Bio Final Calpoly 111

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season instead of developing a universal flu vaccine?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

Mendel crossed pea plants dominant for two different traits (tall and green pods) with pea plants recessive for those same two traits (short and yellow pods). This cross resulted in pea plants that had combinations of all four traits (tall with green pods, tall with yellow pods, short with green pods, and short with yellow pods). Which law of inheritance best describes why this happens?

The law of independent assortment

What is a disease's R0?

The number of people who will contract an illness from a single individual in a population with no pre-existing immunity.

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.

what is translation

Translation is the process of reading codons to bring in complementary amino acids.

Evolution will only occur when changes in genetic information are passed on to the next generation.

True

During gene therapy, bone marrow stem cells are removed from the individual. What must happen to those cells before they are injected back into the individual?

Viruses act as vectors to carry the normal gene into the genome of the stem cells.

Which of the following blood cells would be measured to evaluate a patient for cancer?

White blood cells

In a chemical reaction, the energy in ATP is provided by splitting the ATP molecule between the

adenosine diphosphate and phosphate

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the __________.

adipose tissue

Which of the following best describes how the flu virus may impact the respiratory system? 1. The proteins produced by the virus interfere with the ability of epithelial cells to move materials in and out of lung tissue, resulting in fluid buildup in the lungs. 2. Epithelial cells see an increase in function as they try to adapt to the viral load of surrounding cells. 3. The immune system prompts a decrease in blood flow, which results in the lungs becoming dry. A hacking cough can be produced.

all of the above

In the process of feedback inhibition the end product binds to the ______ to block the biochemical pathway.

allosteric site of the first enzyme of the pathway

Primary structure of protein

amino acids in a linear structure

corresponding molecule of the following enzyme: starch

amylase

During previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune system's inability to fully recognize and respond to flu exposure. As a result, vaccine effectiveness could be as low as 30%. This is an example of __________.

antigenic drift

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called __________.

antigenic shift

Cell fragmentation is also known as

apoptosis

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils.

If a gene mutation occurs that results in a premature stop codon in the mRNA sequence, the protein will __________

be incomplete

If a gene mutation occurs that results in a premature stop codon in the mRNA sequence, the protein will __________.

be incomplete

Adaptive immunity differs from the innate immune system in its abililty to respond to specific pathogen antigens. The antigens trigger

both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

Radiation is targeted cancer therapy that works by

breaking the DNA and introducing mutations

Alkylating agents work by

breaking the DNA and introducing mutations.

The purpose of ______ is to pass a copy of a cell's gene to cells in the next generation. The purpose of ______ is to pass the parents' genes onto the next generation.

cell division; sexual reproduction

Interphase consists of

cellular growth (G1), DNA synthesis (S), and final steps to enter into mitosis (G2)

___ was able to determine that within a molecule of DNA, the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine

chargaff

At the cellular level, solar energy is harvested in the __________.

chloroplast

Prophase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during prophase?

chromosomes condense

What type of dominance is type AB

codominance

goal of cell division ordered steps

condensing of chromosomes, alignment of sister chromatids, separation, and then cell division

A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection?

directional selection

___ is responsible for positioning and joining complementary base pairs during the process of DNA replication.

dna polymerase

Benign tumors are not considered a threat because they

do not spread or cause more tumors.

The second law of thermodynamics states that

during the transfer of energy, some energy is lost as heat.

Tumor suppressor genes jobn

examine the DNA for damage before the cell divides

7 The role of NAD+ in cellular respiration is to move high-energy neutrons during the breakdown of glucose.

false

All cells are specialized to have the same function.

false

An organic nutrient that contains a hydrophilic functional group would have difficulty dissolving in water.

false

During an influenza infection, most of the symptoms felt are caused by the virus destroying the host cells.

false

Energy drinks contain large amounts of energy.

false

If a mutation occurs that results in the change of an amino acid, this will not alter the shape of the protein, and the protein will function the same.

false

Mutations in DNA can result in cancerous cells. These cells are structurally altered but their functions remain normal.

false

The closer two organisms are related, the more time there has been for mutations to occur in the genetic information.

false

The life span of normal cells and cancerous cells is the same.

false

Which of the following is not likely to be found in large quantities in an energy drink?

fats

As influenza A progresses through the respiratory tract, the ______ of the virus identify host epithelial cells and attach to the cell surface.

h spikes

Cellular respiration is a process that

harvests the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes __________.

have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates

Carbon dioxide is converted into ______ before it is transported to the alveoli.

hemogloblin

Red blood cells contain millions of __ molecules per cell.

hemogloblin

what do centromeres do

hold sister chromatids together

Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ______ structures. Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as wings of bats and birds, are called ______ structures.

homologous, analogous

what phase do cells spend most of their time in

interphase

name the two most major parts of the cell cycle

interphase and mitosis

corresponding molecule of the following enzyme: lactose

lactase

One benefit of radiation over chemotherapy is that radiation

limits the number of healthy cells affected.

At the end of gene expression, the amino acids are in a ______ structure. This is also the ______ structure of a protein.

linear; primary

corresponding molecule of the following enzyme: Fats

lipase

At the cellular level, enzymes work by

lowering the activation energy of the Rx.

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the ______ cycle.

lytic

Glucose molecules are linked together through dehydration synthesis to form starch. Based on this description, glucose is a __________ and starch is a __________.

monomer, polymer

Like all nutrient class, carbohydrates are broken down at multiple points throughout digestion. In the small intestines,

monosaccharides and disaccharides are absorbed.

Cells are specialized to form tissues and organs through the control of gene expression. Gene expression is regulated (turning on and off genetic instructions) by

nearby cell signals and environmental factors.

Gene expression is controlled by

nearby cell signals and other environmental factors.

The appearance of cancerous cells differs from normal cells. If you were to view cancerous cells under the microscope, you would notice enlarged __________.

nuclei

DNA nucleotides consist of several parts. Name what parts would be found in one

phosphate group, adenine, deoxyrebose

Cytotoxic T cell activation by cell-mediated immunity results in the ______ and apoptosis of infected cells.

production of memory T cells

Transcription starts with RNA polymerase binding to the start of the gene called a/an __________.

promoter

List the steps of meisos I

prophase, premetaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, ending with cytokinesis

Name the monomer that matches to amino acid

protein

What is the function of the digestive system?

reaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins

For the expression of a recessive trait, a person needs to inherit a

recessive allele from both of their parents.

what blood cells are involved in gas exchange

red blood cells

In a biochemical reaction, the energy of activation is the amount of energy

required to start a reaction.

Ribosomes are located on the __________.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

In humans, male gametes are called ______, while female gametes are called ______.

sperm; eggs

The ___is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.

tRNA

During DNA replication, the ______ strand is the one being used by DNA polymerase to produce a ______ strand of DNA.

template; newly synthesized

Mutations can occur with a single nucleotide change. The misfolding of the hemoglobin protein results from

the amino acid valine replacing the normal glutamic acid amino acid in the beta-globin gene.

The source of all energy is provided by __________.

the sun

DNA strands are complementary of each other. This means if one strand has an adenine the other has a __________, and if one strand has a guanine the other has a/an __________.

thymine; cytosine

Antimetabolites incorporate incorrect nucleotides

true

If cells are damaged, they are destroyed and removed from the body. These cells are then replaced with new cells.

true

Negative feedback works to maintain homeostasis within the body.

true

Ribosomes are used to manufacture proteins during translation

true

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means

two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.

The purpose of translation is to

use mRNA codons to link together amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.

In a hydrolysis reaction, ______ is added to the polymer to break the bond between the monomers.

water

Lipids are different from other nutrient classes in that they __________.

will not combine with water

A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs? 1. A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamic acid amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended. 2. The addition of several nucleotides causes the start codon to shift down several places. This causes RNA polymerase to bind in the incorrect spot so that several extra amino acids are included in the polypeptide chain during translation. This results in a hemoglobin protein that is incorrectly formed, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended. 3. Three nucleotide mutations cause normal glutamic acid amino acids to be replaced with valine amino acids. This causes excess hemoglobin proteins to be synthesized, causing red blood cells to swell to the point of bursting, resulting in burst cells that have a sickle-shape. 4. Several nucleotides are removed, which causes the start codon to shift. This results in an incorrect number of amino acids to be incorporated into the hemoglobin protein, leading to the sickle-shaped red blood cells.

1

Which of the following best describes the action of B cells? 1. All of the answer choices relate to the actions of B cells. 2. B cells carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces. 3. B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow. 4. B cells change into plasma cells after encountering an antigen and then produce antibodies.

1

From the list provided, select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur. 1.There must be a variation for a trait within a population. 2.An advantageous trait must be passed on to the next generation 3. The environment should remain constant. 4. All traits in a population should be the same.

1, 2

The following statements relate to either the innate or the adaptive system. Select those that only apply to the adaptive immune system. (Check all that apply.) 1. Antibody production 2. Cell-mediated immunity 3. Antibody-mediated immunity 4. Natural killer cells 5. Inflammatory response

1. Antibody production 2. Cell-mediated immunity 3. Antibody-mediated immunity

This list contains the characteristics of the law of independent assortment and the law of segregation. Select all that contributed to Mendel's law of segregation. (Check all that apply.) 1. During meiosis, only one factor is passed on in a gamete 2. An individual receives one factor from each parent 3. Fertilization results in a new individual with two factors 4. Factors are randomly passed on in the gametes 5. Any possible combination can occur in a gamete

1. During meiosis, only one factor is passed on in a gamete 2. An individual receives one factor from each parent 3. Fertilization results in a new individual with two factors

Which of the following structures are associated with the lymphatic system? (Check all that apply.) 1. Thymus 2. Spleen 3. Lungs 4. Red Bone Marrow 5. Lymph nodes

1. Thymus 2. Spleen 4. Red Bone Marrow 5. Lymph nodes

Which of the following events would result in the formation of an influenza virus that would threaten humans? 1. Viral genetic material exchange between different populations 2. Viral genetic material exchange within the same population 3. Both are required for a viral strain to evolve and threaten humans.

1. Viral genetic material exchange between different populations

Which of the following statements explains the relationship between mutations and natural selection? 1. All of the answer choices describe the relationship between mutations and evolution. 2. A mutation may result in a variation of a trait that may be more advantageous. 3. A mutation may result in the death of an organism or cell. 4. A mutation in the genetic material may or may not have an effect on the protein.

1. all of the above

If a patient is screened for cancerous cells, a doctor is looking for cells that are __________. 1. less specialized 2. functioning as part of an organ 3. not in their original location 4. dividing uncontrollably 5. undergoing apoptosis

1. less specialized 3. not in their original location 5. undergoing apoptosis

The information contained in genes is expressed 1. by translating the mRNA into a polypeptide. 2. All of these are required for gene expression to be complete. 3. by folding the polypeptide into a structural protein. 4. through transcribing the DNA segment into mRNA.

2

Select all the characteristics that make sickle-cell disease a good candidate to study genetic diseases. (Check all that apply.) 1. It is easily identifiable by a physical characteristic. 2. It results from a single change in a single gene. 3. It can be influenced by the environment. 4. The sickle-cell inheritance pattern is not influenced by other genes.

2. It results from a single change in a single gene. 4. The sickle-cell inheritance pattern is not influenced by other genes.

From the list, select the most common mutagens. (Check all that apply.) 1. bacteria 2. viruses 3. radiation 4. animals 5. chemicals

2. viruses 3. radiation 5. chemicals

Place the following events of inflammation in order from the time of tissue damage to the healing process. 1. clotting factors close the wound 2. neutrophils remove dead cells 3. histamines are released 4. pressure builds, causing a red and tender appearance 5. macrophages enter the infected area, locate and destroy bacteria or viruses present

3, histamines are released 5, macrophages enter the infected area, locate and destroy bacteria or viruses present 2, neutrophils remove dead cells 1, clotting factors close the wound 4 pressure builds, causing a red and tender appearance

Antigenic shift 1. causes rapid change in the influenza virus. 2. was responsible for the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. 3. can result in an influenza strain that the human immune system has not been exposed to. 4. All of the answer choices are correct.

4

which are a physiological effect of caffeine ingestion? 1.Decrease in central nervous system activity 2.Extreme increase in diuretic effects 3.Decrease in blood glucose levels 4.Release of proteins into the bloodstream 5.Increased metabolic rate

5. Increased metabolic rate

In humans, energy stored in food is converted into ______ to perform work by the cells.

ATP

During elongation in transcription, RNA polymerase creates a complementary mRNA sequence from a gene. Provide the mRNA sequence from the given gene sequence. TACGGCACCCAGCATT

AUGCCGUGGGUCGUAA

There are different drugs that interfere with the M phase of the cell cycle. ______ interfere with the formation of the spindle fibers and ______ prevent the breakdown of the microtubles.

Alkaloids; taxanes

16) Which of the following is an organic molecule? A) NaCl B) C6H12O6 C) H2O D) CaCO3

B

Which is an example of potential energy? A) A firefly using light flashes to attract a mate B) An apple of stored energy-rich macromolecules C) A pile of leaves that have been burned D) A candle giving off light E) A skier at the bottom of the hill instead of the top of the hill

B

Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts provides support for the endosymbiotic theory? A) They contain genes that are vastly different compared to bacterial genes. B) They have their own genomes. C) They cannot synthesize proteins. D) They have only a single membrane surrounding them.

B

energy nutrients can be found in a variety of foods. From the list below, select the foods that would provide the body with the most protein. (Check all that apply.) A) Bread B) Beans C) Butter D) Meat E) Pasta

B) Beans D)Meat

Which of the following vitamins is categorized as water-soluble? A B C D

B, C

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins have high amounts of potential energy. Where is the potential energy found in these energy nutrient classes?

Between the carbon-carbon bonds

Which of the following statements differentiates spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Both processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis occurs through meiosis. The outcome is the production of four sperm, in spermatogenesis, and one egg in oogenesis.

which is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of the cell? A) Exocytosis B) Feedback inhibition C) Facilitated diffusion D) Phagocytosis E) Active transport

C) Facilitated diffusion

A method of genome editing that uses the Cas9 enzyme to identify and cut specific nucleotides from the genome is called __________.

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)

Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 3 of breast cancer?

Cancer extensively spreads to nearby tissue

Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 4 of breast cancer?

Cancer spreads to other organs

What does the organic nutrient carbohydrate do

Carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy

Which plant structure provides the initial capture of solar energy?

Chloroplasts

What do the three chekpoints check for

DNA damage, completed replication, and alignment.

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein.

Which of the following is a function of the liver?

Detoxifies blood by filtering poisonous substances

The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials in and out of the cell. What process would be used to move a noncharged molecule across the membrane?

Diffusion

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

Electron transport chain

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can be changed from one form to another.

What process is responsible for moving bulk cellular wastes across the cell membrane?

Exocytosis

Normal cell division is highly regulated by proteins to prevent mutations from occuring. If the cell division is stalled due to excessive DNA damage, the cell is placed in ______ phase in an attempt to repair the DNA.

G0

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?

GGU, proline

What is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

______ contain similar genes but often different alleles. After DNA replication, ______ contain identical alleles combinations.

Homologuous chromosomes, sister chromatids

relation of genomes, genes, and proteins

In a cell, there is one genome; it consists of many genes that encode for multiple proteins.

What is the role of histamine in the immune response?

Increased permability of the capillaries for fluid release into the infected area

In which stage does the cell spend most of its time?

Interphase

What are karyotypes?

Karyotypes provide a visualization of chromosomes.

There are three checkpoints during cell division. Which checks for proper alignment of chromosomes?

M

What would a mutation in tumor suppresor genes result in

Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes and in proto-oncogenes will result in mutated DNA and uncontrolled cell division

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

Red blood cells

Telomere length can change with age and the type of cell. Describes a telomeres length?

Telomeres are the longest in stem cells.