bio exam 2
a nonprotein helper that works with an enzyme.
A coenzyme is defined as
This plant very likely carries out C4 photosynthesis.
A new species of plant is discovered and you are asked to help classify it. Upon examination under a microscope, you find that there is a layer of bundle sheath cells containing chloroplasts around the vein of the leaf of the plant. What can you tell about the plant from this information?
hot, dry
A plant that uses CAM photosynthesis is most likely to be successful in what type of environment?
pyruvate.
A product of glycolysis is
phagocytosis.
A white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a worn-out red blood cell, forming a vesicle around the red blood cell. This process is called
ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies electrons for reducing power.
ATP and NADPH are both used during the Calvin cycle. What is the function of each?
2
As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ________ ATPs.
crabgrass is a type of C4 plant that does well in dry climates.
As climate change leads to drier and drier summers in the southeastern United States, more and more homeowners find that they have crabgrass growing in their yards. The reason for this is that
glucose phosphate
Before being converted into sucrose, starch, or cellulose, G3P must first be converted into which compound?
The enzyme that breaks down starch can only fit the specific bond configuration of bonds below the ring.
Both starch and cellulose are made by stringing together many glucose molecules, but starch is easily digested by humans, while cellulose is indigestible. The starch polysaccharide has every bond occurring below the sugar rings while the bonds in cellulose alternate between one bond above the ring and the next below the ring. How can you explain humans' inability to digest cellulose?
open stomata only at night, limiting water loss because of heat and low humidity.
CAM photosynthesis limits CO2 fixation to nighttime hours in order to
reflect and transmit yellow and orange wavelengths of light.
Carotenoids are found in high concentrations in yellow and orange leaves or vegetables. This color is seen because the carotenoid pigments
photosynthesis
Cellular respiration is the opposite of what other cellular process?
energy in ATP.
Cellular respiration uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into
RuBP
Chlorophyll is to the light reactions as ________ is to the Calvin cycle.
ATP
Considering the ATP cycle, which of the following would have the most potential energy to perform work for cell activities?
is the energy required for molecules to react with each other.
Energy of activation
H+ gradient.
Energy to drive the formation of ATP in photosynthesis is derived from
lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed.
Enzymes are able to speed up the rate of a reaction by
NADH and ATP.
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are similar in that they both produce
flattened sacs of thylakoid membrane.
Grana are
Hydrogen ions flow down a concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma through ATP synthase, releasing energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi.
How does ATP synthase obtain the energy to produce ATP?
30
How many ATP are produced from the 10 NADH that are formed during the citric acid cycle?
4
How many total ATP are produced during glycolysis?
ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and two phosphate groups.
Identify which of the following statements is not true.
six
If three molecules of glucose went through glycolysis and into the citric acid cycle, how many times would the preparatory reaction occur?
It is lowest in the intermembrane space.
If you were able to stop the process of cellular respiration after the completion of the electron transport chain but prior to chemiosmosis, what would you find is true about the pH in the mitochondria?
NADP+
In C4 plants, the light reactions will stop during the daytime when the supply of what compound is limited?
The mitochondrion has a double membrane containing an outer and inner fold. Folds within the mitochondrion are called cristae, and space within the cristae is called the intermembrane space.
In Figure 7.1, part Y represents which part of a mitochondrion? (picture)
C3
In a high latitude rainforest, the dominant type of photosynthesis is most likely to be
gain of electrons; loss of electrons
In a redox reaction, reduction means ________, and oxidation means ________.
is transported to the liver where it is reconverted to pyruvate.
In animals, lactate forms from fermentation. Lactate
to the enzyme of the first reaction
In feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway, where does the inhibitor bind?
capture solar energy; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy
In photosynthesis, the light reactions ________ while the Calvin cycle ________.
ATP acts as a power source for performing cellular work, while NADH serves as an electron carrier to allow for greater ATP production.
In the energy payoff phase of glycolysis, both ATP and NADH are formed. What purpose do each of these molecules serve in the cell?
osmosis
In the setup shown in the figure below, which process allows the water to move across the membrane?
Glucose absorption would decrease.
Intestinal cells absorb glucose via facilitated diffusion. What would happen if all the mitochondria within these intestinal cells were destroyed?
True
Less energy is needed to bring about a reaction when an enzyme is present.
the enzyme alters in shape to more closely fit the substrate.
Once the substrate moves into the active site of the enzyme,
H2O
Replacement electrons for the reaction center of photosystem II are derived from
carbon dioxide and oxygen.
RuBP carboxylase (rubisco) is able to bind with both
does not require energy from the cell.
Simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called passive transport because it
in nonliving systems as well as living systems.
Simple diffusion of molecules occurs
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
Sucrose, cellulose, amino acids, and starch are all made from what starter molecule in plants?
The heart cells had not received adequate oxygen supply.
Susan suffered from a heart attack. When the doctors tested the heart muscle, they found that she had an increased ratio of lactic acid to pyruvic acid in her heart. What does this say about the availability of oxygen in her heart muscle cells?
to shield the Calvin cycle reactions from O2 in the leaf spaces.
The Calvin cycle reactions only occur in bundle sheath cells in a C4 plant
H2O
The O2 given off during photosynthesis is derived from which compound?
NADPH; ATP
The _______ from the light reactions is used to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate using energy derived from ______.
reduction
The addition of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms to a substrate is called what?
They funnel solar energy to chlorophyll a in the reaction center.
The chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center of a photosystem participate directly in the capture of solar energy. What is the purpose of the accessory pigments?
acetyl-CoA, NAD, FAD, and ADP; carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP
The citric acid cycle starts with ________ and yields ________.
active transport
The concentration of calcium in a cell is 3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 1%. How could the cell obtain more calcium?
both as a site for the electron transport chain and creating a space for concentration of H+.
The cristae of a mitochondrion are critical
the bundle sheath cells in C4 plants have chloroplasts, while those in C3 plants do not.
The difference between bundle sheath cells in C3 and C4 plants is that
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
The end product of the Calvin cycle reactions is
ATP.
The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to produce
removal of electrons and hydrogen from glucose.
The energy source that drives the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation is the
oxygen.
The final acceptor for hydrogen ions in aerobic cellular respiration is
funnel electrons to a central chlorophyll a molecule.
The function of a photosystem is to
thylakoid space.
The innermost compartment of a chloroplast formed by the interconnected thylakoids is the
ATP and NADPH.
The light reactions act much as a battery to power the reactions of the Calvin cycle. This energy is stored as
H2O → PSII → electron transport chain → PSI → electron transport chain → NADPH
The light reactions of photosynthesis are said to be similar to a battery because they form a current. In which direction do the electrons of this circuit flow?
ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP
The light reactions produce ________, which are used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle produces ________, which are in turn used in the light reactions.
thylakoid membrane; stroma
The light-harvesting complexes of a chloroplast are located in the ________; the enzymes of the Calvin cycle reactions are located in the ________.
the energy released can be used to establish an H+ ion gradient.
The localization of the electron transport chains to the thylakoid membrane ensures that
36-38.
The number of ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration from one glucose molecule is
active site.
The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the
electrons and hydrogen from glucose, and the addition of phosphate to ADP.
The processes of glycolysis that break down glucose to pyruvate during the energy-investment phase involve the removal of
removal of a phosphate group from a substrate that is then added to ADP.
The production of ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle occurs through the
to regenerate the starter molecule RuBP
The production of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) in the Calvin cycle requires six molecules each of ATP and NADPH. Another three molecules of ATP are then used in the cycle. What is the purpose of the three additional ATP molecules?
wine, beer, and bread with alcohol fermentation.
The products of fermentation depend on the type of organism carrying out the process. Yeasts are used to produce
chlorophyll a
The reaction center of photosystem I consists of what type of molecule?
oxidation
The removal of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms from a substrate is called what?
The energy taken in as food is eventually converted into heat energy.
The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations result in more disordered energy. How does this relate to energy transformation in a living organism?
CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and RuBP regeneration.
The three stages of the Calvin cycle reactions are
cellular respiration
What cellular process uses oxygen to break food down, producing ATP?
removal of H+ ions to form new molecules
What is oxidation?
ATP
What molecule most directly provides the energy you need for your muscles to contract?
mitochondria
What organelle is used during the process of cellular respiration?
the presence of a cell wall
What prevents a plant cell from bursting in a hypotonic solution?
H+ and electrons
What two things are added to NADP+ to convert it into NADPH?
Cellular respiration will shift towards anaerobic respiration.
What will occur if oxygen is not available in great enough quantity during cellular respiration?
Energy can be changed from one form to another.
When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?
chemical potential; ATP
When glucose is broken down to CO2 and H2O, ________ energy is released and converted into ________.
preparatory reaction and citric acid cycle
When you exhale, what two stages of cellular respiration produce the carbon dioxide you are breathing out?
cytoplasm
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
mitochondria
Where within the cell is ATP produced?
an apple made up of energy-rich macromolecules
Which is an example of potential energy rather than kinetic energy?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Which of the following enables a cell to pick up and concentrate a specific type of molecule?
conversion of 3PG to G3P
Which of the following events does not take place in the light reactions?
oxygen
Which of the following is a byproduct of photosynthesis that is used during cellular respiration?
NADP+
Which of the following is a coenzyme?
Cells in our kidneys reabsorb water to reduce the amount of water lost in our urine.
Which of the following is an example of osmosis?
preparatory reaction - cristae of mitochondria
Which of the following is an incorrect match of process to location?
The metabolic reaction requires energy from ATP.
Which of the following is best associated with a coupled reaction?
feedback inhibition
Which of the following is not a mechanism used to move materials in and out of the cell?
the energy of a ball rolling down a hill
Which of the following is not a type of potential energy?
Sugar in coffee dissolves.
Which of the following is not an example of osmosis?
NADP+
Which of the following is not derived from G3P?
glycolysis→preparatory reaction→citric acid cycle→electron transport chain
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?
algae
Which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis?
solar energy - chloroplast - mitochondria
Which of the following shows the flow of energy at the cellular level through the biosphere?
In a C3 leaf, photosynthesis occurs within the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of the leaf.
Which of the parts of the cells of a C3 leaf does not perform photosynthesis? (picture not added)
active transport
Which of these words does not belong with the rest as it relates to concentration gradient?
carbon dioxide
Which one of the following molecules is able to move across the cell membrane by simple diffusion?
alcoholic fermentation
Which process is used to make bread rise?
Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy.
Which statement most accurately describes the second law of thermodynamics?
The additional pigments are able to absorb other light wavelengths that chlorophyll cannot.
Why do plants contain other pigments besides chlorophyll?
Adding the phosphate to the glucose molecule allows the later reactions that take place in the energy payoff phase to occur.
Why is it necessary for ATP to be used in the energy-investment phase of glycolysis?
CO2 gas
Yeast is used to make bread rise by producing ________ during fermentation.
The mixture needs less oxygen. Yeast only produces alcohol in the absence of oxygen.
You have decided to try to make your own wine by adding yeast to a sweet grape juice. After allowing plenty of time for the yeast to grow, you find that although the sugar levels in the juice are decreased, there is no alcohol in the mixture. What could have been the reason fermentation did not occur?