bio E120 midterm 1 review

how to animals physiologically tolerate Ts: high Ts & low Ts?

generally: avoidance/ tolerance high T: - Physio. processes=T-sensitive due to enzymes' sensitivity (proteins that catalyze cell rxns & enzymes=stable only w/in narrow T range). LDH=important for cell rep. (pyruvate & lactate, it converts when O2 is in short supply). BUT species living at high T=have enzymes functioning at higher Ts. fig.: with higher T, there's higher Km of pyruvate. -how? at high T, enzymes become denatured & lose shape->destroys enzyme function BUT heat-shock proteins help refold enzymes. low T: -ex. notothenoid fish of Antarctica: at low Ts, cells =in danger of freezing so: 1. some fish have antifreeze proteins (Antarctic tooth fish) 2. some fish lost ability to make HSP when in heat stressed in lab. (bc these fish don't experience T difference in water often, fig. shows Temperate fish have lots of en. to make HSP, see an inc. in protein production in gel vs. antarctic fish don't). -to compensate for absence of O2 binding proteins->inc. enzyme activity -> inc. mitochondria density (so O2 doesn't have to travel far). * ex. of how mult. ways to get job done (adaptations vary).

patterns in surface T of seawater

global scale: higher T at equator. regional scale depth: colder as you go deeper.

where is O2 lowest

in areas of high respiration (intermediate level NOT deepest). high bacteria abundance (phytoplankton)=dec. O2 in water (bc they have inc. respiration rates due to decomposing organic matter).

where is O2 highest?

in areas w/ high photosynthesis & mixing (ex. close to the top/surface)

wind

inc in P followed by a decrease in P across earth's surface

ocean conveyer belt

interconnected system of currents that link Pacific, Indian, Atlantic oceans

describe the processes driving surface currents

latitudinal differences in solar radiation->H/L presssure zones->air flow from areas of subsidence to areas of uplift->surface currents.

def. of plankton

live in water column & are too small to swim against typical currents.

SFG > 0

maintenance (& reproduction)

continental slope

to 3,000 m depth, greater slope (4º)

continental rise

to 4,000 m depth, low sloping (<1º)

fundamental vs. realized niche (great white shark)

top fig: predicted where would be able to live (coastal/shelf areas) bottom fig: where it actually lives (they tagged sharks)- mass of sharks aren't as close to shore as one may think (probably bc of food availability).

because acclimation/adaptation requires energy & resources, this represents possible what?

trade-offs w/ other functions (also affect survival/reproduction).

other features: trenches & ocean ridges

trenches=valleys:form where plates move together/ *when there's a subduction of 1 plate under another (Atlantic ocean). ocean ridges=mountains: plates moving apart/spreading are mid-ocean ridges (western pacific), new rock emerges from below, allow magma/lava to come up.

oceans

unrestricted areas of water where surface flows are det. by ocean winds & deep flows are determined by density. Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern

uplift vs. subsidence

uplift: where warm air rises (leaves low P) subsidence: where air cools/sinks (creates high P).

plankton

can't swim against tide/current.

salinity (def. & measurement)

-a measure of mass of dissolved inorganic solids/ V of seawater (includes NaCl BUT more). -35 parts/1000 -measurements: conductivity (measure charge-psu or S) & salinity (%).

pelagic

Describing organisms that live in the water column away from the ocean bottom. live in open ocean.

copepod vs blue whale (Re, dominate forces, how filters work)

1. C: 5x10^-1 vs. W:3x10^8 2. C:viscous vs. W: inertial 3. C: filters create currents that sweep food vs. W: food is trapped in filters.

env. conditions set limits on where organisms can live. how do limits come about? how can they be changed? how do organisms adjust to their environment? (x2)

1) acclimation: changes that occur w/in INDIVIDUAL organism's lifespan (usually reversible) 2) adaptation: relies on evolution, changed in POPULATION over several generations, generate via N.S., involved genetic differences.

Sorte & Hofmann 2005 Marine Biology How did they test their hypothesis?

1) examines 2 measures of organismal thermotolerance: A. recovery from thermal exposure B. recovery from heat-coma T 2)compares these to distributions & habitat T. *det. thermolterance after 3 diff. periods to distinguish btw effects of it acquired in field & species-specific gen. differences. 3) measured cell levels of 70-kDA(Hsp70) in same individuals (to determine whether Hsp exp. was correlated w/ organismal thermotolerance). *sampled foot tissue (bc it is metabolically active & sufficient quantities are readily isolated from surroudngin tissues & food times) *heat coma T: aquarium T raised to see if if still attached to consenter & which had undergone heat coma.

why study marine biology? (x4)

1) marine systems differ from terrestrial systems 2) new frontier 3) global importance of ocean processes. 4) human impacts on ocean ecosystems.

what do environmental conditions determine about an organism?(x2)

1) survive 2) obtain energy & resources, grow & reproduce. * physiology

what were some new frontier in marine biology? (x4)

1. 1825: HMS Beagle w/ Darwin aboard 2.1872: HMS challenger 3. 1943: Scuba 4. 1964: Alvin

general properties of seater (x4)

1. H bonds (polarity->attraction btw H2O mols, makes h2o extremely strong for a liquid). 2. solvent (good at dissolving other solutes) 3. high specific heat (lots of en. to heat it up) 4. high heat of vaporization (lots of en to become gas/evaporate)

how to nekton & plankton differ in: 1. Re 2. dominant forces

1. N: High vs. P: low 2. N: intertial vs. P: viscous

how do sharks vs. bony fish differ in: 1. skeleton 2. teeth 3. mouth

1. S: cartilage vs. B: bony 2. S: rows/replaceable vs. B: fixed 3. S: underslown/ventral vs. B: midline

what are 3 ways in which sharks & body fish swim?

1. acceleration: tail fin propulsion 2. cruising: body undulation 3. maneuvering: body flexing for sudden dir. changes. *MAC *fish body plans tend to specialize in

5 characteristics of oceanic environment.

1. attributes of seawater 2. topography & plate tectonics 3. ocean circulation 4. oceans vs. seas 5. water movement along shoreline

because the physical env determines where organisms live & this changes on daily/seasonal/annual basis, how do organisms cope w/ env. variation?

1. avoidance: avoid env. extremes (by beh./morphology) 2. tolerance: survive env. extremes (physiologically) *behavioral, physiological, biochemical.

what is deep-water circulation determined by? what are some characteristics? where do they originate?

1. differences in water density. 2. larger water masses w/ unique salinity & T. 3. at high latitudes ->slow to lower latitudes.

antarctic fish exist in env. of low T (blue freezing of freshwater) & high O2. list & describe 4 physio. adaptations allowing them to live in env. (both gain/loss of functions)

1. gain: antifreeze proteins (inc. tolerance, these are in fish tissues & lead to dec. in freezing pt). 2. loss: loss of some O2 binding proteins (Hb,Mb) 3. gain/chg: inc. in # of mitochondria 4. chg.: dec. in metabolism (dec. O2 demand) 5. loss: loss of HSPs

are the following increased/decreased in seawater? 1. photosynthesis 2. respiration 3. Atmosphere (wind/waves/turbulence)

1. inc. 2. dec. 3. inc.

what are 2 ways in which sharks & body fish maintain their body pos. in water?

1. lift (no gas bladder): Bernoulli's principle (pressure var. inversely w/ fluid velocity, so as v inc. P dec., wing shapes & lift). need to keep swimming. 2. gas bladder: maintain neutral buoyancy conserves en, gas bladder absorbs/secretes gas to adjust depth.

regulators vs. conformers

1. maintain constant body conditions: ex. homeotherms: birds/mammals/ some fish (ex. tuna: keep heat toward middle, near red swimming muscles, how? by warming blood in vessels nxt to them/heating chamber). - homeostasis - rely on int. heat generation -have insulation (feathers, fur, fat) 2. chg. w/ env. ex. poikilotherms -env. heat exchange

experimental design

1. match scale of expt. to scope of research question. 2. replicate ea. treatment (perform mult. times). 3. assign treatments at random 4. use stat. analysis to det. whether results=significant (not just due to chance). *MRRS

the scientific method

1. observation 2. question 3. hypothesis :testable statement of possible causes/explanations, inc null)->test hypothesis. 4. prediction: what you expect to happen if hypothesis is correct. 5. test 6. re-evaluate (results support/reject).: use results to draw conclusions & dev. alt. hypotheses. * you can't PROVE can only DISPROVE.

how do you test hypotheses? (x3)

1. observational studies in field 2. manipulative experiments :a) lab (controlled) vs. b)field (natural). 3. computer simulation models

what are some human impacts on ocean ecosystems? (x3)

1. overfishing: ex. biomass caught / fish biomass estimates from research trawls & commercial catch data from diff. oceans from 1960s->2000s= harmonic decline. 2. eutrophication due to excess fertilizer runoff: > 20,000 km^2 in gulf of mexico, includes hypoxic zone, size of New Jersey. 3. climate change: human activities->inc. greenhouse gas conc->: 1. inc air T-> intensified atm P gradients->inc. storm freq + intensified upwelling. 2. inc. CO2->dec. pH 3. inc. water T->sea level rise 4. inc. UV * These lead to chg. in abundances/distributions.

where do marine bio. facts come from?

1. research using scientific method 2. published in scientific paper (peer-reviewed). 3. summarized in textbooks

fundamental niche vs. realized niche

1. set of environmental conditions that an organism CAN tolerate, also called: climate space/ envelope (potential distribution/ where it can live) 2. actual distribution/where it does live, typically smaller than fundamental niche (bc FN didn't take into account all things ex. predator, lack of food, disease, living at certain Ts).

which of the following characteristics is higher in shallow or deep water: 1. T 2. mixing 3. nutrients 4. O2 5. density 6. salinity 7. wind effects

1. shallow 2. shallow 3. deep 4. shallow 5. deep 6. deep 7. shallow

what are some factors included in a realized niche? (x3)

1. species interactions 2. dispersal 3. anything not included in det. of fundamental niche.

main points: ocean circulation is driven by? tides are caused by?

1. surface winds, Coriolis effect, density differentials. 2. gravitational pull of moon ( & secondarily the sun).

where does most light en. come from in seawater? what kind of pattern is seen with light vs. depth? What zone is from surface to 200m deep?

1. the sun 2. exponential decline w/ depth. 3. photic zone (need light for photosynthesis & vision).

how do we measure T of seawater? (x3)

1. thermometers 2. thermistors (semiconductors): flow of current/common 3. satellite radiometry: spectral scales?

describe the steps of ocean circulation

1. warm air rises above warm surface at the eq. (bc get most sun), leaving low P region behind. 2. it expands/cools 3. forms clouds & condenses into rain 4. uplifted air moves away from eq. (cools/sinks) creating high P (dry region).

marine systems differ from terrestrial systems in what ways?

1. water vs. air: higher? density: seawater viscosity: seawater O2: varies P: seawater light: air 2. diversity (*higher taxonomic levels): marine=250,000 species (90% across 8 phyla-14 endemic) vs. terrestrial=1.5M species (90% arthropods, 1 endemic phylum). 3. origins of life: life originated in oceans

minor salinity elements of seawater

Br, C, St, B, Si, F (1-100ppm)

T/F: no living thing exists in ocean below 1800 ft deep

F

besides wind surface patterns, what may also drive the movement of water in the ocean?

H/L pressure systems drive vertical movement : 1. at poles, ice formed BUT not salt= water around becomes colder/salty=denser water sinks) [density-drive/thermohaline circulation] 2. upwelling (deepwater ->surface): occurs when low water P (ex. winds blow water away from coastline). * amt. of water has to balance (so sinking of dense balanced by upwelling of deep. *a lot of deep ocean water comes from the poles bc to get down there needs to be dense.

examples & characteristics of marine mammals (3) & reptiles (1)

M: all return to ocean after living on land, taxonomically diverse, beh. & communication. ex. whales, dolphins, seals, otters R: migration ex. iguanas, sea snakes, sea turtles

trace salinity elements of seawater

N, P, Fe (< 1 ppm) These are fertilizers, used up very quick (this is reason for only trace amts).

examples of nekton vs. plankton (x8)

N: 1. cephalopods 2. fishes 3. marine mammals 4. reptiles exs.: dolphins, sharks, whales, sea, lions, sea turtles, fish, sea birds, marine iguanas, etc. P: 1. phytoplankton 2. zooplankton 3. holoplankton 4. microplankton

which way to the winds veer in N vs. S hemispheres?

N: to R S: to L

major salinity elements of seawater

Na, Cl, Mg, S, Ca, K

photic zone

Portion of the marine biome that is shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate (close to the surface, measurable amounts of light reach). 200m

Smith et al. 2006 Marine Biology What was the answer to their question? Was the hypothesis supported or rejected?

Southern California: 1) mussel cover: decline shown. 2) mussel biomass: decline shown (except 1) 3) mussel density/thickness: not much different, some decline (appeared to over time) Central/Northern California: 1) mussel cover: none declined (except 1) 2)mussel biomass: none declined 3) mussel density/thickness: not much different (except 1 significant inc.) mussel abundance decline in Southern California when comparing data from mid 70s->80s & 2002, but has not decline in other areas of California coast.

Smith et al. 2006 Marine Biology Why is this study important? Can you summarize it in 1- 2 sentences (e.g. for a textbook)?

The decline in mussels may had been due to: anthropogenic disturbances (trampling, extraction, climate regime shifts, pollution) & human disturbances (visitation). Its important to protect them bc they harbor a high diversity of species w/in their beds + provide an energy link (secondary production).

how is marine biology important to ocean processes?

The ocean contributes 46% of global primary production.

where are most plankton found? why? how?

They are found near the surface because of sunlight and by their: 1. density: chg. in chem. comp.-ex. store N gas=gas makes them buoyant, trimethylamine-diff. density, etc. 2.shape: drag slows sinking, ex. jellufhs drag against so lower sinking rate. 3. swimming: flagellae, legs, jets, ex. vertical migration-low during day & high during night having to do w/ predation. 4. size: life at low Reynold's #: measure of rel. importance of inertial [moving objects stay in motion/rest stay at rest] & vicious[sticky/hold together] forces in fluid, as Re inc=i forces (p) dom vs. at low Re= v forces (n) dom., Re inc w/ velocity (v) or size (alpha). * big fast organisms (nekton-dom. by i forces)=high Re *small slow organisms (plankton-dom. by v. forces/live in high viscous env.): low Re

Sorte & Hofmann 2005 Marine Biology What were the authors trying to do? What was their question/hypothesis?

They investigate expression fo HSPs (shown to confer thermotolerance in model lab organisms) as potential mechanism linking env. stress & organisms' distribution. chose intertidal inhabitant (dogwhelks) Nucella b: 1. ideal for env. stress effects (temporally T & dessication stress + restricted to shoreline/have 1-d latitudinal distribution w/ 2 range boundaries) 2. five of these species found w/ distinctive lat. distributions along N american W coast. Qs: 1) are there species specific difference in thermolerance that correlate w/ distinct T ranges of Nucella habitats? 2) are Hsp expression patterns correlated w/ nucella thermotolerances?

ocean gyres

Western & Eastern boundary currents: form circles, rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, named after basins (move heat around ocean/allow to mix: acting as heat pumps, transferring heat from tropics->poles).

tidal cycles

sun's gravitational effect on tides is much < the moon. (can add to moon's pool when aligned).

subtidal

Zone of the shoreline habitat below the low tide line, always covered by water. below tidal zone, always under water.

benthic zone

bottom of an aquatic ecosystem; consists of sand and sediment and supports its own community of organisms. ocean bottom organisms, follows bottom line.

where is solar radiation greatest?

at the equator (not poles).

___ creates surface wind patterns.

atmospheric circulation cells (winds don't flow directly N/S but deflect due to earth's shape/spinning).

opposite of pelagic

benthic

SFG < 0

body mass decreases, poss. mortality.

where is the movement of the earth's crust called?

continental drift the earth's outer shell=divided into mult plates that move over mantle.

how do gas bladder's work?

counter current exchange mechanism: 1. keeping gas in bladder: O2: bladder> blood (tend to lose O2 to bloodstream), veins (high O2) run next to arteries (low O2) so O2 diffuses into outgoing blood/arteries. 2. adding gas to bladder: lactic acid is secreted by bladder organs->reduced affinity of Hb for O2->O2 diffuses into arterial blood-> O2 concentrated adj. to bladder. * it's also used in communication.

tides

cyclic rising & falling of ocean surface, caused by gravitational & centrifugal forces associated w/ interaction btw earth, moon sun.

what are some reason plankton are important

fertilize trees, fossil fuel resource, all sea creatures dep. on them (food), st. multicellular life.

open ocean

deep ocean water, located away from the shoreline where sunlight can no longer reach the ocean bottom.

what do winds & ocean current result from?

differences in solar radiation across Earth's surface. wind=air flow current=water flow

cells

distinct air masses, these define latitudinal zones

waves

driven primarily by wind ( force blowing across water surface) but other forces like tidal forces can also drive waves.

why does salinity change?

due to the amount of freshwater leaving (evaporation) & entering ocean (precipitation). inc. in rainfall= dec. in salinity -reflect also enter/exit from rivers, etc.

historical background of early marine stations vs. modern advances

early marine stations: 1. Stazione Zoologica (1875) 2. marine bio. lab (1886) 3. plymouth lab (1888) modern advances: 1. major research institutions 2. more marine stations (one in 1928) 3. deep sea explorations (ROVs) 4. remote sensing 5. ocean observing networks

wind currents (x3)

easterlies: E->W westerlies: W->E NE trade winds & SE trade winds

scope for growth (SFG)

energy in - energy out

ea. species has a range of ___ that determine its potential ___

environmental tolerances; geographic distribution (where it can live).

high->low ocean layers

epipelagic ->mesopelagic->Bathypelagic (bathyal)->abyssopelagic (abyssal) *EMBA

epifauna

ex. crab move around on ocean bottom, above surface of ocean bottom.

nekton

ex. fish can swim against tide/current.

what do homeotherms & poikilotherms have in common? how does this apply to smaller organisms?

heat loss is related to surface-to-volume ration (SA:V) smaller organisms: higher SA:V, loss more heat, more likely to be poikilotherms

comparing terrestrial & marine systems, species diversity is ___, & diversity at higher taxonomic levels is ___.

higher on land (insects), higher in the sea (phyla, classes, etc).

coastal ocean

marine zone that extends from the low-tide mark to the end of the continental shelf

Smith et al. 2006 Marine Biology How did they test their hypothesis?

methods: historical vs. recent data measured: 1. mussel cover (% space mussels take up) [quadrats] 2. mussel biomass (stuff/unit space-kg/m2). [quadrats] 3. mussel bed depth (cm) [screw driver w/ cm measure]

what behavioral strategies do homeotherms & poikilotherms share?

mobile: can move to warm up/cool off. sessile: limited BUT can still influence thermal env. (ex. mussels: gaping beh.=open shell->water loss->T conforms more quickly).

seas

more limited exchange of water w/ open oceans & water circulation is dominated by density differences ( due var. in salinity & T). mediterranean, caribbean, baltic, red, tasman, gulf of mexico, persian gulf

what characteristics do nekton & plankton share?

mostly thinking about pelagic organisms (in water column)

what kinds of critters are fishes? (x2)

nekton: sharks & bony fishes ex. clownfish, whale shark, tuna

what kind of critters are cephalopods?

nekton: they are invertebrates, mollusks, don't have shells, octopus/squid/cuttlefish/nautilus. they have ink, suckers, lots of arms, mimic/camo. ex. wily predators

zooplankton

non photosynthetic, can include single cells->vertebrates.

surface wind patterns create ___.

ocean current patterns. diff. amt. of solar rad.->H/L pressure systems->winds->currents.

hadal

of or pertaining to the greatest ocean depths, below approximately 20,000 ft. a trench.

physiological processes have set of _____. As you move away from ___, physiological processes & ___ decrease &____ increases.

optimal conditions; optimum; performance; stress.

benthos

organisms that live attached to or near the ocean floor associated w/ ocean bottom

abyssal plain

over 1/2 of earth's surface, 4,000m depth *most abundant habit near surface.

phytoplankton

photosynthetic cells or colonies, not multicellular.

Smith et al. 2006 Marine Biology What were the authors trying to do? What was their question/hypothesis?

problem: mussels are declining in southern CA main Q: is this decline in mussels happening everywhere? wanted to documents chg. in mussel pop over past few decades across broad geo. scale (test quantitatively & dec .if chg. across entire california coast). no hypothesis explicitly BUT intro. suggests that bc they are highly susceptible species/recent observations, they have not been stable/ dec. in mussel % cover in southern cal. & past obs .for central cal. dec.

T/F: order the following developments in marine bio. research (earliest->most recent)

scuba (1940s)->satellite remote sensing (1950s)->the 1st marine lab (1970s).

Sorte & Hofmann 2005 Marine Biology What was the answer to their question? Was the hypothesis supported or rejected?

see if : HSP-->T tolerance-->Distribution -fig 1: shows how long ea. species kept in lab to see if acclimation or adaptation, if NOT adaptation=would go away in last setting). -fig. 2: T tolerance vs. HSP conc. hypothesis 1: HSP conc. is related to T tolerance?: Yes, supported (fig. 2) hypothesis 2: an inc. in HSP leads to an inc. T tolerance? Yes, supported (fig. 2)

order of main features of topography & plate tectonics

shelf->slope-> rise->abyssal plan

how do nekton & plankton differ in size & speed?

size: N=big vs. P=small speed: N=faster/can swim well (even against strong currents, can deliberately move long distances w/in a day, some migrate 1000s or> km) P=slower/can't swim well.

Sorte & Hofmann 2005 Marine Biology Why is this study important? Can you summarize it in 1-2 sentences (e.g. for a textbook)?

species-specific differences in thermotolerance found btw Nucella species having distinct tide-heights & latitudinal (thus T-range) habitats. magnitude of thermotolerance differences was the same btw species inhabiting diff. tide height & those at diff. latitudes. Hsp70 exp patterns were correlated w/ 2 species thermotolerance & may rep. a trait involved in det. species range boundaries & persistences in loc challenged by inc. global Ts.

meroplankton

spend only part of life in plankton

holoplankton

spend their entire life in the plankton

what is marine biology? (x2)

study of life in the ocean 1. ecology: study of organism interactions w/ physical & bio. env. & how those det. their distributions & abundances. 2. functional biology: study of how an organism carries how basic functions (reprod., locomotion, feeding, etc). [includes morphology=what it looks like & physiology=how it functions] These both interact to determine where organisms live

infauna

the animals living in the sediments of the ocean floor. in the ocean bottom ex. shell-like organisms

intertidal zone

the area of shoreline between low and high tides

why is there subsidence at 30º intervals?

the cells are fundamentally a property of earth's size/ rotation rate/ heating/ atm depth= all chg. little.

aphotic zone

the layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis (no measurable amounts of light reach).

Coriolis effect

winds defect N/S due earth's shape/spinning. wind direction differ by latitude.

what did Prof. Sorte research team study in Sitka, Alaska?

why study? inc. CO2 in atm: 1. inc. CO2 in ocean->ocean acidification 2. inc. air T-> inc. ocean T goal? understand & predict impacts of climate change in intertidal species. methods? 1. inc. CO2 & dec. pH by 0.2 units (yeast CO2 generators) 2. inc. T by 2ºC (programmable heaters) data? community surveys (pop size & community div.), water chem. time series-day/night (pH,DO, T, salinity), light/dark productivity (primary production & resp.) expt. design? 36 tide pools x 4 seasons, factorial manip.(T=control vs. heated & CO2=control vs. +CO2), 4 treatments (control, heated, CO2, both) , runs today->sept.

continental shelf

width varies greatly (up to several hundred km's=avg is <100km, low sloping=1º).