacteria
small cell size, fatty acid in the cell membrane, and prokaryotic
Archaea
small cell size, fatty acid lipids in the cell membrane and prokaryotic
Lipidsm detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the _______ ______________ _______________
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A ______ is a substance dissolves in a solvent to make a solution
solute
Chemicals called solutes are dissolved in a liquid called the ______ to make a solution
solvent
Which of the following are correct concerning plant organelles called plastids?
some, such as chloroplasts, synthesize pigments, some assembles and store starch, they contain their own DNA and ribosomes
Organisms that produce asexually
sponges, some plants, fungi
reactants
starting materials
What type of lipids has 4 interconnected carbon rings?
sterols
Starch
storage molecules of plants
Nucleic Acid (SA)
store and carry genetic information
Lipids (SA)
store energy, major constituent of membranes, sex hormones
Select all of the following that are true of the salt NaCl
strong iconic bonds form a crystal structure, sodium and chloride ions have opposite charges, Both Na+ and Cl have full valence shells
functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell
structural support, transportation, aids cell division
simple carbohydrations called sugars
sucrose, glucose, maltose
What is high in water due to cohesion of water molecules?
surface tension
On a hot day, one way the human body keeps temperature within a constant range by
sweating
other ways humans accumulate amino acids for the building of proteins
synthesize them
A theory is
testable
Proteins have a variety of structures and functions due to the fact that
the 20 different amino acids can be assembled in a variety of orders
Evolution has been operating on organisms since
the first cells formed
In a molecule containing polar covalent bonds, what atom is likely to have a partial positive charge?
the less electronegative atom
Independent variable
the manipulated portion of the experiment
Standardized variable
the portion if the experiment held constant
Dependent variable
the response that an investigator measures
in science, whereas a hypothesis is a tentative explanation a ______ is a broader, well-tested explanation from a natural phenomenon backed by many lines of evidence
theory
What happens when an acid is mixed with a base
they neutralize each other
All living organisms are organized into one of ________ domains
three
tripeptide
three linked amino acids
____________ are flattened membrane sacs within a chloroplast where photosynthetic pigments , such as a chlorophyll, are embedded
thyakoids
In animal cells, cell junctions called __________ __________ form impermeable barriers between cells to prevent leaking of fluids
tight junctions
Proteins (SA)
transport materials, move cells, act as enzymes, perform activities of cell
What types of cell membrane protein allows molecules and ions to enter of exit the cell
transport proteins
a group of lipids, are more commonly known as fats and are composed of fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
triglycerides
dipeptide
two linked amino acids
compound microscopes description
types of light microscope, uses two or more lenses to focus visible light, commonly used in biology lab courses
What type of triglyceride contains fatty acids with at least one double bond between the carbons, causing kinks in the fatty acids?
unsaturated fats
whereas triglycerides such as olive oil and vegetable oil contains
unsaturated fatty acids
only RNA
uracil
Plant cells have a large central ___________ where water, salts, and sugars are stored where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells
vacuole
Atoms are most stable when their outermost occupied electron shell, also called the ________ shell, is full
valence
in an experiment, the response that an investigator measures and the treatment that an investigator manipulates are examples of
variables
what fluid is composed of tiny three-atom molecules and is where life originated on earth?
water
What group of lipids forms stiff, water-repellent materials?
waxes