BIO II Chapter 31- Fungi

Which of the following human diseases are caused by fungi? -Cholera -Diphtheria -Athlete's foot -Ringworm

-Athlete's foot -Ringworm

Steps of basidiomycete sexual reproduction in order. -Compatible hyphae mate by plasmogamy -Nuclei in basidia fuse by karyogamy -Meiosis occurs -Basidiospores are formed and released -Basidia form in the basidiocarp

-Compatible hyphae mate by plasmogamy -Basidia form in the basidiocarp -Nuclei in basidia fuse by karyogamy -Meiosis occurs -Basidiospores are formed and released

Identify the photosynthetic organisms that could be part of a lichen. -Ascomycetes -Cyanobacteria -Moss -Green algae

-Cyanobacteria -Green algae

The steps of zygomycete sexual reproduction -A dark, thick-walled zygospore develops. -Meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores -Hyphae produce multinucleate gametangia. -Karyogamy occurs and the zygosporangium develops. -Gametangia fuse.

-Hyphae produce multinucleate gametangia. -Gametangia fuse. -Karyogamy occurs and the zygosporangium develops. -A dark, thick-walled zygospore develops. -Meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores

Which of the following are glomeromycetes? -Pathogens -Epiphytes -Animal parasites -Mycorrhizae

-Mycorrhizae

In the zygomycetes, fusion of haploid nuclei results in the production of?

A zygospore

Fungi are most closely related to?

Animals

A mycorrhizal association in which the fungus grows in the space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane of a plant root is called a(n) ___ mycorrhizae.

Arbuscular

Which of the following has hyphae that penetrate the outer cells of the plant root, forming distinct structures, such as minute branches?

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

This fungal phylum undergoes meiosis followed by mitosis to produce eight haploid spores in a sac.

Ascomycetes

Most lichen is composed of cyanobacteria and/or green algae and fungi from the Phylum__

Ascomycetes or Ascomycota

The sac fungi comprise the phylum

Ascomycota

In ascomycetes, sexual reproduction occurs within a microscopic, saclike structure called the___.

Ascus

The sac that contains sexual spores in ascomycetes is called ___.

Ascus

Mushrooms and puffballs are examples of which of the following?

Basidiomycetes

What are ectomycorrhizae?

Beneficial interactions between temperate forest trees and soil fungi

Where do the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi grow?

Between the cell wall and plasma membrane of the plant root cell

In order for sexual reproduction to occur in a fungus, two ___ hyphae of compatible ___ types must fuse.

Blank 1: haploid Blank 2: mating

It is often more difficult to treat human diseases caused by fungi than those by bacteria due to which of the following? -Both humans and fungi are eukaryotes -Humans and fungi are multicellular -Humans and animals have similar cell wall structure

Both humans and fungi are eukaryotes

What fungal group produces flagellated spores?

Chytrids

The asexual spores produced by ascomycetes are called ___.

Conidia

Most zygomycete fungi are?

Decomposers

Interactions between plant roots and fungi are known as ____ if the fungal hyphae grow between plant cell walls and do not directly contact the plant plasma membrane.

Ectomycorrhizae

This type of mycorrhizae grows on the surfaces of tree roots and in the spaces between root cells.

Ectomycorrhizae

Fungi that live within the leaf and stem tissues of plants without causing disease, are known as fungal ___

Endophytes

A fungus typically obtains food by secreting extracellular digestive_____, which break down organic molecules.

Enzymes

What are ascocarps? -Sexual spores of ascomycetes -Fruiting bodies of AM fungi -Fruiting bodies of ascomycetes -Asexual spores of ascomycetes

Fruiting bodies of ascomycetes

Which of the following are the main decomposers in ecosystems? -Fungi and viruses -Fungi and bacteria -Bacteria and viruses -Fungi and protozoa -Bacteria and protozoa

Fungi and bacteria

What are fungal endophytes?

Fungi that live within tissues of other organisms

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are intracellular associations between?

Glomeromycetes and plant roots

Neocallimastigomycetes are predominantly found where?

In ruminant herbivores

Traditionally, fungi were divided into four phyla based primarily on which characteristic?

Meiosis

If a hypha has one nucleus, it is said to be___

Monokaryotic

How do the two nuclei of a dikaryotic fungal cell function?

The genomes of both nuclei are transcribed.

How does the primary mycelium in Basidiomycota differ from that of the secondary mycelium?

The primary mycelium is made up of monokaryotic hyphae, while the secondary mycelium is composed of dikaryotic hyphae

When a fungus undergoes mitosis, which of the following occurs? -The spindle apparatus forms outside the nuclear envelope. -The spindle apparatus forms within the nucleus. -The nuclear envelope breaks down and then the spindle forms.

The spindle apparatus forms within the nucleus.

How do the chytrids typically disperse spores?

The spores swim.

Ascomycetes derive their name from which of the following?

Their saclike reproductive structures

What are fungal septa?

Walls that form between the cells of certain fungal hyphae.

Soy and wheat have ___ mycorrhizae associated with their root systems.

arbuscular

A(n) ___ is the nonphotosynthetic plant member in a mycorrhizal association.

epiparasite

If a symbiosis is essential for survival, it is described as a(n) ___ symbiosis.

obligate

Glomeromycetes cannot survive in the absence of a host ___.

plant

The parasitic fungi, microsporidia were thought to be ___ because of the absence of mitochondria.

protists

Ascomycete fungi that occur as single cells and reproduce by budding are called ____

yeasts

Chytridiomycota are distinguished from other fungi because they possess flagellated ___, released from a specialized structure called a chytridion.

zoospores

Fusion of nuclei within the zygosporangium of a zygomycete fungus results in the production of a(n) ___.

zygospore

A puffball is an example of which of the following? -A basidiospore -A basidiocarp -A basidium

-A basidiocarp

In the zygomycetes, which of the following is the product of fertilization? -Gametangia -Asexual spores -A zygosporangium -Sexual spores

-A zygosporangium

Select the four traditional fungal phyla. -Glomeromycota -Ascomycota -Basidiomycota -Zygomycota -Chytridiomycota

-Ascomycota -Basidiomycota -Zygomycota -Chytridiomycota

What are the two most common types of mycorrhizae?

-Ectomycorrhizae -Arbuscular mycorrhizae

Process in the life cycle of a zygomycete as they occur. -Fertilization -Meiosis -Karyogamy

-Fertilization -Karyogamy -Meiosis

Select the feature that distinguishes the chytridiomycota and relatives from the other groups of fungi. -Parasitic lifestyle -Ingestive nutrition -Flagellated spores -Dikaryotic stage -Karyogamy

-Flagellated spores

Which of the following describes the formation of zygotes in the zygomycetes? -Nuclei of dikaryotic cells within the mycelium fuse and then grow into a mature zygosporangium containing zygotes. -Mature zygosporangia release dikaryotic spores, which undergo karyogamy to produce zygotes. -Gametangia fuse and then karyogamy occurs, leading to the formation of a zygote within the zygosporangium.

-Gametangia fuse and then karyogamy occurs, leading to the formation of a zygote within the zygosporangium.

Which of the following lists features of blastoclads? -Haplodiplontic life cycle; zoospore with multiple flagella -Diplontic life cycle; zoospore with a single flagellum -Diplontic life cycle; zoospore with multiple flagella -Haplodiplontic life cycle; zoospore with a single flagellum

-Haplodiplontic life cycle; zoospore with a single flagellum

Steps involved in sexual reproduction in ascomycetes in order.

-Hyphae mate -A dikaryotic mycelium produces an ascocarp -Nuclei in an ascus fuse by karyogamy -Meiosis occur -Ascospores are released

Which of the following best describes the relationship between plants and glomeromycetes. -It is a mutualistic relationship: the fungus provides mineral nutrients, while the plant provided carbohydrates. -It is a parasitic relationship: the fungus does not provide anything to the plant, while it receives some of the plant's carbohydrates. -It is a mutualistic relationship: the plant provides mineral nutrients, while the fungus provided carbohydrates.

-It is a mutualistic relationship: the fungus provides mineral nutrients, while the plant provided carbohydrates.

Select all examples of mutual symbioses between fungi and animals. -Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi -Corals that associate with saltwater fungi -Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals -Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in association with aphids

-Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi -Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals

Match the structure in ascomycete fungi with the proper karyotype. -Mated hyphae -Zygote -Ascospores =haploid =dikaryotic =diploid

-Mated hyphae=dikaryotic -Zygote=diploid -Ascospores=haploid

Select all examples of basidiomycetes. -Mushrooms -Morels -Toadstools -Rusts -Chytrids -Puffballs

-Mushrooms -Toadstools -Rusts -Puffballs

Some zygomycetes are parasites of which of the following? -Viruses and protists -Bacteria and archaea -Other fungi -Plants and animals

-Plants and animals

Which of the following are features of fungi? -They are characterized by autotrophic nutrition. -They can only divide through meiosis -They are more closely related to animals than to plants. -Can exist as single cells or multicellular forms. -They secrete enzymes to acquire nutrients.

-They are more closely related to animals than to plants. -Can exist as single cells or multicellular forms. -They secrete enzymes to acquire nutrients.

Select all true statements about the Glomeromycota. -They form arbuscular mycorrhizae. -They lack nuclei. -They are plant pathogens and parasites. -They do not undergo sexual reproduction.

-They form arbuscular mycorrhizae. -They do not undergo sexual reproduction.

Which of the following is a characteristic of microsporidia? -They form mycorrhizae. -They are plant pathogens. -They parasitize animal cells. -They are aquatic.

-They parasitize animal cells.

Select all true statements about neocallimastigomycetes. -They produce non-flagellated zoospores. -They have large mitochondria. -They produce zoospores with multiple flagella -They are anaerobic.

-They produce zoospores with multiple flagella -They are anaerobic.

Select all true statements about blastoclads. -They produce large fruiting bodies similar to mushrooms. -They are typically polyploid. -They produce zoospores. -They have a haplodiplontic life cycle.

-They produce zoospores. -They have a haplodiplontic life cycle.

Which of the following are reproductive structures found in fungi? -Toadstools -Cell walls -Puffballs -Mushrooms

-Toadstools -Puffballs -Mushrooms

Match the basidiomycete cell type with the karyotype -Unfused hyphae -Fused hyphae -Basidia =haploid =dikaryotic =dikaryotic then diploid

-Unfused hyphae=haploid -Fused hyphae=dikaryotic -Basidia=dikaryotic then diploid

What are yeasts? -Fungal spores -Fungi with aseptate hyphae -A group of protists related to the fungi -Unicellular fungi

-Unicellular fungi

Aflatoxin is one of the most carcinogenic compounds known. It is produced by which fungus?

Aspergillus

What are mycorrhizae?

Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants

Where do zygomycete sporangia form during asexual reproduction?

At the tips of sporangiophores

The two most common types of mycorrhizae are ____ the ,which surround but do not penetrate the cell walls of root cells, and ____ the mycorrhizae.

Blank 1: ectomycorrhizae Blank 2: arbuscular

In a mycorrhizal relationship, the host ___ produces organic nutrients for use by the ___

Blank 1: plant or plants Blank 2: fungus, fungi, or mycorrhizae

The basidiomycete mycelium composed of monokaryotic hyphae is called the ___ mycelium, while that containing dikaryotic hyphae is called the ___ mycelium.

Blank 1: primary Blank 2: secondary

Select the characteristic that distinguishes basidiomycetes from other fungi?

Club-shaped sexual reproductive structures

Term describes Neocallimastigomycetes?

Decomposers

A characteristic feature of both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes?

Dikaryon stage

A fungal mycelium containing two separate nuclei that divide at each cell division is said to be ___

Dikaryotic

Why is treating fungal diseases in animals particularly difficult?

Fungi are phylogenetically related to animals

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are composed of plant roots and which of the following? -Basidiomycete fungi -Glomeromycete fungi -Chytridiomycete fungi -Ascomycete fungi

Glomeromycete fungi

Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes involves the production of which of the following?

Haploid spores within an ascus

Which term describes all fungi? -Parasitic -Heterotrophic -Autotrophic -Saprophytic -Photosynthetic

Heterotrophic

Which of the following describes fungi? -Photosynthetic -Autotrophs -Heterotrophs

Heterotrophs

The threadlike nature of fungal hyphae means that which of the following relationships is true? -High surface area-to-volume ratio -Low surface area-to volume ratio -High volume-to surface area ration

High surface area-to-volume ratio

A mycelium is composed of filaments called___

Hyphae

What are fungal filaments called?

Hyphae

Which of the following statements correctly describes asexual reproduction in ascomycetes? -Asexual, flagellate spores are produced under appropriate environmental conditions. -Hyphae produce conidia, which grow into genetically identical hyphae. -Hyphae undergo meiosis to produce spores, which produce genetically identical hyphae.

Hyphae produce conidia, which grow into genetically identical hyphae.

How do the two nuclei of dikaryotic fungal cell function?

Independently from each other

Mitosis in multicellular fungi differs from that of other organisms in which way?

It is not followed by cell division.

The formation of a diploid nucleus during the ascomycete life cycle results from?

Karyogamy

The fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus is called ___.

Karyogamy

A mass of connected hyphae is called a(n) ____

Mycelium

The main body of a multicellular fungus is called a(n) ___.

Mycelium

What is the term for a scientist who studies fungi?

Mycologist

Mutualistic associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of most seed plants are known as ___

Mycorrhizae

This is an example of a mutualistic fungal-plant association.

Mycorrhizae

____ is the general term for a direct infection usually of the skin and nails by various fungal species.

Mycosis or Mycoses

Fungi in this phylum are anaerobic and produce zoospores.

Neocallimastigomycota

A monokaryotic hypha has which of the following structures? -One diploid nucleus -Two haploid nuclei -Two diploid nuclei -One haploid nucleus

One haploid nucleus

What benefit do mycorrhizal fungi receive from their plant partners?

Organic nutrients

Which member of a mycorrhizal relationship benefits through improved uptake of nutrients?

Plant

Fungi can form beneficial associations with which of the following? -Plants but not animals -Animals but not plants -Neither animals nor plants -Plants and animals.

Plants and animals.

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of ascomycetes? -Presence of a dikaryon stage -Flagellated spores -Absence of sexual reproduction -Absence of asexual reproduction

Presence of a dikaryon stage

What fungus is the most widely used model organism for fundamental biological studies?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Basidiomycetes are fungi with which of the following? -Septate hyphae and sac-shaped fruiting bodies -Septate hyphae and club-shaped fruiting bodies -Aseptate hyphae and club-shaped fruiting bodies -Aseptate hyphae and sac-shaped fruiting bodies

Septate hyphae and club-shaped fruiting bodies

An important role of the ascomycete fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae is that it does?

Serves as a model organism

Which of the following describes fungal spores?

Small and light

Fungi have formed mutualistic symbioses with which of the following? -Some animal species, such as ants and ruminants -Vertebrate animals only -Almost all known animal species -Invertebrate animals only

Some animal species, such as ants and ruminants

During asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, hyphae produce?

Sporangia

During asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, sporangia are produced on the tips of stalks called ___.

Sporangiophores

Fungal ___ can reach plants and cause infection via the wind, water, soil, and/or animal vectors.

Spores

Fungal reproductive cells are called ___

Spores

The ___ is/are the part of a fungus that when inhaled may cause allergies or asthma.

Spores

Since fungi are heterotrophs, they are incapable of which of the following? -Asexual reproduction -Using minerals to build complex compounds -Growth without oxygen -Synthesizing essential organic molecules

Synthesizing essential organic molecules

Which statement about fungal cells is true? -They always have two nuclei, unlike other eukaryotic cells. -They may have one, two, or more nuclei. -They always have only one nucleus, just like other eukaryotic cells. -They may have one or two nuclei, but not more.

They may have one, two, or more nuclei.

How are fungal spores produced?

Through sexual or asexual reproduction

What is the function of a basidiocarp?

To disperse spores

True or false: Fungal cells or hyphae may have more than one nucleus.

True Reason: Correct. Fungi are different from most animals and plants in that each cell or hypha can contain one, two, or even more nuclei.

What must occur for a fungus to reproduce sexually?

Two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types must fuse.

A dikaryotic cell contains which of the following? -An extra copy of one chromosome -Only one set of chromosomes -One nucleus with four sets of chromosomes -Two separate nuclei

Two separate nuclei

Microsporidia share a common ancestor with fungi in the Phylum ___.

Zygomycota

The Microsporidia share a common ancestor with fungi in which Phylum?

Zygomycota

The glomeromycetes form intracellular associations with plant roots, called ____ mycorrhizae.

arbuscular

The symbiosis involving plant roots and glomeromycete fungal hyphae that penetrate the root cell walls is known as ___ mycorrhizae.

arbuscular

The phylum Ascomycota derives its name from the production of microscopic sacs called ____, which carry sexual spores.

asci or ascus

Ascomycetes produce fruiting bodies called ____.

ascocarps

Ascomycetes produce sexual spores within a sac called a(n)___

ascus

The main decomposers in the ecosystem are fungi and

bacteria or prokaryotes

If a symbiotic fungus can survive without its host, this relationship is described as a(n) ___ symbiosis.

facultative

Mycorrhizal relationships provide plants with which of the following? -organic nutrients -protection from pathogens -minerals -antibiotics

minerals

Small cross walls between individual fungal cells of ascomycete and basidiomycete hyphae are known as ___

septa

During asexual reproduction in the zygomycetes, sporangia form at the tips of erect stalks called ___.

sporangiophores