BIO FINAL
lophophore
a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding of lophotrochozoans
head or capitulum Inflorescence
a dense cluster of sessile, or almost sessile, flowers or florets
Zygote
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum. first diploid cell after fertilization
Choanoflagellates
a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals. sessile or motile, sister group to metazoa, marine or freshwater, ONE flagellum within collar of microvilli, tiny cells <10 mm
Parabasala
a group of parasitic flagellates with a parabasal bod(modified Golgi app), heterotrophic, anaerobic, 4-1000s flagella, some with intracellular bacteria and surface attached spirochaetes
basal angiosperms
a group of plants that probably branched off before the separation of monocots and eudicots, paraphyletic
Polyphyly
a group that does not uniquely share a common ancestor - undesirable classification, polyphyletic
grade
a group whose members share key biological features but not by shared common ancestry or excluding some descendants
Paraphyly
a group with an ancestor and only some of its descendants - undesirable classification, paraphyletic
Kingdom Fungi
a kingdom a of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms, such as mushrooms and molds, that have a cell wall containing chitin; classified under Domain Eukarya
holophyletic
a lineage including all descendants of a single common ancestor
paraphyletic
a lineage including some but not all descendants of a single common ancestor
polyphyletic
a lineage or trait found in independent lineages (not a clade)
monophyletic
a lineage with a single common ancestor
Gametes
a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. last haploid cell
Patagium
a membrane or fold of skin between the forelimbs and hind limbs on each side of a bat or gliding mammal
pollen grain
a microgametophyte of a seed plant
Nanoarchaeota
(dwarf) parasitic on crenarchetoe
ambulacral groove
A channel along the oral surface of echinoderms through which the tube feet protrude
Cartilage
A connective tissue that has collagenous fibers + Protein-carbohydrate. complex (chondroitin sulfate) Strong but flexible Embryonic skeleton cartilage is replaced by bone But some remains: vertebral discs, nose, outer ear, etc.
what is a flower
A determinate sporophyll bearing shoot above the peduncle(stem that leads to flowers) Borne from a receptacle(single point of origin for sporophylls)
Notochord
A flexible rod that supports a chordate's back helps with muscle attachment, development questions, and derived from mesoderm
incomplete flower
A flower that lost one or more of the four organs: sepals, petals, stamens, or pistols (usually petals)
Euglenoids
A plant-like Protist that has some animal like characteristics (flagella, eyespot)
Coelomate
An animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm). example) earth worms, humans
Pseudocoelomate
An animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm, false fluid filled, example) round worm
Embryophyta
An increasingly popular name for the lineage called land plants; reflects their retention of a fertilized egg.
Radula
An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths, rasping tongue
zoochlorellae
Any single green algae that lives symbiotically withing the body of many freshwater and some marine invertebrates and protozoans
extremophiles
Archaea that live in extreme environments. thermophiles, acidphiles, halophiles
Class Crinoidea
Arms with pinnules (branched) Filter feeders Some sessile, some stalked, some motile (Ex. Sea lilies, sea feathers) sea Lillies are sessile, sea feathers are motile
circinate vernation
As in ferns, the coiled arrangement of leaves and leaflets in the bud; such an arrangement uncoils gradually as the leaf develops further.
evolution of Planes of symmetry
Asymmetry ---> Radial symmetry ---> Bilateral symmetry ---> 2^0 radial symmetry
7 clades of SAR
Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta, Dinoflagellata, Apicomplexa, Ciliophora, Radiolaria, Foraminifera
pore fungus
Basidiomycota , shelf fungus (wood decay)
Bilatera
Bilateral symmetry Cephalization - first organisms to have true heads Mesoderm in the embryo--->Triploblastic Organs and organ systems Acoelomate--->Pseudocoelomate*--->Eucoelomate
Order Primates
Binocular vision, thumbs with fingernails, endangered (Ex. lemurs, tasiers, monkeys, apes, and humans)
Phylum Ctenophora
Biradial symmetry (comb jellies) Has Colloblasts -Gluey cells Iridescence Bioluminescence Locomotion -Not like cnidarian jellies microscopic Ctenes- Rows of fused cilia
Homeothermic
Body temperature is constant (that's us, mammals).
Main Components of Immune System
Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels
Main Components of Skeletal Muscle System
Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage are the
Main Components of Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs are the
Dendrites
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
Lepidoptera
Butterflies, moths holometabolous
Caenorhabditis
C. elegans is an important research model organism. What does C. stand for?
Order Gymnophiona (Apoda)
Caecilians look like giant earthworms, they are not live in rainforest eyes rudimentary- blind usually underground the young feed on liquid secreted by gland at end of mothers tail, and the skin she regrows every three days
3 Classes of Porifera
Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongiae
Meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
Macrophages
Cells in connective tissue that engulf foreign particles leukocyte, comes from a transformed monocyte
Cnidocytes
Cells that house the stingers in cnidarians. contains nematocysts. When cnidocil is triggered , the nematocyst inverts and launches into what is attacking it (can be Lethal)
evolution of Levels of organization
Cellular ---> Tissue ---> Organs and Organ systems
Classes of Myriapoda
Chilopoda and Diplopoda
Microvilli
Choanoflagellates have a collar of _______. Microcilia Microflagella Microvilli Microalveoli
Groups of Fungi
Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota
obligate anaerobe
Clostridium botulinumis a pathogenic bacterium that causes botulism in humans and other animals. C. botulinumwill die in the presence of oxygen, making it a(n) ____________ anaerobe.
basidium
Club-shaped, reproductive structure in which club fungi produce spores
Connective Tissue Fibers
Collagen, Elastic, Reticular
Choanocytes
Collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges and filter food
Ctenophora
Comb jellies are in what phylum?
More Characteristics of Arthropods
Complex musculature - smooth and striated muscle attached inside of exoskeleton •Circulatory system - heart, arteries,hemocoel, OPEN •Nervous system-Antennae, eyes (ocellus [-i] and compound eyes) •Respiration- cutaneous, gills, book gills, book lungs, tracheae •Reproduction- dioecious, usually internal fertilization •Oviparous or ovoviviparous •Metamorphosis in some
Sarcomere
Contractile unit of muscle fibers
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Contractile wall of the heart Striated, but with branched fibers Connected by intercalary discs Involuntary movements 1 nuclei per cell
Kingdoms of domain archaea
Crenarcheota Korarcheota Euyarcheota Nanoarcheota
Crutose Lichen
Crust-like, growing tight against the substrate
Radiata Phyla
Ctenophora, Cnidaria, radial symmetry
gametophyte->sporophyte
Eukarya evolution trend being sporophyte dominant is more derived than being gametophyte dominant
isogamy->anisogamy->oogamy
Eukarya evolution trend oogamy is more derived than isogamy and anisogamy
4 kingdoms of Archaea
Euyarcheota, Crenarcheota, Korarcheota, Nanoarcheota
convergent evolution
Evolution of analogous characteristics is distantly related clades
divergent evolution
Evolution of homologous characteristics into new forms/ phenotypes in same clade
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species
Coconut (Cocos nucifera)
Example of Arecaceae
Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera)
Example of Arecaceae
Palmetto (Sabal palmetto)
Example of Arecaceae
Bird Vertebrae
Example of apomorphic characteristic
Fish and whales (whales are mammals not fish, share more in common with raccoon)
Example of grade
Almond and walnut
Examples of drupes, YOUD think are nuts
4 clades of protists
Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
heterothermic
Externally regulated body temperature, adjust body temperature by sunning, shading, etc.
Acidophilic
Extreme pH
Halophilic
Extreme salt
pineal eye
Eye-like structure on top of the head that is capable of light detection. Young tuatara have these
Two general types of cells produces matrices
Fibroblasts, Macrophages
Ligaments
Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Tendons
Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
Phylum Zygomycota
Form sexual spores where hyphae fuse, bread molds, sugar molds and pin fungi thick -walled, dormant zygospores, coenocytic, feed on dead material, spores have no flagella
Phylum Chytridiomycota
Form spores with flagella, aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores including parasites of amphibian skin, microscopic, polyphyletic, common in soil
c. rhodophtya
Found in deeper marine habitats, source of agar and carrageenan
Amoebocytes
Found in sponges, these cells are mobile and perform numerous functions, including reproduction, transport of food particles to nonfeeding cells, and secretion of material that forms the spicules
Adipose Tissue
Functions to pad organs, insulate, and store chemical energy Specialized loose CT Fat is stored in adipose cells Need to produce hormones Each cell contains a fat droplet that grows or shrinks as fat is stored or depleted
derived, not as common
Fusion between different whorls is ____
derived, not uncommon
Fusion of segments of a single whorl is ______
repugnatorial glands
Glands in millipedes that secrete noxious substances to repel enemies
Phylum Nematomorpha
Gordian worms, horsehair worms, thread like, Parasitic larvae, Non-feeding as adults, Vestigial digestive tract, Tale from Gordia and Alexander the Great Knot, found in dead insects
Chlorophyta
Green algae Cellulose cell walls Unicellular or multicellular Chlorophyll a and b Store food as starch Gave rise to plants large cup shaped chloroplasts; photosynthetic
e. chlorophtya
Green algae, Volvox, Chlamydomonas, Ulva
Alveolates clade
Group of eukaryotes that have membrane-enclosed sacs at the periphery of cells, composed of ciliates, dinoflagellates, and ampicomplexans.
Tissues
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
Dracunculus medinensis
Guinea worm, found in Crustaceans , we get it by drinking water the Crustaceans were in, worms get into our muscles and borrow through them, head pops out and rest of body is stuck in muscles
Archaea
Haloferax volcaniiis a prokaryote often found in the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake. This organism thrives in waters with high salt concentration. H. volcaniimost likely belongs to which domain?
imperfect fungi
Have no known sexual stage Typically produce spores by mitosis Conidia produced on conidiophores Not a taxonomic grouping Found in all fungal phyla
Heterodont
Having different kinds of teeth; characteristic of mammals, whose teeth consist of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
Necator americanus
Hookworm, can get by walking barefoot on soil
Actin slide over Myosin and the myosin locks in, then relaxes
How do muscles contract?
two pairs
How many pairs of antennae does a crab have?
Class Hydrozoa
Hydras, obelia, and physalia(Portuguese man-of-war)
4 classes of cnidarians
Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa
the anus
In Deuterostomes the blastopore becomes
the mouth
In Protostomes the blastopore becomes
Phylum Ecdysozoa
Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Arthropoda, the molting protostomes
Solanaceae
Nightshade family, (Eudicots)
Integumentary System
Organ systems, functions to protect from mechanical injury/thermoregulation
a. bacilliariophyta
Organisms from this phylum can also be called, "diatoms." Bacilliariophyta Diplomonadida Dinoflagellata Foraminifera
mesohyl
Organisms in the phylum Porifera have an inner matrix called
Main Components of Reproduction System
Ovaries, testes, etc are the
Arecaceae
Palm family, only group with trees, flowers in three, monocot
Genera
More than one genus
Phyla
More than one phylum
Loose Connective Tissues
Most widespread type in vertebrate bodies Binds epithelia to other tissues Holds organs in place Loose weave with all three fiber types In skin and throughout the body
Connective Tissue
Mostly Extra-Cellular Matrix (ECM) with embedded cells Hold tissues and organs in place Matrix
ancestral trends in fungi
Motile via single, posterior flagellum Hyphae coenocytic (aseptate) Microscopic Isogamous
Main Components of Digestive System
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus are the
taxis
Movement toward or away from a stimulus.
stratified squamous epithelium
Multi-layed Quick regeneration New cells produced at basal face (bottom) Comprises outer layers of skin (older cells) Also lining of mouth, anus, and vagina
Brassicaceae
Mustard family, (Eudicots), multiples of 4
lichens
Mutualistic (?) symbiosis between a fungus (mycobiont) and a photosynthetic organism (photobiont) not a clade most are ascomycetes but not all
Tasmanian Tiger
Native to Australia Extinct: hunting was main source; disease and human encroachment onto the habitat as well
Class Trematoda
Platyhelminthes, all parasitic, liver flukes, comes from eating raw freshwater fish or salt fermented fish
Class Turbellaria
Platyhelminthes, free-living flatworms, some parasitic, mostly free living, brightly colored, Have circular, longitudinal and parenchymal muscles Amazing powers of regeneration!
Class Cestoda
Platyhelminthes, tapeworms, all parasitic,
erthrocytes
Red blood cells that trasport oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxidefrom the cells to the lungs.
Class Holothuroidea
Reduced dermal ossicles Extended oral/aboral axis Some bilateral in symmetry Spacious coelom Feed with tentacles Evisceration for defense (autotomy and regeneration) (Ex. Sea cucumbers, sea apple, etc.)
Anisogamy
Refers to a difference in gamete size in males and females. Eggs large and costly, sperm small and cheap
Class Reptilia
Reptiles are tetrapod animals comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives.
Muscle Tissue
Responsible for movement Filaments of actin and myosin Vertebrates have 3 types 1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac
P. Nemertea
Ribbon worms are in which phylum?
Orders in Infraclass Eutheria
Rodentia, Artiodactyla, Cetacea, Chiroptera, Perissodactyla, Carnivora, Primates
Eudicot Flowering Families
Rosaceae Brassicaceae Solanaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae
Rosaceae
Rose family (Eudicots), multiples of 5
Lophotrochozoa phyla
Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Annelida,
Cilia
Rotiferans have ______ that beat in metachronal synchrony to create currents and bring food to their mouths
Stramenopila
S is for
Class Concentricycloidea
Sea daisies Most recently discovered class (1986), 2 spp. Deep ocean (>1000 m), near New Zealand Simple structure Small (<1cm), disc shaped Tube feet around periphery, no arms
epithelial tissue
Sheets of closely packed cells anchored together by tight junctions Covers the outside of body Lines the organs and body cavities Barriers to injury, pathogens, fluid loss Environmental interfaces Polarity: have apical and basal faces (top and bottom)
d. bacillariophyta
Silicious frustule of two valves, centric and pennate
analogous
Similar not based on shared common ancestry common function
Domain Archaea
"Ancient ones" , found in extreme environments
Ectoprocta
"Anus outside of ring" AKA Bryozoa "Moss animals" •Marine and freshwater •Colonial •Zooid within zooecia (s. zooecium)
Class Merostomata
"Living fossils" •Similar to forms that existed over 200 mya •Simple and compound eyes •Book gills •Chelate chelicerae, and other chelate appendages •Telson -ex) horse crabs
Subphylum Cephalochordata
"Notochord in head" (also tail) Exhibit all 4 chordate characteristics as adults. (Ex. lancelets)
Class Pycnogonida
"Sea spiders" •All marine Not actual spiders Hard to find •Predators and external parasites on cnidarians •Sucking proboscis •Reduced abdomen, organs within legs •Males carry eggs on modified legs (ovigers)
Echinodermata
"Spiny skin" All marine Pentamerous radial symmetry Endoskeleton formed of calcareous plates within integument = dermal ossicles Pedicellariae (some) Oral/aboral axis (aboral surface usually up) Little sensory development, no head(can't see, taste) Autotomy and regeneration(really easy to loose parts and grow back) water vascular system
Class Amphibia
"double life" breathe through skin - Cutaneous respiration 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle) double loop circulatory system, partial separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood poikilothermic (Ex. frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians)
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
"itchy anus", Fecal-oral transmission, Intestinal infection causing anal pruritus, Diagnosed by seeing egg via scotch tape test, Treatment: bendazoles (because worms are bendy), females migrate to perianal region art night and lay eggs
Crenarchaeota
"spring" One of the 4 kingdoms of Archaea, containing sulfur thermophiles and marine mesophiles.
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Single layer of cells Nuclei are staggered Have beating cilia Line mucous membranes of respiratory tract
simple squamous epithelium
Single layer of plate-like cells Sites of diffusion/exchange of materials Thin and leaky, lots of surface area Blood vessels, air sacs
Main Components of integumentary System
Skin, hair, claws, sweat glands, fingernails, feathers, scales are the
Derived
Something has changed
Difference between spiders and daddy long legs
Spiders have narrow area between protosoma and opistosoma , daddy long legs have broad fusion and no area to separate.
alternation of generations
Sporic meiosis. A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae.
Caenorhabditis elegans
(Elegans) most famous nematode worm, famous from developmental biology (its simple)
SAR
Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians
Physiology
Study of body function
cell morphology
Study of cell shape and size.
Mandibulata
Subphylum of arthropods named for jaw-like mouthparts. Myriapoda, Crustacea and Hexapoda
Lophotrochozoa
Superphylum group of the eucoelomate bilateral that is made up of organisms with lophophores and a trochophore larval stage. non molting protostomes
no nucleus, being cellular, ribosome, DNA, unicellular, limited cell morphology
Symplesiomorphic traits of prokaryotes
Evisceration
The displacement of organs outside of the body.
carpel
The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
spike inflorescence
The flowers are directly attached to the central peduncle of the inflorescence.
d. Polyphyly
The four chambered hearts shared by birds and mammals is an example of a _____. Paraphyly Monophyly Holophyly Polyphyly
Gamonts
Which of the following are ingested by the Anopheles mosquito in the Plasmodium life cycle? Trophozoites Sporozoites Merozoites Gamonts
sporozoite
Which of the following enter the liver of someone becoming infected with Malaria? Trophozoites Sporozoites Merozoites Gamonts
DNA
Which of the following is a not a derived characteristic of Domain Eukarya? Cells with a nucleus Mitosis and meiosis DNA Linear chromosomes
Crenarcheota AND Korarcheota
Which of the following kingdoms of Archaea may contain thermophiles? Euryarcheota Crenarcheota Korarcheota A and B B and C
d. diplomonadida
Which of the following phyla are not included in the group of Alveolates? Dinoflagellata Apicomplexa Ciliophora Diplomonadida
b. apicomplexa
Which of the following phyla has NO photosynthetic members?Phaeophyta Apicomplexa Dinoflagellata
capsule and fimbriae
Which of the following structures is used by prokaryotes to attach to a host?
Phaeophyta- LOOK LIKE PLANTS, DONT MOVE
Which of these groups, if any, are all non-motile organisms? Euglenophyta Gymnamoeba Kinetoplastida Phaeophyta None of the above
Hummingbirds
are most familiar bird pollinator in US
Moths Flowers
are typically white or cream Flowers open at night Often have scents to attract
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis life cycle
asexual
Zygomycota life cycle
asexual and sexual
conidia
asexual spores
sporeling
baby fern sporophyte
form endospores
bacteria and archaea can
cilia
bacteria do not have
Nucleiod
bacteria have no nucleus, so they have
binary fission
bacteria reproduce by _____ not meiosis or mitosis (breaking into two) (asexual) undergoes HGT
gram negative
bacteria with cell wall no made of peptidoglycan are
Acoela
basal bilaterians, flatworms, tissues, bilateral symmetry, 3 germ layers
Bird nest fungi
basisiomycota
chriopterophily
bat pollination
Order Chiroptera
bats; wings supported by digits for flight patagium connects legs and hands
white
bees can see this color, but we can't. important because bees are the main pollinators
of flowers
bees exist because of ____
Order Hymenoptera
bees, wasps, ants advanced insects with social behavior ants are secondarily wingless holometabolous
Order Coleoptera
beetles, weevils, fireflies shield wing holometabolous
B) paraphyletic
being a seedless vascular plant is a. polyphyletic , b. paraphyletic, c. monophyletic
ancestral trait
being seedless for vascular plants is
Hesperidium
berry having a thick leathery rind and juicy pulp especially (oranges and other citrus fruits)
Pepo
berry with hard rind (watermelon, cucumber)
Phylum Gastrotricha
bilaterally symmetrical, complete gut, hair belly-covered in cilia, Microscopic, worm-like, aquatic, <1000 spp. known
Noctiluca
bioluminescent, ex of dinoflagellates
Orinthophily
bird pollination
Class Aves
birds considered reptiles for some feathers use to be for insulation, but is essential now eggs are same as reptilian eggs but with calcareous shell 4 limbs adapted for flying, besides penguins, no teeth 4 chambered heart endothermic and homeothermic pneumatic bones no urinary bladder
single loop circulatory system
blood travels from the heart to the gills, then to the rest of the body and back to the heart in one circuit
pneumatic bones
bones that contain air cavities, makes bird lighter weight
Class Osteichthyes
bony fish All fish have a single-loop circulatory system and a 2 chambered heart (1 atrium and 1 ventricle. There is no separation between oxygenated and unoxygenated blood (Ex. Coelacanth, lungfish, rayfinned fish(Actinopterygii))
Pellicle
cell membrane in euglenas
chitin
cell wall of fungi are made of
dikaryotic
cell with two nuclei
Glial Cells
cells in the nervous system that Support, Nourish, Insulate, Replenish, Modulate and protect neurons (s. glion, pl. glia)
bryophytes, seedless vascular, gymnosperms, angiosperms
the major plant groups
Stamen
the male reproductive organ of a flower, anther and filament
vertebrates
the most complex organisms known
a.alternation of generations
the most derived form of sexual reproduction
mastax
the muscular pharynx in rotifers, modified pharynx
radicle
the part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root
ascus
the reproductive structure where spores develop on sac fungi
Prokaryotes
cellular organisms that lack a true nucleus, membrane bound organelles, membrane. Has nucleiod
Spongeocoel
central cavity in sponges
Hygroscopic
changes in shape in response to changes in humidity
may have accessory tissues to aid in dispersal
characteristics of seeds
nutrition for embryo
characteristics of seeds
organs and tissue systems already develop
characteristics of seeds
telescoping generations (diploid embryo)
characteristics of seeds
they're multicellular
characteristics of seeds
single, totipotent cell
characteristics of spores
small, don't require much to make
characteristics of spores
they are haploid
characteristics of spores
very limited resources
characteristics of spores
derived characteristics in Eukarya
characteristics that are: cells with nuclei, membrane bound organelles, sexual life cycles, and linear chromosome, cytoskeletons, microtubules, actin microfilaments
Cephalization
concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body
Diploid
containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
siphuncle
cord of tissue running through the shell of a nautiloid, connecting all chambers with the animal's body
example of adnation
cotton plant, fusion of androecium and gynoecium
Phylum Cycadophyta
cycads, palm-like shrubs and trees, dioecious, first to attract insects, micro and megasprangiate strobilus, herbivores feed on pollen cones precursor to zoophily
Order Opiliones
daddy long legs, not a spider, feeds on dead stuff, not venomous
lettuce
dandelions are related to
dry fruits
dehiscent and indehiscent, legume, capsule, follicle, achene, samara, nut, caryopsis
Mycelium
densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus, plural (mycelia)
apomorphic
derived characteristic
Plants
derived from Chlorophyta(green algae) multicellular terrestrial or secondary aquatic photoautotrophic vascular or nonvascular sessile sporic meiosis cell walls made of cellulose
d. polyphyletic
describes a taxon that is the result of convergent evolution? a.Monophyletic, b.Holophyletic, c.Paraphyletic, d.Polyphyletic
Stramenopilia clade
diatoms and brown algae(Bacilliariophtya and Phaeophyta)
Basidiomycota life cycle
dikaryotic mycelium basidium basidiospores primary, secondary and tertiary mycelium
dorsal tubular nerve cord
directs the development of the central nervous system derived from ectoderm is tube shaped and located above the digestive tract and develops into spinal column.
Phylum Cycliophora
discovered in 1995 lobster parasites found on hairs of mouth part of lobsters mouth ringed with cilia complex life cycle with strange dwarf male
Filarial worms
disease-causing roundworms that infect over 250 million people in tropical countries
mitotic division
division is asexual
meiotic division
division is for sexual reproduction
Dirofilaria immitis
dog heartworm, transmitted by mosquitoes
Suborder Caniformia
dog-like carnivores (Ex. wolves, dogs, bears, skunks, weasels, walrus, sea lion, foxes)
example of ectozoochory
dogs runs through field and comes back with seeds on it
sendentary
doing or requiring a lot of sitting. do not move. examples of sedentary polychaete: feather duster, lug worm
peptidoglycan cell wall
domain bacteria has this but domain archaea does not
Domain Bacteria
domain that has members with and without peptidoglycan
archaea and eukarya
domains have no members with peptidoglycan
Bryophyte life cycles
dominated by gametophyte, but with prominent sporophyte
fleshy fruits
drupe, berry, pome, drupelet, multiple fruits
types of fruits
dry and fleshy fruits
Legumes
dry, dehiscent, open along 2 sutures, peas, peanuts,
Capsules
dry, dehiscent, open along more than 2 sutures, more than one carpel , cotton, poppies
follicile
dry, dehiscent, opens along 1 suture, 1 carpel, milkweed, Magnolia, aggregate (multiple in one flower)
nut
dry, indehiscent fruit with usually with one seed where the pericarp is very thick and hard, acorn, hazelnuts
Samara
dry, indehiscent fruit with wings for wind dispersal , elm trees
Achene
dry, indehiscent one seeded fruit, the seed connected to the pericarp at single point. sunflower seed, strawberries, ACCESSORY FRUIT ->Receptacle forms fruit AGGREGATE FRUIT -> Each achene is a separate carpel from a single flower
Caryopsis
dry, indehiscent, endocarp fused to seed, found in grass family, grain
haploid to diploid
during fertilization the cell goes from ____ to ____
diploid to haploid
during meiosis the cell goes from ___ to ___
Hyphae
each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus. singular (hypa)
Oviparous
egg laying
platypus
egg-laying mammal with webbed feet no teeth so the grind prey in cheek pushes with gravel use electrolocation no nipples, females secrete milk from abdomen males have venomous spur on back of hind feet
Wuchereria bancrofti
elephantiasis; transmitted by mosquitoes
Blastula
embryonic stage of hollow ball of cells
Symbiodinium
endosymbiont with coral, ex of dinoflagellates
Choanoflagellata
example of a group of organisms that is characteristic of having one flagella would be _______. Dinoflagellata Rhodophyta Euglenophyta Choanoflagellata
Toxoplasma gondii
example of apicomplexa
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
example of brassicaceae
Radishes (Raphanus raphiaistrum)
example of brassicaceae
Wasabi (Eutrema japonicum)
example of brassicaceae
brocolli (Brassica oleracea)
example of brassicaceae
Canola (Brassica rapa)
example of brassicaceae, rape seed
Giardia lamblia
example of diplomonadida; intense parasite
Alfalfa (Medicago)
example of fabaceae
Eastern Red Bud (Cercis canadensis)
example of fabaceae
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)
example of fabaceae
Soybeans (Glycine max)
example of fabaceae
blackbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
example of fabaceae
mimosa tree (Albizia julibrissin)
example of fabaceae
Tryponosoma brucei
example of kinetoplastida; African sleeping sickness
Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
example of lamiaceae
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
example of lamiaceae
mints (Mentha)
example of lamiaceae, Sage (Salvia officials) , Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
Trichomonas vaginalis
example of parabasala, human urogenital tract
some of excavata, SAR, and archeplastida
example of polyphyly with photosynthetic characteristics
Carolina Rose (Rosa carolina)
example of rosaceae
Flowering Cherry(Prunus)
example of rosaceae
Strawberry, (Fragaria spp.)
example of rosaceae
apples (Malus)
example of rosaceae
peaches
example of rosaceae
raspberries (Rubus idaeus)
example of rosaceae
Eggplant (Solanum melongena)
example of solanaceae
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)
example of solanaceae
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
example of solanaceae
bell peppers (Capsicum annuum)
example of solanaceae
chili pepper (Capsicum annuum)
example of solanaceae
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
example of solanaceae, cash crop
Myophily
fly pollination
endosperm
food-rich tissue that nourishes a seedling as it grows
Archaea and Eukarya
form a monophyletic clade, distinct from bacteria; this indicated that bacteria are more ancient than Archaea
Rhizoctonia
found naturally in outdoor soils from fields, landscapes, gardens, etc. It produces sclerotia, which are tough, brownish-black structures that allow it to survive in the soil or infected plant tissue for years
Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta, Coniferophyta
four phyla of gymnosperms
Pteridophyta Equisetophyta Psilophyta Lycophyta
four phylum of seedless vascular plants
Bodo saltans
free living kinetoplastid
Order Anura
frogs and toads, no tail external fertilization
acorn
fruit of the oak tree
indehiscent fruits
fruits that do not split open at maturity (1 seed)
assimilation
fungi are heterotropic by
spores
fungi reproduce by ________, have a great variety of these
test
fused dermal ossicles. when the ossicles die, it leaves this behind
connation
fusing within a whorl
adnation
fusion between whorls
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
Tagmosis
fusion of segments to form body regions
Isogamy
gametes are equal in size
gametic meiosis
gametes are the only haploid cells; all of the other cells of the individuals in the life cycle are diploid. mitosis occurs in diploid. life spent mostly diploid (animals, humans)
protenema and prothallus w antheridia and archegonia
gametophytes of true ferns
Tridacna giganteus
giant clam, has gills, bivalve, complete gut
staphylo-
grape-like clusters
Poaceae
grass family, no petals, flowers small, no corolla, loose petals bc of wind, monocot
prokaryotic metabolic diversity
greater than eukaryotic metabolic diversity
mykes
greek for "cap", relates to mushroom
Photobiont
green alga or cyanobacterium or both
pilus (pili)
hairlike appendages on many gram-negative bacteria that functions in conjugation and for attachment. connects two cells together to pass DNA; useful for antibiotic assistance
earth worm
has 5 aortic arches that pump blood through body
complete flower
has all four whorls : sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
perfect flower
has both male/female reproductive parts
Polartity
have apical and basal faces (top and bottom)
dioecious plants
have male and female gametes on different plants
Heliozoans
have silica shells that extend & look like sun rays
acoleomate
having no body cavity between gut and outer wall, no fluid, small and flat, example) flat worm
Diploblastic
having two germ layers; ectoderm and endoderm
Main components of Circulatory System
heart, blood, blood vessels are the
niches of fungi
heterotrophic Decomposers Pathogens Mutualists
Vorticella
heterotrophic and motile by cilia ex of ciliophora
mycoboint
heterotrophic fungus
nutritional modes for prokaryotes
heterotrophic, autotrophic, photoautotrophic, chemoautotrophic
Characteristics of animals
heterotrophic, gametic meiosis, eukaryotic, true multicellularity(diploid), lack cell walls, locomotory structures
Ciliophora
heterotrophic, most free living, fresh water and marine, soil, complex organelles and behavior, has cytosine, cytopharynx, food vacuole, cytoproct, cilia cirrus(-I) does. zygotic meiosis
Kinetoplastida
heterotrophic, usually symbiotic, flagellates, mostly parasitic, kinetplast(mass of DNA within mitochondrion), trailing flagellum attached to cell.
Amniota
higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) possessing an amnion during development of embryo
Anthocerophytes
hornworts
example of endochory
horse eats an apple, then poops
Mesoglea
in cnidarians, the jellylike material located between the ectoderm and the endoderm
after fertilization of zygote till meiosis as diploid
in gametic meiosis, mitosis comes
Guniea Worm
in order maxillpoda, found in freshwater
must be heterosporous
in order to have seeds, plants must______
during diploid or haploid organisms
in sporic meisos, mitosis comes
after meiosis and is haploid till fertilization
in zygotic meiosis, mitosis comes
Protista
kingdom grouped by derived characteristics, not holophyletic, not really a kingdom, not a single clade(made of several)
why angiosperms have important families
large(speciose), economically important (food, fuel, fodder)
Insecta
largest class in phylum Animalia, 850,000 species
Family Curculionidae (weevils)
largest family in order of Coleopetra, more than 86,000 species
Order Rodentia
largest order in Eutheria in terms of species Dental trait of ever growing incisors, feed by gnawing (Ex. squirrels, marmots, chipmunks, gophers, muskrats, mice, beavers, capybara, and rats)
Coleoptera
largest order in class Insecta, more than 350,000 species
Arthropoda
largest phylum in kingdom Animalia, 1,000,000 species
Phylum Arthropoda
largest, most diverse, of all phyla, >80% of described spp. •size range- < 0.1 mm to 7 ft. abundance and broad ecological distribution rich fossil record economic importance: parasites, disease transmission, agricultural and domestic pests •food, pollination, honey, wax, silk, dyes, drugs
LUCA
last universal common ancestor; probably prokaryote before
foliose lichen
leaf-like lichen
book gills
leaf-like plates that are a surface for gas exchange between the horseshoe crab and the water
megaphyll
leaves with a highly branched vascular system (more than one)
lichenized fungi
lichens, two organisms functioning as a single, stable unit. Lichens comprise a fungus living in a symbiotic relationship with an alga or cyanobacterium
seed
like a baby in a lunchbox, has embryo, cotyledons, epicotyl, hypocotyl, endosperm, seed coat
Hepatophytes
liverworts
Phylum Hepatophyta
liverworts, nonvascular, dichotomously branching thallus(into 2), Gemma within Gemma cups, asexual reproduction, foot and capsule connected to sporophyte, elaters on spore
Lungfish
lobe-finned fish having both lungs and gills; fleshy fins with bones, can live out of water and walk on fins for short periods (beginnings of a lung) C: Osteichthyes O: Sarcopterygii
Coelacanth
lobe-finned fish thought to be extinct, but then found in deep water off Madagascar in 1938 muscles at base of fins are very much like the muscles of a salamander C: Osteichthyes O: Sarcopterygii
Vaejovis carolinensis
local species of scorpions
Plasmid
loops of DNA with genes
Derived trends in fungi
loss of flagella septate hyphae macroscopic Anisogamous
Main Components of Respiratory System
lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes are the
plasmogamy
the union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia
endosymbiotic theory
theory that eukaryotic organelles, mitochrondria and chloroplasts, formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms
SAR and Excavata
these clades are MONOPHYLETIC with respect to protists lineages. In other words, which clades include ONLY protists and no other eukaryotic kingdoms.
3 types of horizontal gene transfer
transformation, transduction, conjugation
Turbatrix aceti
vinegar eels, not true eels, live in vinegar, feed on yeast and bacteria
Transduction
viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes
errant
wandering or straying, moving, examples of errant polychaete: sea mouse, palolo worms
ovary wall (pericarp)
made of the exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
exoskeleton of arthropods
made up of protein + lipid + chitin (+CaCO3) - secreted by epidermis
Ginkgo biloba
maidenhair tree
Phylum Ginkgophyta
maidenhair tree, monotypic: Ginkgo biloba, deciduous, dichotomous venation, bilobed leaves, leaf extract, dwarf branches, dioecious(two genders of tree), fleshy seed coat but not a fruit. has short chained fatty acids
Poikilothermic
maintaining the body at the same temperature as the environment
Autotrophic
make their own food
antheridophore
male container(like a tray on hand)
Class Polyplacophora
many plates, chitons, 8 valves embedded in thick mantle, Muscular creeping foot, Radula
Order Cetacea
marine filter feeders and predators (Ex. whales, dolphins, porpoises)
Dinoflagellates
marine and fresh water, Group of protists that form "blooms", can be toxic. make up phytoplankton and can be bioluminescent. They generally have two flagella(transverse. in cingulum and. longitudinal. in groove), half are heterotrophic and the other half are photosynthetic, many species are luminescent. most. free living, red,brown, golden pigment, thecae(plates of cellulose. in. alveoli), whirl around, longitudinal fission
Radiolara
marine plankton, fresh water, delicate siliceous tests, axopodia (needlike motility)
oo-
means egg
Hirudo medicinalis
medicinal leech
what prokaryotes lack
microtubules, cilia, actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, cytoskeleton
Class Diplopoda
millipedes •Detritivores- feed sin dead stuff, not a hunter •2 pair legs per diplosegment •repugnatorial glands
Order Acari
mites and ticks
DNA and ribosomes
mitochondria and chloroplasts has their own
2
mitochondria has ____ membranes
Proterospongia
mkcolonial choanoflagellate
spiracles
modified gills that help Chondrichthyes breath. takes in water that flows over gills
Angiosperm diversity
monocots and eudicots, and basal anigosperms
more food
more surface area, the more what for fungi?
why angiosperms are so successful
more than 250,000 species, more than 400 families
example of connation
morning glory, fusion of 5 petals in corolla
Zygotic meiosis Gametic meiosis Isomorphic alternation of generations Heteromorphic alternation of generations
most ancestral to most derived
cell walls
most prokaryotes have cell walls
Foraminifera
mostly marine, A large group of amoeboid protists with reticulating pseudopods—fine strands of cytoplasm that branch and merge to form a dynamic net. They typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. benthic, recticulopodia move with
Phalaenophily
moth pollination
negative phototaxis
movement away from light (-)
Domain Archaea
one of the two prokaryotic domains that is strictly gram negative
synapsid skull
one opening behind eye socket ex. humans
Equisetum
only extant genus of phylum equisetophtya
imperfect flower
only male or only female on different flowers
if peptidoglycan is cell wall with no other outer membrane
only way to be gram positive
Orchidaceae
orchid family (monocot)
from leaves
petals are derived from ____,
Bacillariophyta
photosynthetic diatoms, fresh water and marine, cell wall and siliceous (glass like) frustule with 2 valves, asexual reproduction w/ decrease in size, gametic meiosis(usual diploid), centric (circular) or pennate (elongated, peanut) growth forms
Phaeophyta
photosynthetic macroalgae, marine, dwelling brown algae. Largest of the algae. Sometimes known as Kelp. hold fast, stipe, thallus, blade, meristem(hidden for protection), sporic meiosis
monotypic
phylum represented by only one species
b. Apicomplexa
phylum that contains organisms with an apical complex
d. radiolara
phylum that contains organisms with apertures (siliceous test)
Euglenophyta
phylum that contains plantlike protists that move by means of flagella and have chloroplasts, colorless heterotrophs and green photoautotrophs, stigma, Euglena, 2 flagella (one for movement, one hidden), paraflagelluar body, phototaxis, chloroplasts
Infraclass Eutheria
placental mammals, long gestation, short lactation allantoin and yolk sac fused and repurpose into placenta to allow nutrition exchange between mom and embryo
dermal denticles
placoid scales, Teeth like skin, takes the place of scales on sharks, feels like sandpaper
gametophyte tissue
plant embryos are protected by
the angiosperms
plant phyla with the most successful lineage of plants
Celluose
plants cell walls are made of
growth only
plants move by
sporic meiosis
plants undergo this meiosis
Myxogastrida
plasmodial slime molds, super cell, heterotrophic, sporic meiosis , no cell wall
Physarum polycephalum
plasmodial yellow slime mold
Infraclass Monotremata
platypuses, echidna egg laying mammals
photosynthesis in clades
polyphyletic trait
Infraclass Marsupialia
pouched mammals short gestation, young born slightly developed and climb into pouch where they latch onto nipple and continue to develop mostly from Australia , 100 in central and South America, 1 in USA (possum) (Ex. kangaroo, wallaby, koala, opossum, Tasmanian devil, Tasmanian tiger)
the colors butterflies would be attracted to
red, pink, orange, purple
Pteridophyte life cycle
remember seedless vascular, sporophyte dominant
cutaneous respiration
respiration through the skin
Phylum Nemertea
ribbon worms (proboscis),rhynchocoel, proboscis, complete gut, true circulatory system
Onchocerca volvulus
river blinds, Transmitted via female blackfly bite, Infection causes hyperpigmented skin and river blindness (black flies, black skin, black eyes/sight); allergic reaction to microfilaria possible -Treatment: Ivermectin
Bacillus (bacilli)
rod shaped
Armadillidiidae
rollie pollie, in order Malacostraca. Crustacean
Anaerobic organisms
s, NO3-,Mn,Fe, U(!),CO2
Phylum Ascomycota
sac fungi, largest phylum of fungi, Asexual spores (conidia) and sexual spores (ascospores) produced in ascus, some macroscopic, most microscopic
Order Caudata
salamanders, with tail newts skin is covered in poison body morphs as it gets covered to water sometimes eats egg clusters for protein
Ulva
sea lettuce ex of chlorophyta
whole thing, basically guts and gonads
we eat the ____ of the Crassostrea virginica (oyster)
the siphons
we eat the ____ of the Ensis directus (razor clam)
foot and siphon
we eat the ____ of the Mya arenaria (edible clam)
abducter muscles
we eat the ____ of the Pecten sp. (scallop)
apple
we eat the receptacle of this fruit, its a pome
Matrix
web of fibers embedded in liquid, jelly-like, or solid foundation
corona
wheels in Rotifera
colloblasts
secrete a sticky substance in ctenophores that binds to their prey
Myrmecochory
seed dispersal by ants
Ornithochory
seed dispersal by birds
hydrochory
seed dispersal by water; coconut
anemochory
seed dispersal by wind
cotyledon
seed leaves
Horsetails
seedless vascular plant with jointed stems; needlelike branches
Class Anthozoa
sessile, Sea anemones and corals, No medusae, only polyps, Colonial and solitary forms, Large, subdivided GVC, Septum (-a), Acontia threads, Zoochlorellae and zooxanthellae, CaCO3 skeleton, Coral reefs!
umbel inflorescence
several pedicels are attached at one node
oogamy
sexual reproduction in which one of the gametes (the egg) is large and nonmotile and the other gamete (the sperm) is smaller and motile
ascospores
sexual spores of ascomycota
what protists(eukaryotes) can have, that prokaryotes can't
sexually reproduce, have mitochondria and other membrane bounded organelles, sometimes have chloroplasts, occasionally are multicellular
Syn- sym-
shared
symplesiomorphic
shared ancestral characteristic
synapomorphic
shared derived characteristics
redwood tree
state tree of california, is the tallest tree on the earth over 370ft, Sequoia sempervirens
extant
still in existence
Order Orthoptera
straight wings grasshoppers, crickets, katydids hemimetabolous
Methanogens
strict anaerobes that produce methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen, swamp gas, decomposers
sporangium
structure in ferns and some fungi that contains spores
manubrium
structure that surrounds the mouth/anus of jellyfish
capsules (sticky), fimbriae(stay in place)
structures is used by prokaryotes to attach to a host
Mycology
study of fungi
Systematics
study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms
Brachiopods
superficially resemble clams and other hinge-shelled molluscs, but the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams C: Brachiopoda
water vascular system
system of fluid-filled tubes used by echinoderms in locomotion and feeding and respiration
uro-
tail
stigma
where pollen lands
Anthrocerophyta
which bryophytes is photosynthetic sporophyte? a. Bryophyta b. hepatophyta c. anthrocerophyta
c. cycadophyta
which phylum was first to attract insects? a. coniferophtya b. gnetophyta c. cycadophyta d. ginkgophyta
Phylum Psilophyta
whisk ferns, lacking true leaves and roots (secondarily), dichotomously branching stems(2 equal size when it breaks), sporangia borne directly on stem, 3 party symmetry sporangia . smallest species size
Leukocytes
white blood cells, fight infection
birds and dinosaurs lineage
why birds are considered to be reptiles, evolved from dinosaurs
its polyphyletic
why protista isn't considered a valid kingdom
Chemautotrophs
term describes an organism that fixes carbon and absorbs energy from inorganic oxidation?
Classification
the action or process of classifying something according to shared qualities or characteristics.
basidiospores
the haploid spores released by basidia during reproduction, sexual spores
anemophily
wind pollination Corolla typically reduced or absent (incomplete flowers) Produce LOTS of pollen Small flowers Grasses are anemophilous Cause of most pollen allergies is anemophilous plants
lyco-
wolf; doesn't make sense with lycophyta
xyl-
wood
Zooxanthellae
yellow, Dinoflagellates that live within the tissues of reef corals and other marine animals
the three most common colors of corollas
yellow, white, purple
mold
a microscopic fungus we can see without magnetication that feeds on dead material
Bryophtes
a moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants. dominant gametophyte , small plant, moist usually, water required for sperm dispersal
Neurons
a nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system Receives impulses via dendrites Transmits neurons via axons
Paramecium
a protist with cilia and two types of nuclei ex of Ciliophora
Prosoma
also the cephalothorax
Gymnamoeba
amoeba, psuedopods(lobopodia), most are benthic, some planktonic, marine freshwater, has parasitic forms
Entamoeba histolytica
amoebic dysentery ex of gymnamobea
inflorescence
an arrangement of flowers on a branch or stem
conidiophore
an asexual specialized fungal hypha that produces conidia
crystalline style
an enzyme-releasing rod in the stomach of bivalves
Griffith's experiment
an experiment carried out by Griffith using the heat-killed bacteria in mice to discover that a factor in heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria can "transform" harmless bacteria into ones that can cause disease
Trichoderma
an imperfect fungi that controls other fungi, found in soil
facultative anaerobes
anaerobes that can live with or without oxygen
obligate anaerobic
anaerobes that die in presence of oxygen
-plesio
ancestral
plesiomorphic
ancestral characteristic
Archeplastida
ancient plastids , all phyla photosynthetic
zoochory
animal dispersal
Heterotrophic
animals are a. chemoautotropic b. heterotrophic c. autotrophic
Phylum Anthrocerophyta
anthoceros (our local genus), hornlike sporophyte; dehiscent(split open), photosynthetic sporophyte, nonvascular , simple charophyte like thallus, no flowers
Apicomplexa
apical. complex, flagellated microgametes, pellice(3 membranes),complex life. cycles(haploid dominant),sporozoite, trophozoite, merozoite, oocyst
Rhynchocoel
cavity present above the mouth that houses the proboscis
Corn (Zea mays)
example of Poaceae
Rice (Oryza sativa)
example of Poaceae
Wheat (Triticum)
example of Poaceae
bamboo (bambusoideae)
example of Poaceae
Circulatory System
(aka cardiovascular system) Organ system, functions as internal distribution of materials
Korarchaeota
(young man) one of the 4 kingdoms of Archaea, hot springs
angiosperm life cycle
- Gametophyte development - Pollination - Double fertilization - Seed development
Order Scorpiones
- scorpions -chelate pedipalps -metasoma with sting -Vaejovis carolinensis - only local species
Order Araneae
- spiders -chelicerae =fangs, with venom -silk produced from spinnerets -males mate with pedipalps
Lophophorates
-Lophophore -ciliated ridge -feeding -3 Phyla: P. Ectoprocta, P. Brachiopodia, P. Phoronida
Melittophily
-bee pollination -yellow, purple, white, UV light - Nectar guides- purple or UV to direct bees - corbicula or "pollen baskets" on hind legs
moving, dancing
-chory
loving
-phily
Hexactinellida
A benthic sponge with siliceous 6-rayed spicules is most likely in class
Phylum Rotifera (rotifers)
-pseudocoelomates -microscopic -aquatic (marine and freshwater) -corona of cili used for filter feeding -mostly sexual reproduction Wheel bearer" Wheels= Corona Cilia beat in metachronal synchrony Currents bring food to the mastax, a modified pharynx
pistol
1 or many fused carpels
microphyll
1 strand of vascular tissue/leaf
Peranema
1 trailing and 1 leading flagellum (thickened by paraxial rod except at tip)
Nemotoda Characteristics
1. Bilateral symmetry 2. Cylindrical, unsegmented body 3. Pseudocoelomate 4. Complete digestive system 5. Dioecious (sexes are separate) 6. Body wall with longitudinal muscle fibers
Arthropoda CHARACTERISTICS
1. Jointed appendages 2. Chitinous exoskeleton 3. Segmented body divided into distinct body regions: head, thorax and abdomen; cephalothorax and abdomen; or head and trunk 4. Extreme cephalization 5. Highly developed sense organs 6. Specialized respiratory structures
Evolutionary trends in animals
1. Planes of symmetry 2. Levels of organization 3. Embryological development 4. Body cavity
life cycle of ascomycota
1. in sexual part, two compatible haploid hyhphae become intertwined to form an ascogonium and an antheridium 2. ascogonium acts as female and accepts nuclei from the antheridium after plasmogamy has occured 3. the resultant dikaryon is then capable of forming cup shaped ascocarp 4. asci begin to form on surface of the ascocarp at tips of dikaryotic mycelium 5. karyogamy occurs to form highly transient diploid nucleus 6. diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis giving 4 haploid nuclei 7. after additional round of mitosis, the ascus now contains 8 haploid nuclei 8. these 8 nuclei will develop into 8 ascospores which are released from the ascus 9. hadploid mycelia arise from the aforementioned ascospores as the sexual cycle begins again
three ways to be gram negative
1. outer layer covering cell wall with peptidoglycan 2. no cell wall 3. cell wall with no peptidoglycan
Five types of epithelial tissue
1. stratified squamous- cube- replaces cells in mouth 2. cubodial- cylinder- makes up kidney and thyroid, secretion 3. simple columnar- brick- secretion is important-digestive juices 4. simple squamous- cube- functions diffusion- blood vessels 5. pseudostratified columnar- cube- forms mucous, respiratory
The Four synapomorphies shared in Phylum Chordata
1.Notochord- cartilaginous skeletal rod 2.Dorsal tubular nerve cord 3.Pharynx with gill slits 4.Postanal tail
Decapods
10 legs Lobster, Crayfish, crabs, and shrimp,
chelicerae
1st pair of mouthparts in chelicerates that contain fangs and are used to stab and paralyze prey
Triploblastic
3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Myxogastrida, choanoflagellata, gymnamoeba
3 phyla of unikonta
Class Asteroidea
5 arms, or multiples of 5 Most are predatory Pyloric and cardiac (eversible) stomachs Tube feet, within ambulacral groove, used for locomotion Pedicellariae 1 arm plus 1/5 of central disc - can regenerate entire body Asterias spp. (Ex. Sea stars, starfish)
Melitta quinquiesperforata
5-holed sand dollar P: Echinodermata C: Echinoidea
Alveolates
A is for
osculum
A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled
flagella
A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated. bacteria flagella is strutted different from eukaryotes (no microtubules)
Forams
A marine protozoan that secretes a shell and extends pseudopodia through pores in its shell ex of foraminifera
fruit
A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal. can be dry or fleshy
lateral meristems
A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems. secondary growth
Homoplasy
An analogous trait or characteristic
Gymnodinium
A protist with two flagella that causes toxic blooms called red tides. ex of dinoflagellates
Radiolarians
A protist, usually marine, with a shell generally made of silica and pseudopodia that radiate from the central body. ex of radiolaria
C. Cestoda
A scolex, proglottids, oncosphere larvae and a cysticercus are all found in. what class?a
Staphyococcus
A sphere-shaped bacterium that grows colonially in a grape-like fashion might be called
Streptococcus
A sphere-shaped bacterium that grows colonially in a twisted chain
symplesiomorphy, all
An ancestral characteristic or ___ is a trait that evolved from a group's ancestor and is present in ___ of its descendants a.symplesiomorphy, all b.synapomorphy, all, c.synapomorphy, some, d.monophyly, all
vascular tissue system
A system formed by xylem and phloem throughout a vascular plant, serving as a transport system for water and nutrients, respectively.
heterosporous
A term referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores that develop into male gametophytes and megaspores that develop into female gametophytes.
endospores
A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions. tennis shaped "shell" formed around nucleiod
Axon
A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
spore
A tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism, first haploid cell in plant
Bones
A type of connective tissue Only in higher vertebrates Mineralized Osteoblasts produce a collagen matrix Ca2+, Mg2+, PO42- join the matrix to make harden bones
other tissues
Accessory fruits have _____ other than ovary wall
Alabama specific fish
Alabama cavefish, (Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni) vermilion darter (Etheostoma chermocki) Alabama sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus suttkusi) Cahaba shiner (Notropis cahabae) all threatened and on verge of extinction C: Osteichthyes
Viruses
Alive through host
Phylum Trilobita
All extinct by end of Permian era (~250 MYA) right before dinosaurs Tagmata= head, thorax, abdomen 3-Lobed abdomen Branched (biramous) appendages
Class Calcarea
All marine Calcareous spicules Small All 3 body types
Class Polychaeta
All marine, "Many setae", Often with distinct head (antennae and eyes), Parapodia in most, respiration and feeding, sedentary or errant
Monocot flowering family
Amaryllidaceae Poaceae Arecaceae Orchidaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllis Family , monocots, money maker
Haploid
An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.
Photoheterotroph
An organism that can produce ATP from sunlight but requires carbon from other organisms to build structural molecules is a(n):
heterotrophic
An organism that cannot make its own food, eats other organism
an aggregate
An what fruit is the magnolia fruit?
Tapeworm life cycle
Animals eat egg. Egg hatches. Tapeworm attaches to intestine and lives. Tapeworm releases eggs in animal's feces.
Orders of amphibia
Anura, Caudata, Gymnophiona
Asteraceae
Daisy (Sunflower) family (Eudicot)
Class Hexactinellida
Deep marine spp. Siliceous, 6-rayed spicules Body sycon/leucon intermediate Cells fused as syncytium Spongicola shrimpsymbionts
fibrous connective tissue
Dense tissue, large number of collagen fibers organized into parallel bundles. Includes ligaments and tendons.
-apo
Derived
Class Echinoidea
Dermal ossicles fused - test Movable spines Pedicellariae Melitta quinquiesperforata - 5-holed sand dollar (Ex. Urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits, etc.)
Phylum Chordata
Deuterostomes Eucoelomate Bilaterally symmetrical Has 4 shared things *At some stage in their development SubP: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata
cubiodal epithelium
Dice-shaped (cubes) Secretion specialists Line Kidney tubules, Glands (thyroid, salivary)
Mesoderm
Diploblastic animals do not have
4 phyla of excavata
Diplomonadida, Parabasala, Kinetoplastida,Euglenophyta
Endochory
Dispersal of seeds on the inside of animals by eating them
Ectochory
Dispersal of seeds on the outside of animals by attaching to them "hitchhikers"
Phylum Mollusca
Diverse!, Size range - microscopic to the largest of all invertebrates (giant squid, Architeuthis), Economic importance - food, pearls, shells, fossils(petroleum), Foot, Mantle, Radula, Crystalline style, Head (some), Well developed organ systems (circulatory, excretory), Soft bodied mollusks
zygotic->gametic->sporic
Eukarya evolution trend Sporic meiosis is more derived than zygotic and gametic meiosis
isomorphic-> heteromorphic
Eukarya evolution trend being heteromorphic is more derived than isomorphic
Sea Biscuit
Don't confuse with a sand dollar P: Echinodermata C: Echinoidea
Order Odonata
Dragonflies and Damselflies (hemimetabolous)
facultative anaerobe
E. coli is a gram-negative bacteria that can use oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, DMSO, and a few other compounds as its final electron acceptor in cellular respiration. This makes E. coli a(n
Diplomonadida
Each cell has two nuclei, each associated with 2,4,8 flagella; Very deep-branching early eukaryote, lack mitochrondria, most anaerobic, live in guts of insects or veterbrates, heterotrophic, free living
Annelida
Each member of which phylum has an excretory system composed of 2 nephridia per segment?
apical meristem
Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.(root and shoots), primary growth, increase in height and depth(taller and deeper)
Phylum Glomeromycota
Endomycorrhizal fungi Mutualistic root-inhabitants Arbuscules (little trees) 90% of plant families! all asexual biotropic
unicellular->colonial->multicellular
Eukarya evolution trend Multicellular is more derived than unicellular and colonial
Conjugation
In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined by pilli
Fibroblasts
In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.
telson
In horseshoe crab, long spiked tail that is used in locomotion, helps balance them and flip when needed
Osteon units
In mammals, Concentric layers of mineralized matrix around a central blood vessel/nerve canal
Monophyletic AND Holophyletic
In order for a grouping to be a clade, it ideally would be: Monophyletic Holophyletic Paraphyletic Polyphyletic A and B
homospory
In seedless vascular plants, the production of just one type of spore.
Cysticercus
In the Taenia sagittatalife cycle, what structure everts once inside the human digestive system?
D. Diplomonadida
In the lab, you look into the microscope and you see a protist with 2 nuclei and 2 flagella. Which of the following phyla does that protist likely belong to? Dinoflagellata Choanoflagellata Euglenophyta Diplomonadida -2,4,8 FLAGELLA
both gametic and zygotic depending o organisms
In the sexual life cycle of plants, which is the dominant ploidy? 1N-ZYGOTIC 2N-GAMETIC (HUMANS) Both are correct, depending on the organism Neither are correct
Subphylum Vertebrata
Includes 3 major groups of fish, as well as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. teeth---> jaws---> rest of skeleton
Hemimetabolous
Incomplete metamorphosis where the immature resemble the adults but some features are missing or different (wings, reproductive organs, color, shape, etc.). egg->nymph(or naiads(aquatic))-> dragonflies ex)bigs, grasshoppers, roaches, dragonflies
Solitary inflorescence
Indicates a single flower with a pedicel attached to the stem.
they are holometabolous
Insects that only produce wings as adults, such as flies, beetles, bees, and butterflies are
Iridaceae
Iris Family (monocots)
Main Components of Excretory System
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra are the
monophyletic, holophyletic kingdom
Kingdom Fungi is what kind of kingdom?
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom of domain bacteria
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom of domain eukarya
Anatomy of adult tunicate
Know where the oral siphon, atrial siphon, anus, pharynx with gill slits, stomach, heart, atrium, and coelom is
Symplesiomorphy trait
Lacking a nucleus is a _____ (prokaryotes)
simple columnar epithelium
Large cells Brick-shaped Sites of secretion/active absorption Secretes digestive juices Absorbs nutrients Intestinal lining
b. phaeophyta
Large, multicellular algae, many kelps
Bat Flowers
Large, wide, white flowers Bell or disc shaped Open at night May smell like fermenting or cabbage Lots of watery nectar
Class Ophiuroidea
Largest class in Echinodermata Central disc Long, slender arms Closed ambulacral groove Tube feet used in feeding Grasp food with arms, or filter feed Locomotive with arm movement, most mobile among phylum (Ex. Brittle stars, serpent stars, basket stars)
Class Demospongiae
Largest class of Porifera 80% of all spp. Marine and freshwater Silicious spicules Spongin fibers (one or both) Leucon body type
Blood
Liquid connective tissue ECM = plasma (90%Water, Salts, Soluble proteins) Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets
Plasma
Liquid part of blood, made mostly of water, in which oxygen, nutrients, and minerals are dissolved very important , sustains life
Order Squamata
Lizards and Snakes the largest recent order of reptiles, differences between lizards and snakes are the limbs, snakes hear through vibrations from skull while lizards hear from ears, lizards can move eyes, lizards shed tail in danger, snakes have flexible jaws
Immune System
Organ system, functions to protect the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances
lophophore, trochophore
Lophotrochozoans have either a ________________ feeding structure or a ____________ larva
Ground Pine
Lycopodium obscurum; not real pine
Mammal synapomorphies
Mammary glands Keratinized hair, nails, claws, antlers, horns Four-chambered heart Homeothermy Possess sweat, scent, and sebaceous glands in skin Diphyodont and heterodont
Phylum Phoronida
Marine Chitinous tube dwelling Worm-like U-shaped gut
Class Hirudinea
Marine, freshwater and terrestrial forms, Ectoparasitic and predaceous, No setae, No septa dividing segments, Superficial segmentation in the form of annuli, Oral and posterior suckers(some w/o oral sucker), Hirudo medicinalis - medicinal leech
Class Oligochaeta
Marine, freshwater,and terrestrial forms, "Few setae", Clitellum , earth worms
ray-finned fish
Member of the class Actinopterygii, aquatic osteichthyans with fins supported by long, flexible rays, including tuna, bass, and herring, basically rest of fish
Pine life cycle
Microsporocytes undergo meiosis each=4 haploid microspores. Each microspore = a winged pollen grain consisting of 2 prothallial cells, generative cell, and tube cell. This 4-celled pollen grain represents the immature microgametophyte. (Male) When the pollen grain contacts the megasporangium, germination occurs and a pollen tube begins to grow toward the developing megagametophyte. About 1 year after pollination the generative cell of the microgametophyte undergoes divison= a sterile cell (stalk) and a spermatogenous cell (body). Spermatogenous cell divides into 2 sperm cells which make their way to the egg. one sperm fuses with egg nucleus and the other dies. (Female)
Lamiaceae
Mint family (Eudicot)
Bird Flowers
No scent Bright colors, red, pink, orange Long, stiff, curved floral tubes to accommodate beaks seeking nectar
Smooth Muscle Tissue
No striation In walls of (Digestive tract, Bladder, Arteries, Other internal organs) Spindle-shaped cells Involuntary movements 1 nuclei per cell
hold bacteria
Nodules in pea plants ______
Biodiversity
Number of species , genera, (about 30 mill species+)
in anaerobic organisms
O2 form water
7 Big Orders of Class Insects
Odonata Orthoptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Diptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera
Unikonta
One of five supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. This clade, which is supported by studies of myosin proteins and DNA, consists of amoebozoans and opisthokonts. not photosynthetic, 1 flagella, paraphyletic
a. Euglenophyta
Only some members photosynthetic by secondary endosymbiosis
atriopore
Opening from the atrium to the outside of the body to release water
Orders under Class Arachnida
Order Araneae, Scorpiones, Acari, Opiliones
Two Orders of Crustacea to know
Order Maxillopoda, Malacostraca
Respiratory System
Organ system, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment
Skeletal Muscle System
Organ system, functions for body support, protection, movement
Reproductive System
Organ system, functions for gamete production, fertilization, embryo support
Muscular System
Organ system, functions for manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
Digestive System
Organ system, functions in food processing, ingestion, digestion,absorption, elimination
Nervous System
Organ system, functions in the detection of stimuli, coordination of body activities
Endocrine System
Organ system, functions to coordination of body activities
Excretory System
Organ system, functions to disposal of metabolic wastes, osmoregulation of blood
important imperfect fungi
Penicillium Aspergillus Rhizoctonia Trichoderma
Portuguese man-of-war
Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa looks like a true jellyfish but isn't colonial
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum of flatworms, mostly parasitic, some are free living, typically simple gut or no gut
B. Myxogastrida
Physarum polycephalum is a member of what phylum? Choanoflagellata Myxogastrida Gymnamoeba Animalia
Phylum Coniferophyta
Pines Firs. Spruces Yews Hemlock. Redwood Sequoia Larch Juniper Cedar has the oldest, biggest, and tallest trees biggest plant phyla size wise
Main Components of Endocrine System
Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal etc are the
ground tissue system
Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support. fills space in-between DTS and VTS, Not root tissue
Plasmodium Life Cycle (Malaria)
Plasmodium life cycle and malaria: 1. When a mosquito (anopheles) carrying the infective stage of plasmodium, called a sporozoite, bites a human, sporozoites can be injected into the human. The sporozites are carried by the blood to the liver 2.) They undergo schizogony in liver cells and produce thousands of progeny called merozoites 3.) Merozoites enter the bloodstream and infect RBC 4.) Merozoite develops into ring stage in RBC 5.) The ring stage enlarges and divides repeatedly 6.) The RBC eventually ruptures and release more merozoites. Merozoites infect new RBC or some develop into male and female sexual forms (gametocytes) 7.) They can be picked up by the bite of another mosquito; they then enter the mosquito's intestine and begin their sexual cycle. 6.) Here the male and female gametocytes unite to form a zygote. The zygote forms an oocyst, in which cell division occurs and asexual sporozoites are formed. 9.) When the oocyst ruptures, the sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands of the mosquito. They can then be injected into a new human host by the biting mosquito.
3 protostome phyla
Platyhelminthes, , Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa
Sub Phyla of Acoelomates
Platyhelminthes, Nemertea
Classes of Annelida
Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea
4 classes of mollusca
Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda
Synapomorphic traits
Prokaryotes have shared derived characteristics so they are
Chemoautotrophic
Prokaryotes that use inorganic chemicals as their energy source and are the producers in deep-sea vent communities
Tagmata
Prominent body regions in arthropods, such as the head, thorax, and abdomen in insects
Bilatera Phyla
Protosomes(Acoelomates, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa)
General Arthropod Characteristics
Protostome eucoelomates •Metameric "through parts" •Tagmosis = body arrangment , tagmata- body parts •Jointed appendages •Exoskeleton= complex cuticle •Protein + lipid + chitin (+CaCO3) - secreted by epidermis •Ecdysis, exuvium
Rhizarians
R is for
Nervous Tissue
Receive, process, transmit information neurons glial cells
Rhodophyta
Red algae: marine, multicellular; macro algae, cold water; grow at great depths; source of agar and carageenan(in ice cream) photosynthetic
metasoma
Tail of scorpion
Orders of Reptilia
Testudines, Squamata, Sphenodonta, Crocodilia, Aves
Scolex
The anterior end of a cestode tapeworm is called a
receptacle
The base of a flower; the part of the stem that is the site of attachment of the floral organs.
septate
The condition of having cell walls that separate hyphae into individual cells
Arthropoda
The most diverse animal phylum, containing ecdysozoan animals with a segmented body and an exoskeleton.
Excuvium
The old shed skin left behind after an insect molts is known as the _________.
dermal tissue system
The outer protective covering of plants. like skin, prevents water loss
hypocotyl
The part of a plant embryo directly below the cotyledons, forming a connection with the radicle. above ground tissue but below first leaves
nucleoid
The prokaryotic chromosome is found in a region called the:
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms (1 taxon, 2 taxa)
Peduncle
The stalk of a flower.
Anatomy
The study of body structure
calcareous
The tests of Foraminiferans are
siliceous
The tests of Radiolarians are
horizontal gene transfer (HGT)
The transfer of genes from one cell to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms. not by cell division
Order Sphenodonta
The tuatara is a strange, lizard-like animal of New Zealand with a remnant 3rd eye that can be seen on the top of the head of young animals.
Plastron
The ventral (bottom) part of a turtle's shell, derived from sternum
Sea star
This animal is predacious, has pyloric and cardiac stomaches, and tube feet. What is it?
Polychaeta
This class has members both sedentary and errant, but all members have many chaetae
a. Foraminifera
This protist has chambered tests made of calcium carbonate and has a net-like pseudopodia. This protist likely belongs to which phylum? Foraminifera Radiolara Ciliphora Bacillariophyta (calcarous)
Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea
Three domains
Hazelnut
True botanical nut
Classes of Platyhelminthes
Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda
Paramecium multimicronucleatum
Typically has one macronucleus and 4 or more micronuclei. 3 or more contractile vacuoles.(Phylum: Ciliophora)
Phylum Uniramia
Uniramous appendages •Mandibles (not chelicerae) •1 pair antennae
Auto-
Unshared
Ostia
Water enters a sponge through the
Phylum Gnetophyta
Welwitschia, "two leaves can not die", tweeblaarkanniedood, on desert(driest on earth), leaves are turned down, Nambia, Gnetum, Ephedra
Rotifer
What animal would have a corona and mastax?
Cartilage in the vertebral discs, nose, outer ear
What cartilage remains after the embryonic skeleton is replaced by bone?
C. Chrondrichthyes, it has gill slits , a spiracle, and placoid scales
What class in Subphylum Vertebrata does this stingray belong to? How do you know?
C. Crinoidea, It has long branched arms
What class is this Sea Lilly in? How do you know?
C. Ophiuroidea, pentamerous and has extended arms
What class is this basket star in? How can you tell?
C. Holothuroidea, it has an extended oral/aboral axis, spacious coelom
What class is this sea apple in? How do you know?
C. Concentricycloidea
What class of Echinodermata was just recently discovered? (Hint: they're extremely small!)
C. Anthozoa
What class of cnidarians has no medusa members?
the Bones
What connective tissue is only found in higher vertebrates?
b. chlorophyta
What group of protists will appear to be green in color? Rhodophyta Chlorophyta Phaeophyta Ciliophora
Octopus
What has a chambered nautilus shell with a siphuncle?
loose connective tissue
What is the most widespread type of tissue in vertebrate bodies?
a. Archeplastida
What is the name of the clade that contains the Plantae, Rhodophyta, and Chlorophyta? Archaeplastida Stramenopila Rhizaria Unikonta
small circular loop
What is the shape of a plasmid? Long, thin,whiplike Small, circular loop Large, round mass
Cuticle
What is the structure that is molted in nematodes?
d. Apicomplexa
What phylum contains the malaria causal agent, Plasmodium? Gymnamoeba Alveolata Archaeplastida Apicomplexa
c. Phaeophyta
What phylum is characteristic partly for its organisms' holdfast? Rhodophyta Chlorophyta Phaeophyta Bacilliariophyta
goggle apparatus. (the folds)
What structure does a parabasal body most closely resemble? Mitochondria Ribosome Golgi Apparatus-FOLDS Endoplasmic Reticulum
cytopharynx
What structure in Paramecium is analogous to our throats?
Oogamous (humans)
What term best describes the gametes that combine to form a zygote that will grow into a human? Isogamous Oogamous Anisogamous Hologamous
complete gut
What type of gut do nemertea worms have?
Alligators have rounded noses, boxier heads, and you'll see more of the maxillary teeth crocodiles have angular noses, triangular heads you'll see all of the teeth
Whats the difference between crocodile and alligators?
in a swamp
Where would you expect to find methanogenic Archaea?
C. Hexactinellida
Which Class does NOT belong in phylum Cnidaria? a.Cubozoa b.Hydrozoa c.Anthozoa d.Hexactinellida
Chytridiomycota
Which fungal phyla is the only one to have flagellated zoospores
The wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat
Which of these is an example of analogous structures? The wings of two different species of butterflies The wing of a butterfly and the leg of a human The right and left wings of a butterfly The wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat
Peptidoglycan layer
Which of these structures is most important in gram staining? Peptidoglycan layer Outer membrane Cytoplasm Capsule
Annelida, Mollusks, Rotifera, Gastrotricha and Ectoprocta, Phoronida, Brachiopoda
Which phyla of Lophotrochozoans have trochophores? Which have locophores?
Ametabolous
Without Metamorphosis; Young resembles the adult, except smaller. egg->immature->adult. No wings ex) silver fish or springtails
P. Zygomycota
You are eating a sandwich and notice some green fuzz on the bread. This green fuzz is most likely a member of
hemocoel
a blood cavity within the bodies of certain invertebrates in which blood bathes tissues directly; part of an open circulatory system
trochophore
a free-swimming, ciliated larva of many worms and some mollusks
giant sequoia
a giant redwood tree; Sequoiddodandrum giganteum
Monophyly
a group including all the descendants of a common ancestor - desirable classification, monophyletic
Opisthosoma
abdomen
Pathogens
about 70% is caused by it
Endothermic
absorbs heat from the surroundings
diuretic
agent that increases urine output
druplet
aggregate of drupes, raspberries, blackberries, pits, 1 flower and many carpels
Phylum Nematoda
aka the roundworms; very long and narrow; body symmetry: bilateral; eg. ascaris Diverse, abundant, ubiquitous, Parasitic in plants and animals, Free-living in marine, freshwater and terrestrial, Longitudinal muscles only
corolla
all petals(sterile)
vascular
all seed plants are
calyx
all the sepals
Order Crocodilia
alligators, crocodiles, caimans 4 chambered heart, separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, some warm blooded don't shed scales good mothers
Class Cubozoa
box jellies and Chironex flickeri (sea wasps)
panicle inflorescence
branching of the pedicels with flowers
Euyarchaeota
broad, one of the four kingdoms of Archaea, methanogens, extreme halophiles, (swamp, gas)
Psychophily
butterfly pollination
perianth
calyx and corolla together
Euglena
can tell when in light or not, will move towards light
Order Carnivora
carnivores divided into dog like and cat like suborders Carniformia and Feliformia
Class Chondrichthyes
cartilaginous fish; basal members of Gnathostomata spiracles dermal denticles(placoid scales) (Ex. sharks, skates, rays)
Suborder Feliformia
cat-like carnivores (Ex. Tigers, Lions, Meerkats, mongooses, hyenas)
Plasmodium
causes malaria ex of apicomplexa
3
chloroplasts have ____ membranes
Class Bivalvia
clams, mussels, scallops, oysters, flattened shell with 2 valves, paired gills, no radula, mostly suspension feeders, incurrent and excurrent siphons ex.Tridacna giganteus
Phylum Basidiomycota
club fungi, mushrooms and toadstools, no asexual spores, sexual spores = basidiospores which are produced on basidium
Phylum Lycophyta
club mosses, ground pine, resurrection plant, quillwort; possess true roots, stems, and leaves. asexual reproduction by rhizomes. sporangia occur on sporophylls clustered in strobili.seedless vascular, some homosporous, some heterosporous
Phylum Lycophyta
club mosses, resurrection plant, microphylls, strobulis, some homosporous, some heterosporous
sorus (-i)
clusters of sporangia
gynoecium
collective term for carpels
androecium
collective term for stamens
Volvox
colonial green algae, ex of chlorophyta
strobilus
compact cluster of spore-bearing structures in some seedless vascular plant sporophytes
Holometabolous
complete metamorphosis Most recently derived - egg--> larva-->pupa-->adult (imago) ex)Flies, beetles, wasps, butterflies, etc.
Major types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Kindgom Protista
eukaryotic, unicellular, some are photosynthetic, some are consumers
Order Artiodactyla
even-toed ungulates most ruminants and non-ruminants (Ex. cattle, sheep, goat, deer, elk, pigs, hippos)
Clade
evolutionary branch of a cladogram that includes a single ancestor and all its descendants
Daffodil (Narcissus)
example of Amaryllidaceae
Garlic (Allium sativum)
example of Amaryllidaceae
Onion (Allium cepa)
example of Amaryllidaceae
Chrysanthemum (C. X morifolium)
example of Asteraceae
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
example of Asteraceae
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
example of Asteraceae
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
example of Asteraceae
Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus)
example of Asteraceae
artichoke (Cynara cardunculus)
example of Asteraceae
Thermophilic
extreme heat
Planarians
eyes are sensitive to light, auricle- little ears but can't hear chemical sensors, mouth is also anus
deciduous
falling off at a specific season or stage of growth as of leaves; Ex. ginkophyta
pathogenic
famous bacteria are _____, but not a lot
pinnules
feather like arms in class of Echinodermata
archegoniophore
female container (like a palm tree)
Reticular Fibers
fibers that join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
Elastic Fibers
fibers that make tissues elastic, able to return to form in connective tissues
Collagenous Fibers
fibers that provide strength and flexibility in connective tissue
Drupe
fleshy fruit with a stony endocarp (pit), peach, nectarine, cherries
Berry
fleshy throughout, no pit/core, Pepo, hesiperdium, and regular berries
Pome
fleshy, has core, accessory fruits, (apple, pear)
Order Diptera
flies only order of insects with 2 wings hind wings help balance holometabolous
Angiosperms
flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit, most successful lineage of plants, only one phyla (Anthophyta/ Magnoliaphyta), >250,000 species
Fly Flowers
flowers look like meat/corpses Red, brown, white Often striated (striped), and hairy Often smell like corpses Some very large flowers
body cavity (coelom)
fluid or air filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall
chondroitin sulfate
provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels
Phylum Equisetophyta
horsetails, scouring rushes, and pot scrubbers can be called Anthrophtya or Spenophtya. 1 extant genus (Equisetum), hollow ribbed stem, toughened with silica, whorls of microphylls, strobili with sporangiophores, sporophytes, elaters function in spore disposal
plant only the male tree
how do you get rid of smell of ginkophtya?
4 whorls
how many whorls should an ancestral flower have?
Phylum Cnidaria
hydras, true jellyfish, corals, anemones, two germ layers (diploblastic) , two body forms (Polyp and Medusa)sessile and motile , has cnidocytes, 4 classes
Cnidaria Types of body forms?
hydrozoans, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals. 1. medusa-floating, umbrella-shaped body with tentacles (jelly fish) 2. polyp-sessile cylinder-shaped with rising tentacles (i.e. sea anemones) Some alternative between during their life cycle. two body forms
coenocytic hyphae
hyphae that contain no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with many nuclei
septate hyphae
hyphae with cross walls
coenocytic
hyphae without septa walls
changing of proteins; surface to disguise it
immune system will attack proteins so kinetoplastida ______ on the _____
Penicillium
imperfect fungi in Ascomycota, produce penicillin, a molecule that is used as an antibiotic, which kills or stops the growth of certain kinds of bacteria.
Aspergillus
imperfect fungi in Ascomycota, spores are present in the air we breathe, but does not normally cause illness. In those people with a weakened immune system, damaged lungs or with allergies, can cause disease
perfect
incomplete flowers can still be ____
Filariasis
infection of the blood and tissues of healthy individuals by worm embryos or filariae
Entomophily
insect pollination
most common pollination syndromes
insect, animal, wind,
Ascaris lumbricoides
intestinal obstruction due to adult worms; no eosinophilia, 1/6 of world population is infected by it
Hemoglobin
iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd)
is a fungus that grows under frogs' skin been associated with declining harlequin frog populations fungus from P: Chytridiomycota
Order Malacostraca
isopods, amphipods, krill, decapods, rollie pollie!
Superclass Agnatha
jawless fish (Ex. hagfish and lampreys)
Lamprey
jawless fish, big problem in Great Lakes C: Agnatha
Cnidaria
jellyfish, tissues
positive phototaxis
movement towards light (+) (photosynthesis)
multiple fruit
multiple flowers, one fruit, pineapple,
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
muscle tissue that is striated Attached to bones via tendons Voluntary movements Bundles of long cells: muscle fibers Many cells fuse during. development: multinucleate fibers Sarcomeres
Gymnosperms
naked seed; A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits, 4 extant phyla, vascular, all seed plants, sporophyte dominant, larger plants, reduction of gametophyte generation, heterospory(prerequisite for seeds)
anapsid skull
no openings behind eye socket ex. turtles and tortoises
gametophyte dominant(n)
nonvascular plants are ____ dominant
characteristics of bryophytes
nonvascular, majority of life cycle is haploid, seedless, needs water for sperm dispersal, gametophyte dominant, small, moist habitats
ribosomes bc its shared ancestral
not a synapomorphy of eukaryotes
derived trait
not being seedless in vascular plants is
anatomy of a lancelet
note that it is not the same as the tunicate larvae, the notochord is in head and tail, not just tail
Urochordata larvae
note that larvae has all four traits of chordata
Subphylum Urochordata
notochord in the tail larvae have the 4 traits but adults do not (Ex. tunicates, sea squirts)
Biotrophic
obtain resources from living cells
ovigers
odd structures found only on male pycnogonids
Order Perissodactyla
odd-toed ungulates (Ex. horses, rhinos, zebras, tapirs)
Butterfly flowers
often have tubular corollas to accommodate the proboscis (drinking straw mouth) Often have scents to attract May have landing platform
Bristle cone pine tree
oldest tree >5000 years Pinus attenvata
Monocots
one cotyledon, parallel leaf venation, vascular tissue scattered in stem, fibrous root system(no main root), pollen grain has one opening, floral organs in multiples of 3, monophyletic
photoheterotrophic
organism that is photosynthetic but needs organic compounds as a carbon source
Photoautotrophic
organism that produces own food by photosynthesis
plants, fungus
organisms. with. haploid multicellular
Order Maxillopoda
ostracods, copepods, barnacles, etc. guinea worm
pedipalp
pair of mouthparts in chelicerates that are usually modified to grab prey
parapodia
paired lateral appendages used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration
gill slits
paired openings in the throat behind the mouth, important for filter feeding
all parts of fungus
part of fungi that can take in food and house too.
Fabaceae
pea family (Eudicots), legume
Transformation
process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria (plasmid from environment)
Monoecious plants
produce male and female gametes on the same plant
oil
produced by diatoms photosynthesized YEARS ago
Heterospory
produces both microspores (male gametophytes) & megaspores (female gametophytes)
Clitellum
produces mucus, used for sperm transfer and cocoon formation in annelida
Ovoviviparous
producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body
chemically different from eukaryote cell walls
prokaryotes cell walls are
no cytoskeleton in prokaryotes, prokaryotes move by rotation and eukaryotes move by bending, prokaryotes have smaller, thinner flagella
prokaryotic flagella different than eukaryotic flagella?
Sepals
protect the flower bud
paraphyletic and synamorphic
protists are _____ and have _____ characteristics
Archaea and Bacteria
protists have characteristics derived from
carapace
shell covering the back (of a turtle, tortoise, crab, etc.), derived from ribs and spine
fruticose lichen
shrub-like
madreporite
sievelike structure through which the water vascular system of an echinoderm opens to the outside
Homologous
similar based on shared common ancestry
Mitochondria
similar to alphaprobacteria
chloroplasts
similar to cynabacteria
Yeasts
single celled fungi
filamentous
single celled, made of fine fibers
Arbuscules
site of nutrient exchange between fungus and plants
Main Components of Muscular System
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle are the
Hagfish
slimy tie themselves in knots to escape predator or feed C: Agnatha
dermal ossicles
small calcerous plates that make up endoskeleton
Ophi-
snake, serpent
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
specialized in taxonomy, developed a binomial system of naming organisms according to genus and species that is still used today. Also adopted a system for grouping similar species into a hierarchy of increasingly general categories.
coccus (cocci)
spherical
Spirilla
spiral
Dehiscent fruits
split at maturity and release the seeds (usually more than one)
Proferia
sponges , most ancestral type of animal, basal animals, no symmetry ,cellular level of organization
Phylum Porifera
sponges, has 3 classes
Class Cephalopoda
squid, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish, "Head foot", Mantle forms body tube, Arms and tentacles, Pen(squid only), Chambered nautilus shell with siphuncle octopus have arms, not tentacles
central disc
the central portion of a sea star from which the arms or rays radiate
club mosses
the earliest group of seedless vascular plants; lycophyta
Excavata
the eukaryotic supergroup that contains flagellated single-celled organisms with a feeding groove
Class Mammalia
the extant synapsids mammary glands to produce milk for young hair/fur, claws, nails, horns, antlers of keratin 4 chambered hearts and endothermic/homeothermic of convergent evolution
epicotyl
the portion of seed plant embryo above the cotyledon, turns into stem
Pteriodophyta, equisetophtya, psilophtya
the three phyla that makes the super phylum Monoilophtya
dermal tissue, vascular tissue, ground tissue
the three tissue systems of vascular tissue
Myosin
thick filament
acontia threads
thick threads attached to mesenteries below the filaments. With few nematocysts belonging to some of the same categories as those in the filaments.
Actin
thin filaments
Pinacocytes
thin, flat cells that line the outer surface of a sponge
Unikonta
this protist clade includes animals and fungi
Archeplastida
this protist clade includes plants
Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta
three phyla of bryophytes
Platelets
thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation), triggers mitosis in cells to seal wounds
pedicellariae
tiny pincers that are used for surface maintenance by sea stars and some sea urchins
Cnetophora
tissues, sea gooseberries and combjellies; diploblastic, radial symmetry; bioluminescent, tentacles lack stinging, but have adhesive cells; move by means of eight rows of ciliary combs
regular berries
tomato, blueberry, banana, avocado
seed coat
tough covering that surrounds and protects the plant embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out
Trichina spiralis
trichina worm, caused by eating undercooked pork. spreads to carnivore hosts, larvae matures in small intestine, forms a cysts in the muscles, host dies and then cycle repeats when host is eaten
Phylum Annelida
trochophore larva, segmentation, somites- repeated organs in worms, partitioning of coelom, differentiation of segments, excretory system(pair of nephridia per segment). ex) earth worm
Eucoelomate
true body cavity, An organism that has a complete body cavity where the ectoderm and the endoderm is lined by mesoderm
Order Hemiptera
true bugs (half wing), look for X pattern on back to tell hemimetabolous
Phylum Pteridophyta
true ferns, megaphylls (frond=leaves), usually pinnately compound (looks like a feather) circinate venation, rhizome and adventitious roots, sorus(-i), indusium(-ia), annulus(-i), gametophytes are protenema and prothallus, sporeling. vascular plants that reproduce through spore.
Class Scyphozoa
true jellyfish
Bryophytes
true mosses
Phylum Bryophyta
true mosses, gametophyte dominant, contains: meiospore, protonema, leafy shoots, rhizoids, antheridium (-ia), splash cup, sperm, archegonium (-ia), egg, sporophyte, capsule and seta, placenta, calyptra, operculum, peristome, dispersal, hygroscopic
Porocytes
tubular cells which make up the pores of a sponge known as ostia
Order Testudines
turtles and tortoises backbone, ribs, and sternum fused together to form shell carapace and plastron
strepto-
twisted, twisted chain
Eudicots
two cotyledons, net like veins in leaf venation, vascular tissue arranged in ring in stem, tap root(main root), pollen grain with 3 openings, floral organs in multiples of 4-5, monophyletic
diapsid skull
two openings behind eye socket ex. all reptiles and birds
rhodophtya and chlorophyta
two phyla of archeplastida
Foraminifera and Radiolara
two phyla. of rhizarians
Diphyodont
two sets of teeth in a lifetime, lose baby teeth and replace with adult set
Pholem
type of vascular tissue that carries nutrients and food from place to place inside the cell
characteristics of seedless vascular plants
vascular, seedless(ancestral), larger than bryophytes, sporophyte dominant, gametophytes vary(photosynthetic or not), drier habitats, paraphyletic
raceme inflorescence
unbranched, elongated inflorescence whose flowers are attached to pedicels, not the peduncle
one flagella
unikonta means
zygo-
union or yolk
autopomorphic
unshared, derived characteristic
gills
used for gas exchange, feeding, and brooding
Porphyra tenera -nori
used in seaweed wrap ex of rhodophyta
Chlamydomonas
uunicellular green algae ex of chlorophyta
larger; dry light;photosynthesis
vascular tissue are ____ plants that like ___ habitats and have better access to ___ for ____
photosynthetic/non photosynethetic attached/unattached above/below ground
vascular tissue gametophytes can vary from
sporophyte dominant (2n)
vascular tissue is dominant ____
series of tubes
vascular tissue means...
Xylem
vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
Cambium
vascular tissue that produces xylem and phloem cells as a plant grows, change in VTS
root, stems, and leaves
vascular tissues organs
zygotic meiosis
zygote undergoes meiosis immediately after it is formed, all individuals that are produced are haploid until the next zygote is formed. life is spent mostly haploid. mitosis occurs haploid (fungi, some protists) most ancestral of life cycles
zygotic meiosis
zygote undergoes meiosis to form haploid offspring, fungi undergo this
Class Chilopoda
•Centipedes Predaceous •Poison claws •1 pr. legs/segment can have 30-300 legs •Tagmosis: head + trunk
Phylum Chelicerata
•Chelicerae •Ancestrally chelate but may be fangs, needle -like or raptorial) •pedipalps •4 pair of legs NO ANTENNAE •Tagmosis= cephalothorax + abdomen = prosoma+ opisthosoma
Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
•Marine •2 calcified shells -Each symmetrical but upper different from the lower •Some with pedicel •Many fossil species
Class Insecta
•Over 1 million described species!!! •Tagmosis= head + thorax + abdomen •0, 1 or 2 pairs of wings •3 pairs of walking legs thorax holds the locomotive structure
Class Gastropoda
•Snails, slugs, cowry, limpets, abalone, conchs, "Belly foot", Torsion
Class Arachnida
•Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, vinegaroons, tailless whipscorpions, daddy long legs, pseudoscorpions •most are predaceous (also parasites and detritivores) •some are venomous, no antennae
Phylum Crustacea
•marine!, freshwater, terrestrial •2 pairs of Antennae (unique in Arthropoda) •branched appendages =BIRAMOUS •mandibles(jaw-like mouth parts) •tagmosis= cephalothorax + abdomen monophyletic
