Bio exam 2

Which of the following processes determines the precise order of nucleotides in a gene of interest?

DNA sequencing

Which of the following are passive processes?

Diffusion/Osmosis/Facilitated diffusion.

An intermediate phenotype in a heterozygous individual is an indication of which pattern of inheritance?

Incomplete dominance

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with...

Proteins.

Which of the following pathways generates the majority of the ATP from energy nutrients?

The electron transport chain.

A cell containing 9% sodium chloride is placed in a beaker containing 20% sodium chloride. Which of the following describes the condition of the solution in the beaker in relation to the cell?

The solution is hypertonic.

Which of the following are correct regarding carbohydrates?

They contain energy in carbon-carbon bonds/They are the preferred energy source of cells/They are hydrophilic/Polysaccharides are long chains of glucose molecules.

Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have (an) ________ and females have (an) ________.

X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes

During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in

A diploid zygote.

Which of the following is part of a hemoglobin molecule?

A heme group/four globin proteins

The interaction of the respiratory and circulatory systems occurs where?

Alveoli of the lungs.

Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur?

Alveoli.

The majority of the effects of an energy drink are based upon the interaction of which ingredient with the metabolic processes of our bodies?

Caffeine.

Enzymes work by:

Decreasing the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur.

Choose the correct statements regarding genome editing.

Genome editing may be used to repair genes/Genome editing may be used to inactivate genes/CRISPR is found in bacteria as a protection against viruses.

Which of the following pathways does not occur in the mitochondria?

Glycolysis.

The work of which of the following researcher(s) used radioactively labeled material to determine whether proteins or DNA are the genetic material?

Hershey and Chase

Which of the following is the definition of anemia?

Low oxygen concentrations in the body.

Which of the following contents of an energy drink is a B vitamin?

Niacin and Folic acid.

Which of the following is a true statement about proteins?

Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together.

At this level of structure, the protein often assumes its function within a cell.

Tertiary.

The chemical reactivity of an organic molecule is largely determined by which of the following?

The types of functional groups attached to the hydrocarbon chain.

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membrane?

They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.

The majority of fats in the diet are

Triglycerides

If an individual with Type A blood marries a person with Type AB blood, which blood types may be present in their offspring?

Type A/Type AB/Type B

In humans, male gametes are called ________, while female gametes are called ________.

sperm; eggs.

What is an allele?

A genetic variation of a gene

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

Absorb nutrients.

In which of the following is the correct monomer matched with its polymer?

Amino acid - protein.

Cells may be obtained from a fetus for DNA testing by which of the following processes?

Amniocentesis and Chorionic villus sampling

If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzyme?

Amylase and maltase.

Which of the following may be caused by sickle-cell disease?

Anemia/Blockages in the capillaries of the respiratory system/Pain in the joints of the body.

Select the correct association.

Carbohydrates - provide the body with an immediate source of energy.

All organic nutrients contain which of the following elements?

Carbon and Hydrogen.

Which of the following may be used to regulate the activity of an enzyme?

Changes in temperature/changes in pH levels/feedback inhibition from the product of the reaction.

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts concert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work.

During metaphase I of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called ________.

Crossing-over.

The method of determining the exact nucleotide order of a sequence of DNA is called ________ and is now an automated process that involves fluorescent dyes and automated machines.

DNA sequencing.

Which of the following statements is true concerning enzymatic activity?

Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.

Which of the following is a main function of many proteins?

Enzymatic activity.

To treat a patient with a genetic disease, a virus is engineered to deliver a gene of interest directly into the cells of the body where the disease is located. This is an example of:

Ex vivo gene therapy

Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?

Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.

Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable?

Eye color.

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of the cell?

Facilitated diffusion.

Energy drinks supply organic energy nutrients, such as carbohydrates, for use in the metabolic pathways of cells.

False.

Which of the following nutrients is packaged into proteins to be transported by the lymphatic system prior to being used by the body?

Fats and oils.

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?

GGU, proline

Which of the following is the basic unit of inheritance?

Gene

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes...

Have active sites complementary in shape to their substrate.

During DNA replication, which enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides in the DNA strands?

Helicase

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?

Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.

Mendel's law of segregation proposed which of the following?

Individuals possess two copies of each trait/Alleles separate during gamete formation/Gametes contain a single copy of each trait

A genetic disease has which of the following characteristics?

It can be passed from one generation to the next/It is due to changes in the DNA of an individual.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding a DNA molecule?

It is a double-helix/The nucleotide base pairs between DNA strands are linked by hydrogen bonds/In a DNA molecule, %A=%T and %G=%C

Which of the following are correct regarding the concept of entropy?

It is explained by the second law of thermodynamics/Calles must constantly acquire energy to prevent entropy/It is the measure of disorder in a system.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding a mitochondrion?

It is the site of aerobic respiration/It is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells/It is the result of an endosymbiotic relationship between ancient bacteria.

Which of the following are correct regarding caffeine?

It raises the amount of fatty acids and glucose in the blood/It acts as a stimulant to the central nervous system/It interferes with a neurotransmitter called adenosine to decrease drowsiness/It is a psychoactive drug.

Sickle-cell disease results in misshapen red blood cells. What impact does this have on their ability to carry gases in the bloodstream?

It reduces their ability to carry oxygen, resulting in anemia.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding gene therapy?

It requires the use of a vector/It may be done inside or outside of the body/It has been used to treat genetic diseases in humans

PCR differs from DNA replication in which of the following?

It uses a thermostable DNA polymerase/It can produce large numbers of copies of specific gene/it uses primers to target specific segments of the DNA molecule

Potential energy and kinetic energy are forms of:

Mechanical energy.

A DNA molecule has the codons TACGATTTTGCA. Using the genetic code below, what is the sequence of amino acids that would be expressed by this code?

Met-Leu-Lys-Arg

During which of the following is genetic variation introduced into the cells that will become the gametes?

Metaphase I and Prophase I

Which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes.

Which of the following is present in a eukaryotic cell but not in a prokaryotic cell?

Mitochondria/Internal compartments/Nucleus.

Carbohydrates are processed in which of the following locations?

Mouth/small intestine/large intestine.

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Nucleotides forming DNA.

Which accessory organs interact with the small intestine?

Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder.

Which of the following terms refers to the physical characteristics associated with a trait?

Phenotype

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

Red blood cells.

Which of the following is not involved in the process of transcription?

Ribosomes

DNA replication is considered to be ________ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Semiconservative.

The information in which of the following is identical?

Sister chromatids

Which organ is responsible for the majority of the digestion and absorption of nutrients that enter our body?

Small intestine.

Which of the following are correct regarding the B vitamins?

Some are used in the metabolism of fats and proteins/They are water-soluble vitamins/Some are components of coenzymes, such as NAD and FAD.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding sexual reproduction?

Spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means

Two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA.