Bio Final Practice Exams & Review Questions

At a research conference, you meet a graduate student who studies the hormonal underpinnings of mating behavior in two species of squirrel. "It turns out the difference between my two squirrel species is similar to the difference between the prairie and the montane voles," he says. You nod knowingly, and reply... Multiple Choice "Oh, so the promiscuous species has a lot of vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the nucleus accumbus, blocking pair bonding, and the monogamous species doesn't?" "Oh, so the monogamous species has a lot of vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the nucleus accumbus, promoting pair bonding, and the promiscuous species doesn't?" "Oh, so the polyandrous species has a lot of serotonin and dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbus, promoting pair bonding, and the promiscuous species doesn't?" "Oh, so the monogamous species has a lot of serotonin and dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbus, promoting pair bonding, and the promiscuous species doesn't?"

"Oh, so the monogamous species has a lot of vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the nucleus accumbus, promoting pair bonding, and the promiscuous species doesn't?"

A cell has a volume of 27 μm3. Its surface area is 54 μm2. The surface area-to-volume ratio is

2

Shown below is an electron micrograph of part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fiber. Which of the labeled regions will not shorten when the muscle contracts? I band A band Correct Sarcomere H band

A BAND: The A band is composed of thick filaments, which do not change their length.

Compare a pseudocoelom to a coelom. Multiple Choice A coelom is completely enclosed by mesoderm whereas a pseudocoelom has an outer covering of mesoderm and an inner one of endoderm. A pseudocoelom is completely enclosed by mesoderm whereas a coelom has an outer covering of mesoderm and an inner one of endoderm. The coelom is enclosed by ectoderm and the pseudocoelom is enclosed by endoderm.

A coelom is completely enclosed by mesoderm whereas a pseudocoelom has an outer covering of mesoderm and an inner one of endoderm.

Which of the following is a disadvantage for sexual reproduction? Multiple Choice The offspring are genetically different. The genetic diversity makes organisms respond differently to environmental changes. A lot of time and energy is required for making gametes and finding mates. Offspring can be produced more quickly than by asexual means. The offspring are clones of the parent.

A lot of time and energy is required for making gametes and finding mates. Explanation=Sexual reproductions requires individuals to find a mate and the production of gametes through meiosis is a costly process.

Which neurotransmitter is released from a motor neuron at the neuromuscular junction? Multiple Choice Acetylcholine GABA Ephinephrine Dopamine Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Which of the following correctly describes an ecosystem? Multiple Choice All species that occur in a particular location, in addition to the abiotic environment that influences those species All members of the same species that live together in the same location All members of the same species that have the potential for genetic exchange, even if they are located relatively

All species that occur in a particular location, in addition to the abiotic environment that influences those species

Why is it advantageous for the embryos of reptiles and birds to produce uric acid instead of ammonia? Multiple Choice The uric acid can be converted to ATP and thus provide an energy source for the developing embryo whereas ammonia cannot. Uric acid is relatively nontoxic and will not harm the developing embryo as it is stored inside of the egg. Ammonia is far more toxic and could cause developmental problems if it was confined to the interior of an egg alongside of the embryo. The uric acid can be broken down much easier than the ammonia by the excretory system of these animals.

Ammonia is far more toxic and could cause developmental problems if it was confined to the interior of an egg alongside of the embryo.

Some species in a hypothetical family of beetles are winged, and others are wingless. Which would be most useful in determining whether having wings or being wingless was the ancestral trait? Multiple Choice An outgroup An ingroup Homologies Apomorphies Homoplasies

An outgroup Explanation=Do an outgroup comparison to determine whether long or short wings is an ancestral trait (pleisomorphic).

What would be a good example of a density independent factor? Multiple Choice A disease that is spread by contact An unusualy cold winter A predator Competition for food

An unusualy cold winter

Which feature would only be found in the Bilateria? Multiple Choice Sexual reproduction Anterior cephalization Nerves and sensory systems

Anterior cephalization

Which division of the nervous system regulates the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands? Multiple Choice Antagonistic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Limbic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

What is the elongated extension of a neuron that nerve impulses travel along? Multiple Choice Axon Cell body Dendrite Oligodendrocyte Synapse

Axon

Which of the following is not a level of organization in the vertebrate body? Cells Bones Tissues Organs Organ systems

BONES

he concept of endosymbiosis is widely accepted. What kind of relationship is it? Multiple Choice One organism in the partnership benefits, and the other is harmed. Both organisms in the partnership benefit. Neither organism benefits.

Both organisms in the partnership benefit.

A friend asks you how exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands. She knows that both form from invaginated epithelium. How do you respond? A:Exocrine and endocrine glands are essentially the same, both produce products that are secreted to the skin's surface. B: Exocrine glands produce hormones that enter the blood stream, while endocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin. C: Endocrine glands produce hormones that enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin. D:Exocrine glands are found in the thoracic cavity while endocrine glands are located in the pleural cavity. E: The liver is an endocrine gland that secretes directly into epithelial tissues. The pituitary gland is an exocrine gland that secretes into the blood stream.

C

Which region of the CNS listed below is not correctly paired with its function? Multiple Choice Somatosensory cortex—receives sensory input from all parts of the body Hypothalamus—regulates body temperature, appetite, thirst, and emotions Cerebellum—relay station for ascending and descending tracts Corpus callosum—connects the two brain hemispheres Auditory cortex—interprets sound information from the ears

Cerebellum—relay station for ascending and descending tracts

Which molecule would be an indicator of fungal contamination in a drug preparation? Multiple Choice Cellulose Collagen Chitin

Chitin

Which molecule would be an indicator of fungal contamination in a drug preparation? Multiple Choice Cellulose Collagen Chitin Deoxyribose

Chitin

Animals are thought to have descended from choanoflagellate protists. Which poriferan cell type lends evidence to this claim? Multiple Choice Choanocyte Amoebocyte Spicule Gamete

Choanocyte

An olympic rowing team consisting of eight oarsmen would be analogous to movement by what? Multiple Choice Filipodium Axopodia Cilia Pseudopodia Flagellum

Cilia Explanation= o Analogous, which means "looks like" or "functions like." o Axopodia, which are thin fingers of cellular membrane the cell sticks out, wraps around a food item, then quickly pulls back in in a process called "phagocytosis." o Cilia, which are small hairs on the surface of the cell. They undulate back and forth to move the cell forward or backward. o Pseudopodia, which are thick fingers of cellular membrane the cell sticks out to push itself off a surface or pull itself towards a surface. o Flagella (flagellum is the singular term for "flagella"), which are large, long, whip-like organs that thrash back and forth to move the cell forward or backward. A sperm has a single flagellum. o Axopodia, which are thin fingers of cellular membrane the cell extends out, to surround and engulf a food item, a process called phagocytosis.

Salamanders are very sensitive to dessication and are often found under rotting logs in a forest. If you were walking in a forest what type of distribution pattern would you expect to observe? Multiple Choice Random Clumped Uniform Isolated

Clumped =Salamanders need a very moist environment, such as under a rotting log. Therefore, they will be clumped in these types of moist microhabitats.

How does compartmentalization into organelles help eukaryotes solve a problem associated with the large size of eukaryotic cells? Compartmentalization reduces diffusion distance and concentrates molecules needed for specific reactions. Compartmentalization allowed the evolution of sexual reproduction. Compartmentalization lets eukaryotes become muiticellular. Compartmentalization makes phagocytosis possible. Compartmentalization allows eukaryotes to perform chemical reactions like photosynthesis that are not present in bacteria.

Compartmentalization reduces diffusion distance and concentrates molecules needed for specific reactions. Explanation=Many fundamental processes take place at membranes and because eukaryotic cells are so much larger than prokaryotic cells eukaryotic cells need the additional membrane surface area inside the cell. Compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells reduces diffusion distance and concentrates molecules needed for specific reactions.

What is the primary function of the hormone ADH? Multiple Choice Mediates adaptation to long term stress Inhibits loss of calcium from bone Regulates biological rhythms Stimulates bone breakdown Conserves water by stimulating its reabsorption from urine

Conserves water by stimulating its reabsorption from urine

A population is in an exponential phase of growth. What would act to slow this growth? Multiple Choice Increasing nesting territory Diminishing food resources Increased prey availability

Diminishing food resources

Which description best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelles? A:Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while choloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium. B: Eukaryotic cells acquired nuclei and flagella by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Nuclei were derived from aerobic bacterium while flagella were derived from motile bacteria. C: Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and flagella by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while flagella were derived from motile bacteria. D: Eukaryotic cells acquired the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Golgi was derived from the cell membrane of aerobic bacterium while the endoplasmic reticulum were derived from a cyanobacterium.

Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while choloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium. Explanation=Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while choloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium.

If the connection between a gland and the epithelial membrane is maintained as a duct, the gland is called a(n) ___________ gland. exocrine endocrine lymph sebaceous adrenal

Exocrine

What stimulates growth of ovarian follicles? Multiple Choice Estradiol FSH LH Progesterone Testosterone

FSH

What stimulates spermatogenesis? Multiple Choice Estradiol FSH LH

FSH

What is responsible for the rapid increase in the human population in the past 300 years? Multiple Choice Rising birth rates Falling death rates Rising birth rates plus falling death rates

Falling death rates

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of these features is unique to them and helps account for their success Dominant gametophytes Wind pollination Fruits enclosing seeds Embryos enclosed with seed coats Sperm cells without flagella

Fruits enclosing seeds Explanation=Angiosperm produce fruits which contain seeds. Fruits facilitate the dispersal of the seeds.

Which trait contributes most to the value of fungus in symbiotic relationships? Multiple Choice Fungi rely on both asexual and sexual reproduction. Fungi can live in a wide variety of environmental conditions. Fungi can break down and release nutrients from living and dead organisms. Fungi have spores that can resist severe conditions.

Fungi can break down and release nutrients from living and dead organisms.

Which of the following characteristics are true for an action potential? I A threshold potential must be exceeded for an action potential to occur. II A stimulus either produces a full action potential or none at all. III During the refractory period it is less likely that stimuli can produce another action potential. Multiple Choice I only I and II II and III I and III I, II, and III

I, II, & III

Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland are transported to the hypothalamus by what unusual route? Via the lymphatic system In portal veins In the cerebrospinal fluid Packaged in lipoproteins In axons

In axons

What hormone lowers blood glucose levels? Multiple Choice Ephinephrine Insulin Melatonin Glucocorticoids Glucagon

Insulin

Terrestrial vertebrates and some fish evolved a form of fertilization in which the male gametes are introduced into the female reproductive tract. What is this called? Multiple Choice Synchronous fertilization External fertilization Internal fertilization Asexual fertilization

Internal fertilization

What sensory receptors sense stimuli that arise from within the body? Multiple Choice Gustatory receptors Photoreceptors Interoreceptors Exteroreceptors

Interoreceptors

After severe floods homeowners often return home to find the wall of their homes covered in mold. How does mold survive on wet wallboard? Multiple Choice It digests the cellulose in the paper backing. It eats the gypsum that makes up the wallboard. It uses the wallboard as a substrate but extracts nutrients from the air.

It digests the cellulose in the paper backing.

he major advantage of sexual reproduction is: Multiple Choice It results in identical offspring It is safer than asexual reproduction It increases genetic diversity

It increases genetic diversity

Why is an open circulatory system less efficient than a closed circulatory system? Multiple Choice There is no heart to pump the blood in an open circulatory system. It is more difficult to quickly deliver O2 to specific tissues when needed with an open circulatory system. Blood cannot be used to transport nutrients in an open circulatory system.

It is more difficult to quickly deliver O2 to specific tissues when needed with an open circulatory system.

How is a mycelium a valuable adaptation for a fungus? Multiple Choice It provides a strong anchor for the fungus. It provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and moisture. It discourages animals from feeding on the fungus. It provides a vast surface area for the generation of spores. It provides physical support for the fragile sporophyte generation.

It provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and moisture. Explanation Having a large surface area is beneficial to fungi, which are chemoheterotrophs by absorption and largely nonmotile.

What stimulates ovulation? Multiple Choice Estradiol FSH LH Testosterone Progesterone

LH

Which of the following statements would not be consistent with the theory for the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts? Multiple Choice The composition of the outer membrane of chloroplasts and mitochondria is similar to the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope. The composition of the inner membrane of chloroplasts and mitochondria is similar to the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope.

Which of the following characteristics is NOT an evolutionary advantage of multicellularity? Multiple Choice Multicellularity allows cells to become more generalized in their functions Multicellularity increases the chance for escaping predation Multicellularity allowed cells to remain small and able to efficiently exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen, despite increasing the size of the organism. Multicelled organisms were able to let certain cells specialize to carry out different specific functions. Multicellularity reduces the impact of mutations.

Multicellularity allows cells to become more generalized in their functions Explanation=Cells of multicellular organisms become more specialized not generalized in their functions.

In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with Multiple Choice Muticellular diploid forms Unicellular diploid forms Multicellular polyploid forms Unicellular haploid forms Multicellular haploid forms

Muticellular diploid forms Explanation=In alternation of generations a multicellular gametophyte, which is haploid, alternates with a multicellular sporophyte, which is diploid. A mature sporophyte produces spores by meiosis. The haploid spores germinate and grow into a haploid gametophyte. At maturity, the gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis. Two gametes fuse to produce a zygote, which develops into a diploid sporophyte. This cycle, from gametophyte to gametophyte (or equally from sporophyte to sporophyte), is the way in which all land plants and many algae undergo sexual reproduction.

What diffuses across the narrow synaptic cleft between the presynaptic axon and the postsynaptic cell to transmit a nerve impulse? Multiple Choice Neurotransmitter Electrical impulse Na+ ion Vesicle Action potential

Neurotransmitter

What are the receptors called that transmit impulses that are perceived by the brain as pain? Multiple Choice Baroreceptors Chemoreceptors Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Nociceptors

f two species of paramecium are reared in the same environment, what behavioral aspect would provide the greatest chance of survival for both species? Multiple Choice One of the species begins feeding on a new food resource that is found in abundance in their environment. One of the speceis decreases its fitness in response to the decreased availability of food. Both species decrease their fitness level in an effort to decrease the consumption of their resources.

One of the species begins feeding on a new food resource that is found in abundance in their environment.

If blood transports hormones throughout the body, how do they communicate with specific targets? Multiple Choice Special gateway valves in the blood vessels direct hormones to their target tissues. Special carrier proteins "walk" along microtubule tracts to deliver the hormones to their targets. Axonal pathfinding mediates the delivery of hormones to their specific targets. Only target tissues have receptors that allow them to receive the signal.

Only target tissues have receptors that allow them to receive the signal.

Identify which of the following ecological relationships is an example of commensalism. Multiple Choice Orchids growing on the branches of rainforest plants derive their nutrients from the air instead of the tree. Lesser long-nosed bats feed on the nectar of Saguaro cactus flowers, transferring pollen between the flowers plants in the process. Copepods attach themselves to the eyes of Greenland sharks where they graze on the tissue of the cornea. Tapeworms live in the intestinal tract of cattle. They reproduce when their eggs are released in the fecal matter of the cattle. Bacteria in the gut of a termite produce the enzymes to digest cellulose and lignin. Giant swallowtail caterpillars graze on several species of citrus plants before developing into adult butterflies.

Orchids growing on the branches of rainforest plants derive their nutrients from the air instead of the tree.

A friend of yours is wondering about the differences between the words "orientation" and "navigation" when these two terms are used in descriptions of bird migrations. Since you have studied and know something about animal behavior, what do you tell your friend? Multiple Choice Orientation is adjusting a bearing, while navigation is actually following a bearing. Orientation and navigation are used interchangeably when referring to avian migrations. Orientation is following a bearing, while navigation is setting or adjusting a bearing. Orientation is following the sun in the day as starling do, while navigation is following a bearing with a small amount of magnetite, which is found in the heads of some migratory birds.

Orientation is following a bearing, while navigation is setting or adjusting a bearing.

Some internally fertilized eggs develop and hatch outside the mother's body. What is this developmental strategy called? Multiple Choice Oviparity Placental development Marsupial development Vivipary

Oviparity

What hormone stimulates the milk-ejection reflex? Multiple Choice Aldosterone Parathyroid hormone Vasopressin Oxytocin

Oxytocin

Damage to dopamine-producing neurons can produce the muscle tremors characteristic of what disease? Multiple Choice Epilepsy Parkinson disease Seizures Alzheimer disease Insomnia

Parkinson disease

The cladistic approach to estimating phylogenetic trees is most like the approach of which species concept? Multiple Choice Typological species concept Phylogenetic species concept Morphospecies concept Ecological species concept Biological species concept

Phylogenetic species concept Explanation=The phylogenetic species concept states that a species is the smallest set of lineages or populations that can be recognized by a unique combination of different traits.

ome species of Drosophila have elaborate "picture wings," whereas most others do not. Which type of evidence would most likely suggest that the elaborate picture wings evolved via convergent evolution? Multiple Choice Flies with picture wings evolve faster than those without picture wings. All species with picture wings form a single clade. Having elaborate picture wings is the ancestral state. Picture wings are found in different clades of flies. Species of flies with picture wings evolve in accordance with the molecular clock.

Picture wings are found in different clades of flies. Explanation=Picture wings is a homoplasy that has arisen in several different species of Drosophila through convergent evolution.

Nerve impulses are electrical signals produced by which structure? Multiple Choice Lipid sheath of Schwann cell Plasma membrane of neuron Synapse Neuromuscular junction

Plasma membrane of neuron

A waxy cuticle helps prevents desiccation. What is the cost of this adaptation? Multiple Choice Lowered light absorption Reduced gas permeability Slower H2O transport

Reduced gas permeability

What limits the frequency of the action potentials? Multiple Choice Chloride ions Spike amplitude Nodes of Ranvier Refractory period

Refractory period

When neurons are not producing electrical signals, there is still a voltage difference across their membranes. What is this voltage called? Multiple Choice Channel-gate bias Electrolyte voltage Equilibrium potential Resting potential Ion current

Resting Potential

What are examples of cells that support neurons both structurally and functionally? Multiple Choice Dendrites and nodes of Ranvier Neuroglia and nodes of Ranvier Schwann cells and dendrites Dendrites, nodes of Ranvier, and neuroglia Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, and other neuroglia

Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, and other neuroglia

Which of the following targets is not regulated by the autonomic nervous system? Multiple Choice Skeletal muscles Cardiac muscles Glands of the body Smooth muscles None of these

Skeletal muscles

What is a primary function of growth hormone? Multiple Choice Raises blood glucose level Lowers blood glucose level Initiates stress response Stimulates bone growth Inhibits loss of calcium from bone

Stimulates bone growth

What is the name for the gap into which neurotransmitters are released? Multiple Choice Gap junction Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic membrane Presynaptic membrane Impulse channel

Synaptic cleft

The structure enabling depolarization to travel deep into the muscle fiber is the ______. sarcoplasmic reticulum motor unit T tubule sarcomere

T Tubule

What is the advantage of cells being so small Multiple Choice The cell has a larger surface area to volume ratio which means it can move nutrients into the cell and waste out more efficiently. Large cells must always use ATP to move material across the cell membrane whereas small cell do not. Small cells do not require energy and get everything they need from osmosis. The cell has a smaller surface area to volume ratio which means it can move nutrients into the cell and waste out more efficiently. Small cells contain a greater quantity of enzymes than large cells.

The cell has a larger surface area to volume ratio which means it can move nutrients into the cell and waste out more efficiently. Explanation=Small cells have a larger surface area to volume ratio than do larger cells.

Which of the following is not a cost of sex? Multiple Choice The cost of transmitting only 50% of genes to offspring. The cost of producing offspring. The cost of breaking apart beneficial gene combinations. The risk of disease transmission during mating (e.g., STDs) The cost of finding a mate.

The cost of producing offspring. Explanation=There is a cost associated with both sexual and asexual reproduction; however, costs associated with sexual reproduction are: finding a mate, transmitting only 50% of your genes to an offspring, disruption of advantageous gene combinations through recombination, and sexual disease transmission.

Early scientists used morphological characteristics to create a phylogeny of animals, but recently, DNA sequence data have helped in the revision of phylogenies of taxa within the larger groups (i.e., bilaterians, sponges, cnidarians). Why are morphological characteristics like "fate of the blastopore" or "body symmetry" relatively good at predicting larger-scale branching patterns on phylogenies? Multiple Choice These features reflect adaptations to life on land. All animals are descended from a common ancestor that had the traits described above. These features are characteristic of the aquatic ancestor of terrestrial animals. Characteristics like those described are necessary for living, therefore all organisms must have those traits. The development of these characteristics is controlled genetically, therefore similarities in DNA sequence would be expected in more closely related taxa.

The development of these characteristics is controlled genetically, therefore similarities in DNA sequence would be expected in more closely related taxa.

Which feature would have given the jawed fish an evolutionary advantage over the jawless fish when it came time to hunt for food? Multiple Choice Gills that would increase the efficiency of their breathing. The evolution of jaws from the gill arches that would enable them to bite more efficiently. The evolution of an ectothermic lifestyle so they could regulate their body temperature based upon the environment. A skin that is nonscaly that also allows for an increased respiration ability.

The evolution of jaws from the gill arches that would enable them to bite more efficiently.

Why doesn't the stomach acid just digest right through the wall of the stomach? Multiple Choice The pH of the stomach acid is not low enough to be able to digest the lining. It does, we just rebuild the layers faster than they can be digested. The lining of the stomach is protected by mucus. Neutralizers are imbedded in the stomach lining. Food prevents the acid from digesting the wall of the stomach.

The lining of the stomach is protected by mucus.

If K+ can exit the cell through leak channels, why don't they flow out until there are equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane? Multiple Choice K+ can act as an enzymatic cofactor, and most K+ ions are bound to cellular enzymes. The leak channels allow a very slow leak that cannot keep pace with active import of K+ ions. Chelator molecules trap K+ on the inside of the membrane. The negative electrical potential inside the cell creates a force that holds the K+ ions in.

The negative electrical potential inside the cell creates a force that holds the K+ ions in.

How did the evolution of a notochord contribute to the invasion of land by animals? The notochord led to lung development and a new form of life that could better survive on land. The notochord did not contribute to the evolution of land animals. The notochord led to the development of a spinal cord and allowed animals to better respond to external stimuli. The notochord provides a site for the internal attachment of muscles, allowing for more efficient locomotion.

The notochord provides a site for the internal attachment of muscles, allowing for more efficient locomotion. Explanation=The notochord lead to cephalization and biolateral symmetry.

Determine which of the following scenarios would be most likely to occur if the alga was removed from a lichen. Multiple Choice There would not be any type of impact to the lichen at all. Water and mineral provided by the alga would no longer be available to the fungal cells. The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic alga would no longer be available for the fungal cells. The fungi would start to dry out due to the lack of water retention ability. The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic fungi would no longer be available for the algal cells.

The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic alga would no longer be available for the fungal cells. Explanation=Lichens are a complex life form that is a symbiotic partnership of two separate organisms, a fungus and an alga. Fungi do not contain chlorophyll or any other means of producing their own food so they rely on other organisms for nutrition. The algal partner photosynthesizes and provides food for the fungus, so it can grow and spread. The alga certainly benefits from a supply of water (which the fungus is good at storing). There is also general mechanical protection afforded the alga. Algae get protection from ultraviolet light, which in some environments is quite significant. Algae also get access to minerals, which the fungus gets from the substrate

What would be strong evidence to suggest a protist is phototrophic? Multiple Choice Silicon dioxide cell walls Many lysosomes Locomotion via several flagella A benthic lifestyle The presence of chloroplasts

The presence of chloroplasts

A scientist discovers a previously unidentified primate species and sequences its DNA and compares it with DNA from two currently identified species: Homo sapiens (human) and Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee). Which of the following statements could likely also be correct if the scientist found that the unidentified primate shared more genetic content with the Pan genus than the Homo genus. Multiple Choice The unidentified prinate is a hybrid offspring of a human and a chimp. The unidentified primate shares a common ancestor with both chimps than with humans, but shares a more recent common ancestor with chimps. The chimp and human posses more morphological similarity to each other than either species does with the unidentified primate. The unidentified chimp shares a common ancestor with both chimps and humans, but shares a more recent common ancestor with humans. The unidentified primate shares greater morphological (physical shape) similarities with humans than with chimps.

The unidentified primate shares a common ancestor with both chimps than with humans, but shares a more recent common ancestor with chimps. Explanation=Since the unidentified primate has DNA more similar to a chimp the it share a recent common ancestor with the chimp.

The aquatic ancestry of bryophytes is most clearly demonstrated by what character? Multiple Choice The use of flagellated motile sperm Mycorrhizal associations with fungi A nutritionally dependent sporophyte

The use of flagellated motile sperm

magine that fungal hyphae were as thick as a human hair. How might this increase in thickness affect the ecological role of fungi? Multiple Choice There would be no effect on the rates of decomposition of detritus because the fungi would still be heterotrophic. Their rates of decomposition of detritus would increase because their ratio of surface area to volume would be increased There would be no effect on the rates of decomposition of detritus. Their rates of decomposition of detritus would decrease because their ratio of surface area to volume would be decreased.

Their rates of decomposition of detritus would decrease because their ratio of surface area to volume would be decreased. Explanation=Surface area to volume contribute to fungal success as decomposers. An increase in hypha size would decrease the surface-to-volume ratio and negatively impact the rate of decomposition. Because the hyphae of fungi are so thin, they have an incredibly high surface area to volume ratio. The large surface area makes fungi extremely well-adapted to absorbing nutrients from soil and other substrates.

The wing of the bat and the forelimb of the dog are said to be homologous structures. This indicates that: Multiple Choice The limb bones of each are anatomically identical They have a different ancestry but a common function Bats evolved from a lineage of dogs They are structures which are similar due to common ancestry They have the same function

They are structures which are similar due to common ancestry Explanation=The wing of a bat and the forelimb of a dog are homologous because these animals share a common ancestor in which the tetrapod limb evolved.

The scientific name for the woodchuck is Marmota monax, and the scientific name for the long-tailed marmot is Marmota caudata. Which of the following statements describes the taxonomic relationship between the woodchuck and the long-tailed marmot? They belong to different orders. They belong to different families. They belong to the same genus. They belong to the same species. They belong to different phyla.

They belong to the same genus. Explanation= These organisms belong to the same genus Marmota but are different species.

Which feature best distinguishes protists from other eukaryotes? Multiple Choice They live in many more environments than other eukaryotes. They are the eukaryote most closely related to prokaryotes. They did not evolve organelles through endosymbiosis. They cannot be categorized into a single kingdom.

They cannot be categorized into a single kingdom.

There is a group of terrestrial salamanders called the lungless salamanders, which do not have lungs. Based on what you know about amphibians in general, how would you guess they are able to obtain oxygen? Multiple Choice They use their gills. They exchange gases across their moist skin. They get air by pumping their operculum. The have a tracheal system for respiration.

They exchange gases across their moist skin.

In 2004, scientists discovered fossilized skeletons of an animal that they named Tiktaalik with several interesting features. Fossil evidence indicated that the animal not only had scales, fins, and gills, but also had lungs, a full set of ribs, and limb bones arranged to support the animal's weight. Which of the following statements best explains why the Tiktaalik fossils are an important piece of evidence for vertebrate evolution?

They show a transitional form between fish and land-dwelling vertebrates.

What hormone regulates the metamorphosis of tadpoles into frogs? Multiple Choice Somatotropin Estrogen Melatonin Cortisol Thyroid hormone

Thyroid hormone

What hormone sets the body's basal metabolic rate? Multiple Choice Estrogen Norepinephrine Thyroxine Insulin Cortisol

Thyroxine

Which characteristic represents an evolutionary link between the "green algae" and the land plants? Active stomata Vascular tissue for water transport Use of chlorophylls a and b

Use of chlorophylls a and b

When is being genetically identical to the parent an advantage for organisms? Multiple Choice When genetic recombination is necessary to generate genetic variation. When many offspring are needed in a short amount of time. When the environment is just like the one the parent lived in successfully.

When the environment is just like the one the parent lived in successfully.

If a mutation occurs so that a fungus is no longer able to produce a minus mating type, will it still be able to reproduce? Yes, it will be able to reproduce asexually by the meiotic divisions of spores. No, absence of minus mating types will disrupt all reproductive functions in fungi Yes, it will be able to reproduce asexually by the mitotic divisions of spores.

Yes, it will be able to reproduce asexually by the mitotic divisions of spores.

Coordinated movement in animals is achieved because of Multiple Choice bilateral symmetry. a peritoneum. a central nervous system.

a central nervous system.

Secretion of digestive enzymes to break down food molecules and then absorption of the breakdown products through the plasma membrane is termed: Multiple Choice ingestive heterotrophy. absorptive heterotrophy. autotrophism.

absorptive heterotrophy.

All sensory input arrives at the central nervous system in the same form, as ____________ propagated by afferent neurons. Perception of the type and intensity of a stimulus depends on which part of the brain the impulse projects to and the firing frequency of the sensory neuron. Multiple Choice action potentials receptor potentials reflexes frequency localizations thresholds

action potentials

Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before chloroplasts partly because Multiple Choice all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids. mitochrondria have DNA but chloroplast do not. without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesis could not occur. the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes. mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA.

all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids. Explanation=The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochrondria arose from endosymbiotic prokaryotes prior chloroplast. All eukaryotic cells have mitochrs.ondria but only some eukaryotic cells have chloroplast

One of the most critical adaptations of the reptiles in relation to their life on land is the evolution of the Multiple Choice amniotic egg. allantois egg. chorionic egg.

amniotic egg.

In a study about headaches, doctors gave patients Alieve, Tylenol, Advil, and Excedrin, to see which medication would relieve the headache pain the fastest. The doctors timed how long it took the medication to work. What is the dependent variable? Multiple Choice doctor who administered the pain killer amount of medication types of pain relievers amount of time until pain was relieved

amount of time until pain was relieved

A monophyletic taxon is one that contains: Multiple Choice organisms from different evolutionary lineages organisms that share many sympleiosomorphies an ancestor and some of its descendants organisms that resemble each other because they live in similar environments an ancestor and all of its descendants

an ancestor and all of its descendants Explanation=In cladistics, a monophyletic group is a group of organisms that forms a clade, which consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.

While there are many criteria to describe the difference between two species, the biological definition of a species is based on being part of? Multiple Choice a population of animals that behave alike. a population of animals that look alike. a population of animals that do not change evolutionary. an interbreeding population of animals. Correct a population of animals that are in one place.

an interbreeding population of animals. Explanation=Biological species concept is based on reproductive isolation. Populations of the same species have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.

A probable sequence of the evolution of cells was Multiple Choice aerobic heterotroph → autotroph → anaerobic heterotroph. anaerobic heterotroph → aerobic heterotroph → autotroph. autotroph → aerobic heterotroph → anaerobic heterotroph. autotroph → aerobic heterotroph → anaerobic heterotroph. anaerobic heterotroph → autotroph → aerobic heterotroph.

anaerobic heterotroph → autotroph → aerobic heterotroph. Explanation=The first cells were anaerobic heterotrophs because the early atmosphere lacked oxygen, and these organism utilized organic molecules in their environment as their food source. With evolution of photosynthetic autotrophs, oxygen was released into the water and atmosphere setting the state for the evolution of aerobic heterotrophs.

In bryophytes, fertilization takes places in the: Multiple Choice open water. antheridium. sporangium capsule. archegonium.

archegonium.

The swim bladders of bony fishes

are organs of buoyancy that help them control their depth in the water column.

he liver produces ________ that functions in emulsification of fats. Multiple Choice trypsin secretin bile insulin

bile

Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. These species shared a common ancestor recently (in geologic time) and have a high degree of genetic similarity, although their anatomies vary widely. Judging from this evidence, which two species concepts are most likely to place dogs and wolves together into a single species? Multiple Choice biological and phylogenetic ecological and morphospecies biological and morphospecies ecological and phylogenetic morphospecies and phylogenetic

biological and phylogenetic Explanation=Biological and phylogenetic species concepts because the can interbreed to produce viable fertile offspring and share a lot of genetic identity.

Endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria would give a protist the ability to Multiple Choice reproduce sexually. carry out photosynthesis. become multicellular.

carry out photosynthesis.

An increase in the production of ADH affects the kidney tubules by Multiple Choice -inhibiting reabsorption of sodium ion in the collecting duct. -decreasing the permeability of the glomerulus to water. -causing the walls of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water. -inhibiting the reabsorption of water in the glomerulus. -decreasing the insertion of aquaporins into the membranes of cells that line the collecting ducts.

causing the walls of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water.

The products of fat digestion in the small intestine are reassembled into triglycerides by the intestinal epithelium before combining them with proteins to form ___________. Multiple Choice chylomicrons chyme vesicles bile cholesterol

chylomicrons

Cephalization is Multiple Choice embryonic development of the head in advance of the rest of the body. concentration of the sensory organs on the posterior end of the body. concentration of the sensory organs on the anterior end of the body. an evolutionary degeneration of the head as seen in some parasites. a malformation of the head.

concentration of the sensory organs on the anterior end of the body.

he increasing concentration of atmospheric oxygen in Earth's early atmosphere conferred a selective advantage to a eukaryote that possessed a chloroplast. was favorable to most prokaryotes because of their small size. conferred a selective advantage to prokaryotes because of their stiff membranes. was fatal to numerous eukaryotes because they possessed mitochondria conferred a selective advantage to a eukaryote that possessed a mitochondrion.

conferred a selective advantage to a eukaryote that possessed a mitochondrion. Explanation=Oxygen would have been toxic to anaerobic organisms Initially, the new organelle's primary function was probably to detoxify oxygen by reducing it to water. Later this reduction became coupled with the formation of ATP in cellular respiration.

The increasing concentration of atmospheric oxygen in Earth's early atmosphere Multiple Choice conferred a selective advantage to prokaryotes because of their stiff cell wall. conferred a selective advantage to a eukaryote that possessed a mitochondrion. was fatal to numerous eukaryotes because they possessed mitochondria was favorable to most prokaryotes because of their small size. conferred a selective advantage to a eukaryote that possessed a chloroplast.

conferred a selective advantage to a eukaryote that possessed a mitochondrion. Explanation=Eukaryotic cells with mitochondria would have been able to respire aerobically and produce more ATP.

One of the significant adaptations to prevent drying out in the land environment was the development by vascular plants of (a) Multiple Choice root system flowering system. vascular system leaf system. cuticle.

cuticle.

The process of a single organism dividing to form two different individuals: Multiple Choice decreases time of reproduction increases genetic diversity increases survival of offspring decreases the number of offspring produced increases energy requirements for reproduction

decreases time of reproduction Explanation=Asexual reproduction decrease the time for the reproductive event to occur.

A baby is born without the ability to make parietal cells. This baby would not be able to ___. Multiple Choice digest fats emulsify fats denature (unfold) milk proteins absorb glucose and galactose digest lactose

denature (unfold) milk proteins =Parietal cells produce HCl and this acid helps to denature proteins in the diet. If a baby lacked parietal cells, they could not produce HCl to be secreted in the stomach, and proteins in milk that the baby consumed would not be denatured or unfolded. This would make it more difficult for the baby to digest the milk proteins.

The biggest threat to terrestrial life when compared to an aquatic one is Multiple Choice availability of food. desiccation. lack of oxygen. finding mates.

desiccation.

What is the main limitation on cell size? Multiple Choice bulk flow cell membrane strength osmosis diffusion oxgen

diffusion Correct Explanation=Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration. A cell would, however, begin to starve if it increased in size past the point where its plasma membrane possessed enough surface area to diffuse the required amounts of cellular nutrition. The lowered diffusion rate and the accompanying decrease in the speed of waste elimination would also cause the cell to be poisoned by a build-up of toxic substances.

In the life cycle of the fern, meiosis takes place Multiple Choice during development of seeds. upon development of the gametophyte. during the production of egg and sperm. during the production of spores. during the development of vascular tissue.

during the production of spores. Explanation=The diploid sporophyte of the fern produces sporangia, which are sites of meiosis that produce haploid spores.

Deficiencies of brush border enzymes in the small intestine would not affect the complete digestion of __________. Multiple Choice DNA and RNA fats starch sucrose proteins

fats =Starch, sucrose, and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA can be digested directly by brush border enzymes. Proteins are digested indirectly, by brush border enzymes activating trypsinogen into trypsin and chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin, which then digest the proteins. The only molecules on the list that would not be digested by brush border cell enzymes are fats, as these cells do not release lipases.

he perforated pharynx of chordates had an ancestral function for: Multiple Choice ingesting of prey. filter-feeding. gas exchange.

filter-feeding.

The lateral line system provides ________ with a sense of "distant touch," enabling these animals to sense objects that reflect pressure waves and low-frequency vibrations. Multiple Choice adult amphibians reptiles birds mammals fish

fish

A eukaryotic cell can exchange materials with its environment rapidly enough to sustain a larger volume and more rapid metabolism than a prokaryote, as a result of a Multiple Choice more complex cytoskeleton. digestive vacuole. chloroplast. flexible cell membrane.

flexible cell membrane. Explanation=A flexible membrane can infold and increase the surface area-volume ratio and facilitate exchange of material

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? Multiple Choice fungal haustoria fungal enzymes soredia

fungal enzymes

Artificial selection and hybridization can demonstrate the __________ basis of behavior. Multiple Choice cognitive operant genetic associational endogenous

genetic

An advantage of an endoskeleton over an exoskeleton is that an endoskeleton Multiple Choice gives structure to the animal. provides muscle attachment sites. grows as the animal grows. provides protection. supports the animal's weight.

grows as the animal grows.

A life cycle in which meiosis occurs shortly after fertilization, and most of the life cycle is passed as a haploid. Multiple Choice diphasic haplophasic haplodiplontic diplontic haplontic

haplontic Explanation=Haplontic - a life cycle in which the main form is haploid, with a diploid zygote being formed only briefly, i.e. the haploid stage is multicellular and the diploid stage is a single cell (zygote). Characterized by zygotic meiosis in which the zygote undergoes meiosis to produce spores.

Segmentation of animals is important evolutionarily because it Multiple Choice allows for asexual reproduction. increases the mobility of an organism. allows organisms to grow much larger than they could without segmentation. has allowed organisms to alter their body forms in complex ways. reduces the surface area-to-volume ratio.

has allowed organisms to alter their body forms in complex ways.

Aquatic animals that lack an internal system for transporting O2 Multiple Choice often have thick bodies. have cells that are all close to the respiratory medium. have lungs that project outward into the water. may have a thick body built around a central cavity through which water circulates. are always large.

have cells that are all close to the respiratory medium. Explanation=Aquatic animals without a system for transporting oxygen must have a body structure that brings all cells close to the respiratory medium (water) that contains the oxygen.

One of the long, branching filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus is called a(n) Multiple Choice basidiospore. ascospore. hypha.

hypha.

As an animal matures, it forms attachments to other individuals and develops preferences. This process is called Multiple Choice instinct. imprinting. associational learning. habituation. sensitization.

imprinting.

In the evolution of vascular plants, there is a trend toward the: sporophyte becoming nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. increased protection of the gametophyte by the sporophyte. above-ground parts becoming structurally similar to the below-ground parts.

increased protection of the gametophyte by the sporophyte.

How would the chief hypothesis concerning the origin of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells be described? infolding of the plasma membrane secondary endosymbiosis outfolding of the nuclear envelope genetic annealing endosymbiosis

infolding of the plasma membrane Explanation=According to current scientific thinking, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and nuclear envelope formed from invaginations (endocytosis) of the cell (plasma) membrane. These events are not part of the endosymbiont hypothesis. Researchers believe that pockets of the cell membrane formed during endocytosis and entended inward and surrounded the nuclear region forming the nuclear envelope and hence, the nucleus. The remaining membranes formed vesicles in the cytoplasm that gave rise to the ER and the Golgi complex (i.e. endomembrane system).

The organ that performs filtration of blood, reabsorption, and secretion in vertebrates is the _______. Multiple Choice kidney liver large intestine

kidney

The gastrointestinal tract does not include the ____. Multiple Choice esophagus mouth stomach larynx small intestine

larynx

Because of the hepatic portal vein, the _____ is the first organ to receive most of the products of digestion. Multiple Choice liver kidney heart

liver

In terrestrial environments, fluid-filled body cavities function as hydrostatic skeletons and Multiple Choice are commonly associated with hard skeletons that support muscular limbs. are common in animals that move using muscles attached to limbs. are important for movement in humans. make locomotion possible in smaller soft-bodied animals are common in animals with protective hard skeletons.

make locomotion possible in smaller soft-bodied animals

In terrestrial environments, fluid-filled body cavities function as hydrostatic skeletons and Multiple Choice are common in animals that move using muscles attached to limbs. make locomotion possible in smaller soft-bodied animals. are important for movement in humans. are commonly associated with hard skeletons that support muscular limbs.

make locomotion possible in smaller soft-bodied animals.

Asexual reproduction is important to fungal survival because it can occur rapidly and multiple times per growing season it produces seeds that facilitate dispersal of the fungus many spores are produced that can act as dispersal units

many spores are produced that can act as dispersal units Explanation=Asexual reproduction produces large numbers of spores that are important in the dispersal of the fungus.

pores go through what process in order to create new, identical cells in order to become the multicellular gametophyte: meiosis fertilization mitosis

mitosis

Which one of the following features is unique to animals? Multiple Choice cells organized into tissues movement associated with muscle tissue and nervous tissue heterotrophism

movement associated with muscle tissue and nervous tissue

How can asexually reproducing organisms gain some genetic diversity? Multiple Choice meiosis mitosis binary fission mutations crossing over

mutations Explanation=Mutations could add diversity to asexually reproducing organisms; however, most mutations are deleterious.

What feature of animals enabled them to diversify in ways that plants, fungi, and protists have not? phylogenetic analysis radial symmetry bilateral symmetry tissue differentiation organ systems

organ systems

What is the Red Queen hypothesis? Multiple Choice -parasites will evolve faster than their hosts -explains the two fold cost of sex -organisms have to evolve as fast as they can just to keep pace with evolution of other organisms around them -genetic diversity is maintained by natural selection sexual selection is driven by female choice

organisms have to evolve as fast as they can just to keep pace with evolution of other organisms around them

ased on the most recent scientific data available, the protist kingdom is not a valid taxon because it is: Multiple Choice paraphyletic. composed only of unicellular organisms composed of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. monophyletic polyphyletic.

paraphyletic. Explanation=The protists do not form a monophyletic clade and have been shown to be paraphyletic because they do not include all the descendants of a common ancestor.

James has been having trouble digesting lean steaks and other protein-rich foods, and these foods seem to stay in his stomach longer than usual. James is likely lacking the enzyme ____. Multiple Choice glucagon bile pepsin lipase amylase

pepsin Pepsin is an enzyme that digests proteins, so if James lacks this enzyme he would have digesting protein-rich foods. Amylase is used to digest carbohydrates and lipase digests lipids. Glucagon is a hormone and bile is a fluid that contains bile acids to solubilize fats.

The four defining characteristics of chordates are Multiple Choice a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, bilateral symmetry, and mammary glands. bilateral symmetry, segmentation, a well-developed coelom, and limbs. pharyngeal pouches, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a postanal tail. a well-developed coelom, pharyngeal pouches, a notochord, and jaws. segmentation, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and an amniotic egg.

pharyngeal pouches, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a postanal tail.

A biologist looking for distinguishing traits for chordates would choose Multiple Choice segmentation. indeterminate radial cleavage in the early embryo. possession of a backbone. pharyngeal slits or pouches. possession of an endoskeleton.

pharyngeal slits or pouches.

In contrast to plants and animals, sexual reproduction in fungi Multiple Choice can only happen between individuals with the same mating type. is ubiquitous and has been demonstrated in all of the major fungal groups. results from the fusion of genetically distinct mating types, rather than morphologically distinct gametes.

results from the fusion of genetically distinct mating types, rather than morphologically distinct gametes.

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell. results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells. is strong support for the claim that fungi are not truly eukaryotic

results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells.

Reptiles are better adapted to life on land than are amphibians. Which external characteristic would a reptile have to lose to make it roughly externally equivalent to an amphibian in terms of ability to tolerate dry land? Multiple Choice vertebral column eyelids limbs scales

scales

Saprophytic fungi are essential to life on Earth because they: Multiple Choice recycle organic compounds into inorganic compounds. speed the recycling of nutrients. respire like plants taking in CO2 and decrease greenhouse gasses. grow in mycorrhizal association with the roots of most plants, providing minerals to the plants. help to digest sap in phloem of dead and dying trees.

speed the recycling of nutrients. Explanation=A saprophyte or saprotroph is an organism which gets its energy from dead and decaying organic matter. This means that saprophytes are heterotrophs. They break down dead and decaying organic matter into simple substances that can be taken up and recycled by plants.

Saliva contains the hydrolytic enzyme, salivary amylase, which initiates the breakdown of the polysaccharide _________ into the disaccharide, maltose. Multiple Choice sucrose cellulose glucose starch fructose

starch

An ancestral character state that is shared by 2 or more taxa is known as a(n): Multiple Choice symplesiomorphy homoplasy plesiomorphy synapomorphy apomorphy

symplesiomorphy Explanation=Symplesiomorphy is a character state that is shared by 2+ taxa.

The advantages of the amniotic egg include: the ability to resist desiccation in dry terrestrial habitats. reduced energetic investment by the mother relative to amphibians.

the ability to resist desiccation in dry terrestrial habitats.

The 'two-fold cost of sex' refers to Multiple Choice the direct harming effects of mating for females. the cost of producing gametes with twice the cytoplasm. the costs of finding and competing for a mate. the potential for transmission of sexually transmitted diseases during reproduction. the cost of producing males.

the cost of producing males. Explanation=The cost of sex is that its half as efficient as asexual reproduction because males don't really reproduce - they only provide genetic material for females who pass only 50% of their genome to their offsprings.

The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere? Multiple Choice the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen the evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats the evolution of multicellular eukaryotic colonies from communities of prokaryotes the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules .

the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules Explanation=During the oxygen revolution, photosynthesis by cyanobacteria added oxygen to water and air and allowed the evolution of aerobic cellular respiration.

The two slopes of a mountain range experience drastically different amount of precipitation. This is most likely due to Multiple Choice the ability of cool air to hold more moisture. the warming of air as it comes off a large body of water and encounters a mountain range. the fact that air loses moisture as it rises and cools. the inability for air masses to cross very high mountain ranges. the ability of large bodies of water to suck moisture from air traveling above them.

the fact that air loses moisture as it rises and cools.

An avid naturalist diver has decided to vacation on a remote island, possibly never visited by a human before, with a rocky intertidal zone. While out exploring he comes across what looks like a jellyfish but has bilateral symmetry. He considers what he knows of the simple phylogeny of animals. He would like to place this species into the group Bilateria. Name one other characteristic that would lend support to his placing this organism in the group Bilateria. Multiple Choice the presence of digestive tissues the presence of collagen in its tissues the presence of three different germ layers the presence of an oral cavity the presence of a nervous system

the presence of three different germ layers Explanation=Bilaterally symmetrical animals have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) during embryonic development

Amphibians are not completely free to live on dry land because Multiple Choice their ancestors were fish. their food organisms live in water. their reproduction depends on water. they can escape from predators by jumping into the water. they obtain oxygen from water through gills.

their reproduction depends on water

How would you describe the body of a fungus? Multiple Choice tiny threadlike septa collectively make up the mycelium tiny threadlike mycelia collectively make up the septa tiny threadlike mycelia collectively make up the hypha tiny threadlike hyphae collectively make up the mycelium

tiny threadlike hyphae collectively make up the mycelium

Which of the following nitrogenous wastes conserves the most water? Multiple Choice urea ammonia amino acids carbon dioxide uric acid

uric acid

In order to disperse water throughout themselves more effectively, plants evolved: Multiple Choice circulatory systems lignin cuticle vascular systems stomata

vascular systems

In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? carbohydrates fixed nitrogen antibiotics water and minerals protection from harmful UV

water and minerals Explanation=The fungus increase the absorptive surface area and assist the plant with the acquisition of water and minerals that might otherwise be unavailable