Bio Final
Outer-shell electrons are shared by two atoms to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both
A covalent chemical bond is one in which
T cells
A doctor discovers that her patient can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens but he is unable to protect himself from viral infections. The doctor suspects that the disorder is in her patient's
continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by the regulator
A mutation that inactivates the regulator gene of a represible operon in an E-coli cell would result in
900
A particulare eukaryotic protein is 300 amino acids long. Which of the following could be the maximum number of nucleotides in the DNA that codes for the amino acids in this protein?
It will have a serious fatal problem because the red blood cells would be hypertonic to the water and the cells would rupture q
A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In a attempt to replenish body fluids, a large amount of distilled water was transferred directly into his veins. What will be the probable result of this infusion?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
A person suffering from AIDS would be unlikely to suffer from which of the following diseases?
3' AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5'
A possible sequence of nucleotides in DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be
Mutations are random, and no agent (even green light) can cause a specific mutation all the time like turning shrimp green
A shrimp grower wants to create a "new" bread of green shrimp. He plans on growing normal shrimp in green light because he says, the green light will cause mutations that will make the shrimp green. You tell him that it is not a good idea because
The activation energy barrier cannot be surmounted in the starch molecules
A solution of starch at room temperature does not decompose rapidly into a sugar solution because
1000 times more
A solution with a pH of 3 has how many more H+ than a solution of pH 6?
B and C are correct (Bonding of the anticodon and the condon... Attachment of the amino acids to the tRNA)
Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a protein depends on the specificity in the
The water level is higher on side B than in side A
After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed
release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds
Air temperature often increases slightly as clouds begin to drop rain or snow. Which behavior of water is most directly responsible for this phenomenon?
DNA
All of the following are directly involved in translation except?
Enzyme synthesis
All of the following are functions of the integral proteins except
Protein synthesis
All of the following are functions of the membrane proteins except
proteins
All of the following are transcribed from DNA except
movement of O2 into the cell
All of the following cellular activities require ATP energy except
Sulfur
All of the following elements are present in DNA except
Facilitated diffusion
All of the following membrane activities require ATP except
exocytosis
All of the following processes take material into cells except
In the absence of NADH+, glycolysis cannot happen
All of the following statements about NAD+ are true except?
The end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H20
All of the following statements about glycolysis are true except
Both sides of the membrane are identical in structure
All of the following statements about membrane structure and functions are true except
The specificity of the base pairing
All of the following were determinded directly from x-ray diffraction photographs of crystallized DNA except
Histamine
An alarm substance that triggers an inflammatory reaction is
epidemic
An occurance of a group of illness similar in nature and derived from a common source in excess of what would normally be expected in a certain area is
Oncology
At one point in time, operons were thought to exist solely in prokaryotic cells. We know that they are found in Eukaryotic cells due to what study?
2
At the end of glycolysis, how many carbon molecules flow into the krebs cycle
releasing H+ ions in basic solutions
Buffers are substances that help resist shifts in pH by?
One more neutron
Compared to 31^P, the radioactive isotope 32^P has
Its nucleotides will form base pairs with both ribose and deoxyribose nucleotides
DNA has two functions: it can self-replicate and it can make non-DNA molecules. DNA is capable of these because
Both B and C are correct (The elongation of the 3'->5' strand and DNA repair)
DNA ligase functions in
Chemotaxis
During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to place where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or other pathocytes already present. The movement of the phagocytes to that specific location is by a process called
The virus becoming a prophage
For many bacteriophages, infections are self-limiting. Each phage that infects a cell produces hundreds of new phages and eventually cells are infected by several phages at different times. This results in a competition for regulatory control over the cell without the production of new viruses. This phenomenon is called superinfection. Superinfection can be prevented by which of the following changes in the bacteriophage?
the greatest heat concentration to the least heat concentration
For two bodies of matter in contact, heat always flows from
Controlling mRNA production
Gene expression in Prokaryotic cells depend on
By lowering the energy of activation of a reaction
How does the enzyme catalyze a reaction?
13 years
How long did it take the world to properly sequence the human genome
60 g
How many grams of acetic acid would you use to make a 1 M solution of vinegar (C2H402)
two times
In 1918 influenza killed __________ as many people than WWII
NADH and pyruvate
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of Glycolysis?
A=G and C=T
In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA to see which bases are equivalent in concentration, which of the following would be true?
Transformation
In hospital, a bacterium is isolated that is a resistant to an antibiotic previously used against other kinds of bacteria. This is most likely a result of
an F factor
In order for the bacterium to be able to transfer genetic information to another it must contain
Repair the Thymine dimers
In the following list of DNA properties, which one would be impossible for a single stranded DNA molecule?
Usually transmembrane proteins
Integral Proteins
tends to prevent great fluctuations in pH
It is correct to say that the action of buffers
versatility as a solvent
Life on earth is dependent on all the properties of water as well as the abundance of water. Which property of water is probably the MOST important for the functioning of organisms?
activation energy
Molecules capable of interacting must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's
the ability of cells to recognize like and different cells
Of the following functions, the glycoprotiens and glycolipids of animal cell membranes are most important for
maintain membrane fluidity
One of the functions of cholesterol in animal cell membranes is to
8 protons and 8 elections
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 therefore, it must have
All of the above
Physical barriers to invasion by other organisms
capsomeres
Protein subunits on a capsid wall are called
replication of DNA
Reproduction in bacteria requires
DNA is both of the daughter cell would be radioactive
Suppose we were provided with an actively dividing culture of E. coli bacteria to which radioactivity thymine had been added. What would happen if a cell replicated once in the presence of this radioactive base?
Lysozyme
Sweat glands in the skin secrete a chemical that has a very low pH. This chemical kills many pathogens. What is the name of this chemical
90-95%
Tabacco smoking accounts for about what percent of lung cancer deaths in first world countries
average kinetic energy of the molecules
Temperature is the measure of
retroviruses
The "central dogma" of molecular genetics is a statement describing the flow of information in a cell. DNA and RNA, which makes proteins. This path is not reversible. This path is not reversible. The exception to part of this statement seems to be
Breaking the bonds between glucose and fructose and forming new bonds from water
The hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrose results in
chlorine gains an electron from sodium
The ionic bond of sodium chloride is formed when
small and hydrophobic
The kind of molecules that pass easily through the cell membrane are
environmental
The majority of cancer cases are in response to what factors
Protons and Neutrons
The mass number of an element can be approximated by adding together the number of
Dissolve 180g of glucose in water then add more water till your solution is one liter
The molar mass of glucose is 180g. To make a one-molar solution of glucose you should do which of the following?
ATP, RNA, and genes
The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which of the following groups
A hydrogen bond
The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?
a phage DNA contains an unrecognizable form of cytosine
The phage DNA is not hydrolyzed with the host DNA because
Okazaki Fragments
The problem with replicating the lagging strand is
Valences in the outer shell
The reactive properties or chemical behavior of an atom depend on the number of?
outbreak
The sudden occurrence of disease in a community that has never experienced this particular disease before
Innate immunity system
The type of immune system that organisms are born with
oncoviruses
The type of viruses that causes cancers in many mammalian cells are called what
Inosine can hydrogen bond with U, C, or A
There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that
Restriction Nucleases
This group of enzymes recognize "bad" DNA or DNA that is not right
Histrone proteins associated with the double helix
To function as a heritable genetic code, DNA molecules must have all of the following structural features except
Electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule
Van der Waals interactions result when
lytic, lysogenic
Virulent phages undergo a _______ cycle, temperate phages are capable of undergoing a __________ cycle.
plasma membrane
Viruses have some of the properties of living organisms. Which of the following is a characteristic of all organisms, but not of viruses?
108
Water has a very unique shape due to its bonding angles. Therefore it creates a bonding angle of about how many degrees?
4
Water molecules can hydrogen bond with other water molecules, up to how many hydrogen bonds can a water molecule make?
Antibody generating foreign molecules
What are antigens?
2
What are the max number of covalent bonds an element with an atomic number of 16 can make with hydrogen
mutations
What are the most common source of genetic diversity in a bacterial colony
By increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane
What is one of the ways that Winter Wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold outside?
Water is entering and leaving the bag at the same rate
What is the best explanation for the shape of line E after 50 minutes?
Skin
What is the first line defense in the immune system
uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses
mRNA
What is the primary transcript of eukaryotic genes?
RNA
What is the primer that is required to initiate the synthesis of a new DNA strand
mebrame potential
What is the voltage across the cell membrane called?
4
What would the pH of a solution with a OH- concentration of 10^10 M?
Excision Repair
When DNA makes a "cut" in the strand of the DNA and replaces it with another structure, this is called?
The peptide site (p site) of the ribosome
When a ribosome first attaches to an mRNA molecule, one tRNA binds to the ribosome. The tRNA that recognizes the initiation codon binds to the
Non polar covalent bonds
When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form
hydrogen bonds
Which bonds must be broken for water to vaporize?
DNA polymerase
Which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5' -> 3' direction?
C, H, N, and O
Which four elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?
A and B
Which line or lines represent bags that contain a solution that is hypertonic at the end of 60 minutes
They are spread throughout the plant by passing through the plasmodesmata
Which of the following are true involving plant viruses?
Reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of reactions and products
Which of the following best describes chemical equilibrium?
There are no actual clear distinction between the two, both sciences are part of the same whole
Which of the following best describes the distinction between chemistry and biology?
A nitrogen base, a five carbon sugar and a phosphate group
Which of the following best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides
Nucleic Acid as genetic material
Which of the following characteristics or processes is common to BOTH bacteria and viruses
sodium ions are pumped out of the cell against their concentration gradient
Which of the following characterizes the sodium-potassium pump?
nuclease
Which of the following is LEAST related to the others in the list
Regulatory Genes
Which of the following is NOT part of the operon
Viruses are classified below the cellular level of biological organization
Which of the following is a true statement about viruses?
wax
Which of the following is an example of hydrophobic material?
RNA polymerase may recognize a promoter region and begin transcription
Which of the following is true for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression
gasoline
Which of the following liquids does not have a measurable pH?
Viruses have capsids that are composed of proteins while viroids have no capsids
Which of the following represents a difference between viruses and viroids
the two stands of the helix are held together by covalent bonds
Which of the following statements DOES NOT apply to the Watson and Crick model?
Enzymes increase the rate of reaction
Which of the following statements about enzymes are true
It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to lower
Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion
Protiens and phospholipids
Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane
Glycolysis
Which process in eukaryotic cells will normally proceed whether O2 is present or absent?
Enzymes provide activation energy for the reactions that they catalyze
Which statements regarding enzymes are false
phagocytosis
White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process
Open all protein gated channels
You are conducting research on nerve cells. During an experiment, you administer an electrochemical stimulation to the cells (mimicking ATP energy) The probable result of this stimulation would be to
Co-factor necessary for the enzyme activity
Zinc an essential trace element is presented in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptase. The zinc most likely functions as
pandemic
a world-wide epidemic that could have possibly started out as an outbreak and had escallated
add a catalyst
how can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
viroids
the simplest infectious biological systems are
misfolded versions of normal brain protiens
what are prions?
they are isotopes
which of the following best describes the relationship between the atoms describes below?
