Bio Chapters 1-3

Which domain is characterized by having unicellular and multicellular organisms whose cells contain a nucleus

Eukaryia

What is a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions?

Organ

Organisms that make their own food by obtaining energy and nutrients from nonliving sources are called

Producers

ways that different organisms can prevent freezing of water in their cells

antifreeze chemicals, insulation

Two or more atoms are held together in a molecule or compound by attractive forces called

chemical bonds

Asexual reproduction

genes from only one parent, offspring virtually identical

anion

ion with a negative

bacteria cell wall composition

peptidoglycan

Ribosome

site of protein production

glycogen

storage molecules of animals and fungi

What is high in water due to cohesion of water molecules

surface tension

Only DNA

thymine

Other than hydrogen, electrically neutral atoms of all other elements have how many electrons in the lowest energy shell

2

Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that consist of

3 to 100 monomers

If an atom has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16 then the atom has.....

8 neutrons

How does the fact that ice floats benefit aquatic organisms

A cap of ice at the surface can prevent a body of water from entirely freezing

Double Blind Study

A double-blind study helps avoid bias in medical research, Neither researchers or participants know who received the placebo and who received the treatment

What is deoxyribonucleic acid DNA

A molecule that encodes genetic instructions

hydrogen bonds hold the two strands of DNA together by attaching

A with T and C with G

What describes a Community

All the populations of different species that live in an area

A protein is an organic molecule with diverse functions and composed of monomers called

Amino Acids

The monomers of polypeptides and proteins are called ________ _______ and have a central carbon bonded to a hydrogen, an amino group, and an R group

Amino acids

__________ ____________ link cytoskeletal filaments or adjacent animal cells in one place like a rivet

Anchoring Junction

Offspring are virtually identical to each other / Genetic information comes from only one parent. These are characteristics of?

Asexual Reproduction

What are the small chemical units that can combine to form molecules?

Atom

What term refers to all the parts if the planet that can support life?

Biosphere

Hydrogen Bond

Bond between nitrogenous bases of DNA

_________ are one of the four most abundant types of organic molecules in organisms and consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often in a proportion of 1:2:1. These organic molecules include monosaccharides and polysaccharides

Carbohydrates

What acid-base pair is a buffer that helps maintain the pH of blood?

Carbonic acid and bicarbonate

Triglycerides are formed during dehydration synthesis, in which the ________ groups of three fatty acids are linked to the three _________ groups of glycerol

Carboxyl; Hydroxide

What is the basic unit of life and consists of a membrane enclosing water, DNA, and other Chemicals

Cell

What is the basic unit of life and consists of a membrane enclosing water, DNA, and other chemicals?

Cell

A lipid called _________ is a compound of animal cell membranes and is the sterol used as a starting material in the synthesis in of the testosterone and estrogen

Cholesterol

What is the term for all the populations of different species that occupy the same locations at the same times?

Community

Select all of the following that are found in the cytoplasm, outside the nuclear membrane

Cytoskeleton, RNA and Ribosomes, Ions and enzymes

Alterations of the sequence encoded ___ may lead to evolution changes over time

DNA

In reproduction, what is transmitted to the offspring that will determine what the offspring are like?

DNA

The cells genetic instructions are encoded in a molecule called _______ and these instructions and used to produce proteins and allow the cell to carry out specialized functions.

DNA

What is the process whereby a hydroxyl group (OH-) is removed from one molecule and a hydrogen ion (H+) from another molecule, bonding the two molecules together and forming a molecule of water?

Dehydration synthesis

What biological level includes the living and nonliving components of a particular area?

Ecosystem

___________ is the ability to do work and move matter

Energy

Characteristics of life

Energy use, evolve as population over time, reproduction growth and development, organization, homeostasis or maintenance if internal constancy.

Roles of proteins

Enzymes, providing structure, storage, contraction, transport of materials

Which domain is characterized by having unicellular organisms whose cells contain a nucleus?

Eukarya

TorF Proteins and Carbohydrates provide more energy to the body that an equal weight of fat

False

Each type of organism is assigned a unique, two-part scientific name, which consists of the ________ of the organism.

Genus and species descriptor

In this picture of the endomembrane system, the structure in the black circle indicated by the arrow is called the

Golgi apparatus

Select all of the following that are roles of cell walls

Help determine cell specializations, regulate cell volume, provide shape

EUK Fungi

Heterotrophs; obtain food by external digestion

EUK Animalia

Heterotrophs; obtain food by ingestion

What describes the state of internal constancy maintained by an organism

Homeostasis

What type of bond forms between opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules or within a large molecule

Hydrogen

The tails of phospholipids are _________ and thus water-insoluble

Hydrophobic

The low, medium, and high concentrations of vaccine in the experiment shown compromise in the _______ variable

Independent

______ are atoms which have gained or lost electrons

Ions

qualities of a valid hypothesis

It can be rejected, it must be testable

In scientific experiments, more credible results are obtained with a _____ sample size

Larger

___________ is characterized by cellular organization, energy requirements, homeostasis, reproduction, growth, development, and evolution.

Life

The _________ microscope is ideal for viewing living cells that are between 200 nanometers and 1 millimeter size

Light

What type of microscope passes light through a transparent or thinly specimen to generate true-color views cells?

Light microscopes

Forms of energy

Light, chemical bonds, heat

4 main types of molecules in an organism

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid

Which of the following does not differ between domains bacteria and Archaea?

Location of DNA

anything that takes up space is defined as

Matter

The chemical reactions that occur within cells and allow organisms to build molecules and use energy for their activities are collectively called

Metabolism

Polymers, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, consist of small subunits called ________ linked together to form long chains

Monomers

The smallest carbohydrates are called ________ and consist of a singular monomer

Monosaccharides

Euk Plantae

Multicellular, almost all are autotrophic organisms

The traits if individuals that have higher reproductive success is a particular environment become more common within a population due to

Natural Selection

What process favors survival of specific individuals within a population based on inherited characteristics

Natural Selection

The _________ on the two strands of DNA are complementary to each other

Nitrogenous bases

A covalent bond there is equal sharing of electron pairs such as between carbon atoms, is called a(n) ________ covalent bond.

Nonpolar

Organism or not DNA

Not

The _____________ found within the nuclear envelope are lined with specialized proteins that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus

Nuclear pores

what type of polymer is made up of many nucleotides?

Nucleic acid

In prokaryotic cells, DNA congregates in an area called the

Nucleoid

Baking soda and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are bases because they release ______ ions into a solution

OH-

When a water molecule breaks apart, what are its products

OH-, H+

Organism or Not Bacterial cell

Org

Organism or not Fungus

Org

An ___________ is composed if several organs that are connected and working together.

Organ Systems

Hydroxyl

Oxygen atom single-bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH)

The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecules called a(n) _______________, which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule

Phospholipids

Eukaryotic groups

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista

The bond between an oxygen atom and a hydrogen is a _____ covalent bond because there is unequal sharing of the electron

Polar

What term refers to members of the same species living in the same place at the same time

Population

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain forms the _________ a structure of protein

Primary

Once a polypeptide or multiple polypeptides are folded into a functional shape, it is referred to as a(n)

Protein

The 20 types of amino acids are distinguished by their _________ group, which may be a hydrogen or a more complex group of atoms

R

Molecules that consist of monomers called nucleotides

RNA, DNA

What describes metabolism?

Reactions that occur within cells to use and produce energy and molecules

What types of cell membrane proteins receives molecules on the cell's exterior and stimulates a reaction in the cells interior

Receptor proteins

Sexual Reproduction

Results in genetic diversity, offspring has mix genes from two parents

Whats in Bacteria cells

Ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA, enzymes

To make lemonade, water is combined with lemon juice and sugar. The lemonade is the _______ in this example

Solution

Examples of hydrophilic

Sugar, many ions, salt

TorF Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms

T

The ____________ structure or a polypeptide is its overall shape and is formed through the interaction between R groups and water:

Tertiary

hydrogen bonding among water molecules?

The partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom attracts the partial negative charge of an oxygen atom on an adjacent molecule

What is taxonomy

The science of naming and classifying organisms

What suggests that the current diversity of life evolved from a common ancestor?

The similarities among organisms

adhesion

The tendency of water to form hydrogen bonds with other substances

_______ are groups of specialized cells the function together

Tissues

iron and zinc are examples of _______ elements because they are required in small amounts by living things

Trace

Types of lipids

Triglycerides, waxes phospholipids, sterols

TofF almost all cells have a cells have a small size less than 0.1 mm in diameter

True

TorF Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution

True

TorF The presence of hydrogen bonds between adjacent water molecules increase the amount of energy required to raise water temperature.

True

TorF, the ultimate energy source in most ecosystems is the sun

True

EUK Protista

Unicellular and multicellular organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms

Cell Theory 3 Names

Virchow, Schleiden, Schwann

Covalent bonds are broken within a polymer when a(n) _________ molecule is added during hydrolysis

Water

Which of the following substances regulates temperature, dissolve many chemicals, and has cohesive and adhesive properties?

Water

Weakest to Strongest bonds

Weakest -single covalent bonds double covalent bond Strongest- Triple covalent bond

confocal microscope description

White or lasers light is focused through a lens, and the image passes through a pinhole

when the bonds of two or more molecules are broken and new ones formed, this is called

a chemical reaction

what describes a control group

a group that receives a placebo or no treatment

A eukaryotic cell is different from a prokaryotic cell in that it contains _________.

a nucleus

A eukaryotic cell is different from a prokaryotic cell in that it contains __________

a nucleus

What is an Element

a pure chemical that cannot be further broken down

What type of chemical adds H+ to a solution

acid

The fluid in your stomach is ________, which helps to kill some microbes and activate enzymes for digestion of food

acidic

A(n) ____________ is an inherited characteristics or behavior which enables an individual to survive better that without the inherited characteristic.

adaptation

Water being absorbed in plant roots and carried through concluding tubes to the leaves through the combination of two water properties

adhesion and cohesion

What type of cell membrane protein enables neighboring cells to stick to each other

adhesion particles

A neutral solution has

an equal concentrations of H+ and OH

Eukaryotic flagella

anchored by basal body, prominent in sperm cells, contain microtubules

Water expands as it freezes because the hydrogen bonds ice

are stable are space molecules into hexagonal shapes

What is a single unit of an element

atom

Molecules consists of two or more chemical linked _______, which are the smallest "pieces" or units of elements

atoms

Producer

autotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from nonliving sources

What does the term "alkaline" mean in reference to an alkaline solution

basic

Hydrogen Bond

bond between atom with a partial negative charge and a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge

Covalent Bonds

bond between atoms sharing pairs or electrons

Ionic Bond

bond between oppositely charged ions

Covalent Bond

bonds between sugars and phosphate groups of RNA nucleonic, Bond between sugars and phosphate groups of DNA nucleotides

chemical reactions

breaking and forming bonds

Lysosomes

can fuse with vesicle carrying debris from outside the cell or damaged organelles, contain enzymes tagged with sugars, enzymes inside the lysosome perform hydrolysis reactions

Archaean cells description

can have flagella, lack nuclei and organelles, most have cells walls

electron microscopes description

can resolve proteins and small cellular structures, use beam of electrons instead of light, usually require that specimen be killed, expensive to build and operate

carboxyl

carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to another oxygen atom carrying a hydrogen atom (-COOH)

What reaction counteracts a rise in blood pH?

carbonic acid releases H+

the ______ ________ states that all life is composed of one or more cells, which are the fundamental units of all life

cell theory

What surrounds the cell membrane of most bacteria and provides structure and protections

cell wall

animal wall composition

cell wall absent

A living thing exhibits all five properties of life and is composed of one or more ________ the basic units of life.

cells

What is the most common organic compound in nature and strengthens the cell walls of plants

cellulose

plant wall composition

cellulose and lignin

polysaccharides that function in structural support of cells

cellulose chitin

In animal cells, structures called ____________ are microtubule-organizing centers that contain the centrioles

centrosomes

fungi chintin wall composition

chitin

what plant organelle contains photosynthetic pigments

chloroplast

Animal cells

chloroplast absent, centrioles present

Present in plant cells not in animal cells

chloroplasts, cell walls

Short numerous, hairlike structures that surround some cells like a fringe, are powered by microtubules, and have coordinated movements are called

cilia

One of the properties of water is ________-, which is the tendency of water molecules to stick together

cohesion

What is formed then atoms of two or more different elements are linked together

compound

central vacuole in plants

contains enzymes, salts, pigments, sugars, and acids

A peptide bond is a type of __________ bond between amino acids

covalent

What type os bind involves two atoms sharing electrons which travel around both nuclei

covalent

The __________ is the fluid matrix between the cell membrane and the nucleus

cytoplasm

DNA and RNA

cytosine, adenine, guanine

What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement

cytoskeleton

New proteins are built to repair a torn muscle by combining amino acids in a reaction process called _______________ synthesis

dehydration

In human body tissues, significant changes from the normal pH of a tissue can

destroy shapes of critical proteins

examples of using radioactive isotopes in science and medicine

detecting broken bones, determining age of fossils and artifacts

What process describes the cell division and growth of specialized tissues that produces mature individuals from a single, fertilized egg?

development

food vacuole in amoebas

digest nutrients engulfed by ceil

Sucrose and lactose are examples of _______ and are formed by joining two simple sugars

disaccharides

The fact that water is often the solvent in a solution demonstrates that water can

dissolve a variety of substances

most denature proteins _______, an exception is gelatin, which is derived from protein collagen

do not renature

What type of microscope allows resolution of an object between 70 micrometers and i angstrom in size

electron

oxygen is highly _______ because it strongly attracts electrons

electronegative

An electrically neutral atom has no net change because the number of protons is equal to the number of _________

electrons

Which subatomic particle is located outside the nucleus of an atom?

element

New complex functions and characteristics that arise when the smaller components of an organism interact and called

emergent properties

Select all the roles that membranes play in cells

enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells, separate cytoplasm and cell's surroundings, receive and respond to external stimuli

products

ending materials

The _____________ ____________ is network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

the endomembrane system

endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, golgi apparatus

Proteins that increase the speed of chemical reactions on the cell membrane and in other parts of the cell called ____________

enzymes

Key genetic sequences suggest that arcaea are more closely related to members to domain ___________ than they are to members of domain bacteria

eukaryotes

The change in genes of a population over multiple generations can also be referred to as

evolution

Hypothesis are tested with an investigation called a(n)

experiment

adipose tissue is filled with _________ to cushion organs, retain heat, store energy, and release heat in animals

fat

hydrophobic and doesn't dissolve in water

fats, olive oil

In some types of bacteria, appendages called ___________ rotate like a propeller and allow movement forward or backward

flagella

cytoplasm

fluid matrix occupying most of the cell's volume

chitin

found in exoskeletons of insects, spiders, and crustaceans

Cellulose

found in plant cells

The complex properties seen in living things are evidence that biological structure is closely tied to

function

A protein channel that links the cytoplasm of two animal cells and allows the exchange of ions, nutrients, and small molecules between the cells is called a(n)

gap junction

in triglycerides, fatty acids chains are attached to a three-carbon molecule called

glycerol

polysaccharides that break up glucose monomers when needed

glycogen, starch

In multicellular organisms, a fertilized egg undergoes a process called ___________ in which multiple rounds of cell division produce a mature individual

growth and development

The time required for half of the atoms in a sample to decay to a more stable form is called the _______ of a radioactive isotopes

half-life

atom of chlorine

has a high electronegativity, has one vacancy in its valence shell

Consumer

heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients by eating other organisms

decomposer

heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from wastes and dead organism

The head of a phospholipid is ___________ meaning polar covalent bonds attract water

hydrophilic

What is the function of recognition proteins in the plasma membrane

identify the cell as belonging to the body and a certain tissue type

cytoskeletal components called _________ ______________ are made of different proteins depending upon the cell type and help to maintain cell shape and bind some cells together.

intermediate

cation

ion with a positive charge

What type of bind is formed from the attraction of two ions with opposite charges

ionic

Forms of an element with different numbers are called

isotopes

Prokaryotes

lack nucleus, most ancient forms of life on earth, simplest types of cells

Small objects have a surface area to a volume ratio _______ that of large objects

larger than

In biology, old facts and new discoveries can be used to ask interesting questions about

life

cell membrane/ plasma membrane

lipid-rich boundary between the cells and outside environment

What group of organic molecules does not dissolve in water and does not consist of long chains of monomers

lipids

What organelle of the endomembrane system breaks down debris food and old cell carts with special dismantling enzymes?

lysosome

If the result of an experiment are completely unexpected, what might scientists do?

make new observations and hypothesis

All cells have a cell __________ surrounding the cytoplasm an forming a boundary and forming a boundary between the cell and its environment.

membrane

Organelles carry out specialized functions in the cell and are enclosed by

membranes

Which of the three main components of the cytoskeleton is composed of tubulin proteins subunits and is used in cell division and transportation within cells

microtubules

cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle called a(n)

mitochondria

Pure water has a _________ pH

neutral

oxytocin

nine linked amino acids

Amino

nitrogen atom single-bonded to two hydrogen atoms (-NH2)

Element with five valence electrons

nitrogen, phosphorus

What type of bond is likely to form between two atoms with a small difference in electronegativity

nonpolar covalent

The subunits of ribosomes are synthesized in the

nucleolus

In eukaryotic cells, the DNA that specifies the proteins of the cell is stored in a membrane-bounded organelles called the

nucleus

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

nucleus, larger than prokaryotic cells, system of internal membranes, size is about 10 and 100 micrometers

In the scientific method, the first step is

observations and questions

Organism or not Plant

org

Compartments within cells that carry out specific functions are called

organelles

What type of molecules are found in living things and contain both carbon hydrogen?

organic

Buffer systems contain week acids and bases and help solutions resist changes in

pH

What can denature a protein by breaking the hydrogen bond that maintain the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins?

pH, salt, heat

What process in a scientific inquiry allows anonymous and knowledgeable scientists to evaluate the validity of scientific papers

peer review

Biological membranes are selectively ______________ permeable, meaning they allow only specific types of molecules to pass into or out of the cell

permeable

What organelle protects all eukaryotic cells from toxic substances or toxic by-products of chemical reactions

peroxisome

What molecules are key components of cell membranes and are arranged in bilayers to form membrane

phospholipids

Phosphate

phosphorus atom double-bonded to one oxygen atom and single bonded to three other oxygen atoms, two of which have negative charges

A(n) _______ is an inert substance given to a portion of the experiment group without their knowledge to act as a control

placebo

Hydrophilic molecule

polar and readily dissolves in water

Proteins, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates are large molecules called __________ , which consist of many monomers linked together

polymers

Complex Carbohydrates consisting of many monomers are called

polysaccharides

An atom that has lost an electron and has become an ion carries a

positive charge

Eukarya

possible larger cell size, fatty acids in the cell membrane, and nucleus present

In the scientific method, hypothesis should lead to specific if then statements called

predictions

applications of protein structure research

producing "permanent wave" hair solutions, understanding prions, finding targets for disease treatments

components of cell membrane

proteins, phospholipids, sterols

A hydrogen ion H' has one one subatomic particle, a(n) _______

proton

atoms of the same element have the same number of

protons

What is the function of sugars such as glucose and sucrose

provide a ready source of energy

Carbohydrates (simple answer)

provide energy, store energy, support cells

contractile vacuole in paramecium

pump excess water out of the cell

Another name for an unstable isotope is a(n)

radioactive isotopes

The nucleolus is a dense spot in the nucleus where components of __________ are assembled

ribosomes

Proteins to be secreted outside of a eukaryotic cell are formed at ribosomes of the surface of the __________ ____________ ____________

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Triglycerides such as bacon contain

saturated fatty acids

A new combination of traits inherited from two parents is passed to offspring as a result of

sexual reproduction

When examining evolutionary relationships, taxonomists classify organisms according to

shared common ancestors

Bacteria

small cell size, fatty acid in the cell membrane, and prokaryotic

Archaea

small cell size, fatty acid lipids in the cell membrane and prokaryotic

Lipidsm detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the _______ ______________ _______________

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A ______ is a substance dissolves in a solvent to make a solution

solute

Chemicals called solutes are dissolved in a liquid called the ______ to make a solution

solvent

Which of the following are correct concerning plant organelles called plastids?

some, such as chloroplasts, synthesize pigments, some assembles and store starch, they contain their own DNA and ribosomes

Organisms that produce asexually

sponges, some plants, fungi

reactants

starting materials

What type of lipids has 4 interconnected carbon rings?

sterols

Starch

storage molecules of plants

Nucleic Acid (SA)

store and carry genetic information

Lipids (SA)

store energy, major constituent of membranes, sex hormones

Select all of the following that are true of the salt NaCl

strong iconic bonds form a crystal structure, sodium and chloride ions have opposite charges, Both Na+ and Cl have full valence shells

functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell

structural support, transportation, aids cell division

simple carbohydrations called sugars

sucrose, glucose, maltose

What is high in water due to cohesion of water molecules?

surface tension

On a hot day, one way the human body keeps temperature within a constant range by

sweating

other ways humans accumulate amino acids for the building of proteins

synthesize them

A theory is

testable

Proteins have a variety of structures and functions due to the fact that

the 20 different amino acids can be assembled in a variety of orders

Evolution has been operating on organisms since

the first cells formed

In a molecule containing polar covalent bonds, what atom is likely to have a partial positive charge?

the less electronegative atom

Independent variable

the manipulated portion of the experiment

Standardized variable

the portion if the experiment held constant

Dependent variable

the response that an investigator measures

in science, whereas a hypothesis is a tentative explanation a ______ is a broader, well-tested explanation from a natural phenomenon backed by many lines of evidence

theory

What happens when an acid is mixed with a base

they neutralize each other

All living organisms are organized into one of ________ domains

three

tripeptide

three linked amino acids

____________ are flattened membrane sacs within a chloroplast where photosynthetic pigments , such as a chlorophyll, are embedded

thyakoids

In animal cells, cell junctions called __________ __________ form impermeable barriers between cells to prevent leaking of fluids

tight junctions

Proteins (SA)

transport materials, move cells, act as enzymes, perform activities of cell

What types of cell membrane protein allows molecules and ions to enter of exit the cell

transport proteins

a group of lipids, are more commonly known as fats and are composed of fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

triglycerides

dipeptide

two linked amino acids

compound microscopes description

types of light microscope, uses two or more lenses to focus visible light, commonly used in biology lab courses

What type of triglyceride contains fatty acids with at least one double bond between the carbons, causing kinks in the fatty acids?

unsaturated fats

whereas triglycerides such as olive oil and vegetable oil contains

unsaturated fatty acids

only RNA

uracil

Plant cells have a large central ___________ where water, salts, and sugars are stored where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells

vacuole

Atoms are most stable when their outermost occupied electron shell, also called the ________ shell, is full

valence

in an experiment, the response that an investigator measures and the treatment that an investigator manipulates are examples of

variables

what fluid is composed of tiny three-atom molecules and is where life originated on earth?

water

What group of lipids forms stiff, water-repellent materials?

waxes