bio exam 3

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Female sticklebacks prefer males with brighter red coloration on their belly. Given the results depicted in the graph below, what do females that choose redder males benefit from?

good genes

Which of the following is not an example of convergent evolution on similar body plans?

bat forelimb structure and bird forelimb structure

Which of the following is true regarding the operational sex ratio (OSR)?

A biased OSR creates an opportunity for selection regarding reproductive traits.

what evidence suggests that c-opsins were present in the common ancestor of all living vertebrates?

All vertebrates carry c-opsin c-opsins have the same basic functional pathway in all vertebrates

Given the similar genetic network of developmental genes among bilaterians, what can we say about their common ancestor?

It may have grown some kind of outgrowth from its body wall.

why are there no gigantic insects alive today?

The concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is too low to make gigantic body size in insects efficient

Is the following statement true or false, and why? New adaptations do not evolve from scratch.

True; new adaptations are modifications of previously existing traits.

which of the following statements is not true regarding the operational sex ratio

a biased ratio creates an opportunity for selection regarding reproductive traits

gene duplication......

all answers

two genes that are paralogs...

all answers

which evidence suggests that c-opsins were present in the common ancestors of all living things?

all answers

which of the following is true of the complex eye?

all answers

how are tetrapod limbs and fish fins developmentally similar?

both start out as buds bulging from body wall hox genes are used to produce both phenotypes

The trees below present a hypothetical situation where "T" represents the evolution of a male trait that is attractive to females, and "P" represents where the preference in females evolved. Which tree makes sense in the light of sexual selection?

c

In general, when sexual selection is strong for one sex and weak for the other, we can predict that members of the sex subject to strong sexual selection will be ________, and members of the sex subject to weak sexual selection will be ________.

competitive; choosy

In general, when sexual selection is strong for one sex and weak for the other, we can predict that members of the sex subject to strong sexual selection will be ________, and members of the sex subject to weak sexual selection will be _________

competitive; choosy

there is a fitness disadvantage to mammals that have a different number of cervical vertebrae. this is an example of

constraining evolution

two genes that are orthologs are

derived from a common ancestral gene

which of the following is not an example of a direct food benefit that results from female choice?

female weaverbirds choosing male that have already manufactured a nest

A paralog is a(n) ________, while an ortholog is a(n) ________.

homologous gene within a species; homologous gene separated by a speciation event

how are tetrapod limbs and fish fins developmentally similar?

how genes are used to produce both phenotypes both start out as buds bulging from the body wall

which of the following represent homologies?

how genes in mice and flies the forelimb structure of vertebrate wings, hands, and flippers

the detoured nerve in giraffes results from........

imperfection in complex adaptations the nerves in aquatic vertebrate ancestors natural selection retooling the form and function of characters present in a population

a bacterial spore

is a complex adaptation coded by a regulatory network of genes

which of the following is an example of polygyny?

male elephant seals mate with many females

phalaropes are shore birds with brightly colored females....

males are choosy males incubate eggs and care for the young

which of the following is not a cost of sexual reproduction?

meiosis produces recombinant chromosomes, creating gametes with unique combinations of alleles

The populations of the ray-finned teleost fish, Astyanax, that repeatedly colonized underground Mexican caves and evolved the same suite of derived traits in cave after cave is an example of

parallel evolution

a mating system in which at least some females mate with more than one male is termed

polyandry

asexual reproduction

results in genetically identical offspring

which of the following is not considered a potential benefit of sexual reproduction?

sexual organisms produce twice as many offspring as asexual organisms.

for which species would you expect sexual selection on males to be stronger?

species 1; males of species 1 are expected to compete more strongly over access to females

the two-fold cost of sex refers to

the disadvantages of being a sexual rather than an asexual organism

which of the following statements is accurate regarding antagonistic pleiotropy?

the net fitness effect of an allele experiencing antagonistic pleiotropy may depend on the environment.

The opportunity for selection on a trait is greater when...Choose all the correct answers.

the operational sex ratio is biased. individual variation in fitness is large.

an example of sexual reproduction is

the self fertilization of a hermaphrodite flower

which of the following statements accurately describe Hox genes?

they can suppress the expression of other genes their expression gives positional information to other genes


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