Questions from CJ Quizzes
Ch6 Which of the following is a civil suit brought against federal government officials for denying the constitutional rights to life, liberty, or property without due process of law? a.1983 lawsuit b.Federal Rehabilitation Act c.Federal Tort Claims Act d.Bivens action
a.1983 lawsuit* *Under Revision
Ch1 ________ is the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders. a.Criminology b.Due process c.Psychology d.Criminal justice
a.Criminology
Ch13 ________, in the broadest usage, is juvenile actions or conduct in violation of the criminal law, juvenile status offenses, and other juvenile misbehavior. a.Delinquency b.Abuse c.Disposition d.Intake
a.Delinquency
Ch11 ________ capacity refers to the inmate population the institution was originally built to handle. a.Design b.Rated c.Operational d.Construction
a.Design
Ch9 ________ involves the suspension of criminal proceedings before sentencing and referral to a private agency. a.Diversion b.Presentence investigation c.Deterrence d.Three-strikes
a.Diversion
Ch5 Unreasonable searches and seizures are prohibited by the ________. a.Fourth Amendment b.equality statute c.protection clause d.Fifth Amendment
a.Fourth Amendment
Ch13 The 1967 Arizona case that granted juveniles many of the due process protections enjoyed by adults, including the right to counsel, was ________. a.In re Gault b.Breed v. Jones c.In re Winship d.Roper v. Simmons
a.In re Gault
Ch3 ________ are generally more serious than ________, but less serious than ________. a.Misdemeanors; violations; felonies b.Felonies; misdemeanors; violations c.Misdemeanors; felonies; violations d.Violations; misdemeanors; felonies
a.Misdemeanors; violations; felonies
Ch9 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of restorative justice? a.Pain is imposed to punish, deter, and prevent. b.Victims are central to the process of resolving a crime. c.The emphasis is on dialogue and negotiation. d.There is direct involvement by both the offender and the victim.
a.Pain is imposed to punish, deter, and prevent.
Ch10 Which of the following is NOT cited as a disadvantage of probation and parole? a.Probation and parole programs are underused b.Probation and parole produce a relative lack of punishment c.Probation and parole result in increased social costs. d.Probation and parole expose the community to greater risks
a.Probation and parole programs are underused
Ch7 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the U.S. Supreme Court? a.The U.S. Supreme Court justices serve for eight years. b.The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest federal court. c.The U.S. Supreme Court is made up of nine justices. d.The U.S. Supreme Court has the power of judicial review.
a.The U.S. Supreme Court justices serve for eight years.
Ch9 Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the imposition of fines as a criminal sanction? a.The impact of a fine depends on the ability of the sentenced person to pay. b.Fines can promote rehabilitation by enforcing economic responsibility. c.Fines can be collected by existing criminal justice agencies and are relatively inexpensive to administer. d.Fines can be made proportionate to the severity of the offense.
a.The impact of a fine depends on the ability of the sentenced person to pay.
Ch8 Which of the following statements is false regarding the role of the judge in the courtroom work group? a.The judge is responsible for presenting the state's case against the defendant. b.If a guilty verdict has been returned, the judge is responsible for imposing a sentence. c.The judge holds ultimate authority in ruling on matters of law. d.The primary duty of a judge is to ensure justice.
a.The judge is responsible for presenting the state's case against the defendant.
Ch11 High-security facilities in the federal prison system are called ________. a.U.S. penitentiaries b.federal correctional institutions c.honor type camps d.federal prison camps
a.U.S. penitentiaries
Ch7 Courts that have the authority to review a decision made by a lower court are said to have ________. a.appellate jurisdiction b.original jurisdiction c.limited jurisdiction d.special jurisdiction
a.appellate jurisdiction
Ch11 Female officers working in jails ________. a.are disproportionately skewed toward jobs in the lower ranks b.make up about 50% of the workforce c.are usually regarded negatively by male officers d.are usually not allowed to supervise male inmates in unscreened showers
a.are disproportionately skewed toward jobs in the lower ranks
Ch7 One purpose of ________ is to help ensure the reappearance of the accused at trial. a.bail b.adjudication c.plea d.arraignment
a.bail
Ch3 Which of the following refers to a traditional body of unwritten historical precedents created from everyday social customs, rules, and practices? a.common law b.statutory law c.law of the land d.case law
a.common law
Ch1 Which model assumes that the system's sub-components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice? a.consensus model b.crime-control model c.due-process model d.conflict model
a.consensus model
Ch3 Which of the following falls under the category of justification? a.consent b.duress c.insanity d.mistake
a.consent
Ch2 A(n) ________ is a nonviolent crime committed by business and government professionals for financial gain. a.corporate crime b.white-collar crime c.organized crime d.computer crime
a.corporate crime
Ch7 High-level appellate courts are also referred to as ________. a.courts of last resort b.intermediate appellate courts c.trial courts of general jurisdiction d.trial courts of limited jurisdiction
a.courts of last resort
Ch1 This is conduct in violation of the criminal laws of the government. a.crime b.justice c.due process d.diversity
a.crime
Ch2 These are numbers that yield information, and if used properly can serve as a powerful tool for creating social policy. a.crime statistics b.clearance rate c.malware d.spam
a.crime statistics
Ch6 The information compiled, analyzed, and/or disseminated in an effort to anticipate, prevent, or monitor criminal activity is known as ________. a.criminal intelligence b.antiterrorism c.police ethics d.intelligence-led policing
a.criminal intelligence
Ch3 The body of rules and regulations that define and specify the nature of and punishments for offenses of a public nature for wrongs committed against the state or society is called ________. a.criminal law b.procedural law c.administrative law d.civil law
a.criminal law
Ch6 The intentional use of a firearm or other instrument resulting in a high probability of death is known as ________. a.deadly force b.excessive force c.physical force d.force factor
a.deadly force
Ch12 In The Society of Captives, Gresham Sykes described the pains of imprisonment, or the ________ that prisoners experience. a.deprivations b.importations c.victimizations d.illnesses
a.deprivations
Ch13 The juvenile system is more likely to maximize the use of discretion and _______than the adult system. a.employ diversion from further formal processing b.apply the death penalty for first-degree murder c.protect the offender's due process rights d.focus on legal issues of guilt or innocence
a.employ diversion from further formal processing
Ch3 A criminal offense that is punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for one year or more is called a(n) ________. a.felony b.offense c.misdemeanor d.violation
a.felony
Ch2 The weapons used most often to commit murder in the United States are ________. a.firearms b.blunt objects c.knives d.fists
a.firearms
Ch12 A(n) ________ is a formalized arrangement, usually involving a neutral hearing board, whereby inmates have the opportunity to register complaints about the conditions of their confinement. a.grievance procedure b.court hearing c.balancing test d.inquisition
a.grievance procedure
Ch7 A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as an ________. a.indictment b.assessment c.arraignment d.enforcement
a.indictment
Ch10 What is often described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the United States? a.intensive probation supervision b.split probation c.house arrest d.shock probation
a.intensive probation supervision
Ch9 The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence. a.juries, not judges b.high courts c.appellate courts d.judges, not juries
a.juries, not judges
Ch10 Which of the following is NOT one of the most frequent violations for which probation or parole revocation occurs? a.missing a shift at work without a doctor's excuse b.failure to participate in a stipulated treatment program c.alcohol or drug abuse while under supervision d.failure to report to a probation or parole office
a.missing a shift at work without a doctor's excuse
Ch10 Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve weekends in jail and receive probation supervision during the week? a.mixed sentence b.shared sentence c.split sentence d.diverse sentence
a.mixed sentence
Ch2 Which major crime has the highest clearance rate in the United States? a.murder b.robbery c.rape d.arson
a.murder
Ch11 Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical prison system in relatively populous states? a.one ultra-high-security prison for terrorists, serial killers, and the like b.one institution for adult women c.one high-security prison for long-term high-risk offenders d.one or more open-type institutions for low-risk, nonviolent inmates
a.one ultra-high-security prison for terrorists, serial killers, and the like
Ch9 Which of the following refers to the goal of criminal sentencing that attempts to make the victim "whole again"? a.restoration b.incapacitation c.retribution d.deterrence
a.restoration
Ch3 What is the maxim that an orderly society must be governed by established principles known as? a.rule of law b.inchoate c.body of crime d.common law
a.rule of law
Ch4 Which local law enforcement official is responsible for serving court papers, maintaining security within courtrooms, and running the county jail? a.sheriff b.police chief c.precinct captain d.prosecutor
a.sheriff
Ch3 The principle of recognizing previous decisions as precedents to guide future deliberations is called ________. a.stare decisis b.corpus delicti c.actus reus d.mens rea
a.stare decisis
Ch13 Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are ________. a.status offenders b.neglected children c.dependent children d.juvenile delinquents
a.status offenders
Ch3 Which type of law is also known as the "law on the books"? a.statutory law b.natural law c.procedural law d.administrative law
a.statutory law
Ch12 "Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that ________. a.the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality b.rehabilitation is the number one priority of corrections officials c.it is best to keep to oneself and not fraternize with other officers d.all prison inmates are monsters
a.the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality
Ch9 Proportionality holds that ________. a.the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime b.caseloads should be equally divided among the available judges c.similar crimes should be punished with the same degree of severity d.caseloads should be equally divided among the available prosecutors
a.the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime
Ch12 Prisoners' rights, because they are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment, can be ________. a.thought of as conditional b.thought of as absolute c.protected by federal but not state courts d.revoked by the courts without consideration of constitutionality
a.thought of as conditional
Ch7 What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing? a.to give the defendant the opportunity to challenge the legal basis for his or her detention b.to once again inform the defendant of the specific charges against him or her c.to allow the defendant to enter a plea d.to help ensure reappearance of the accused
a.to give the defendant the opportunity to challenge the legal basis for his or her detention
Ch7 A(n) ________ occurs when a case is retried on appeal, rather than simply being reviewed on the record. a.trial de novo b.jury trial c.adversarial trial d.constitutional trial
a.trial de novo
Ch8 All of the following are considered professionals in the courtroom work group, EXCEPT the ________. a.victim b.judge c.defense attorney d.prosecuting attorney
a.victim
Ch1 A(n) ________ issued by a judge provides the legal basis for an apprehension of suspects by police. a.warrant b.indictment c.arraignment d.hearing
a.warrant
Ch6 A recent study by the FBI found that most slain officers ________. a.were good-natured and well-liked by the department b.were not friendly to everyone c.were not laid back or easy going d.were more likely to use physical force than most officers
a.were good-natured and well-liked by the department
Ch12 Which word describes aggressive men who assume the masculine role in homosexual relations in male prisons? a.wolf b.fag c.chester d.punk
a.wolf
Ch2 Which of the following agencies is responsible for compiling the NCVS? a.Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) b.Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) c.Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) d.International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
b.Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
Ch5 ________ holds that evidence of an offense that is collected or obtained by law enforcement officers in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights is inadmissible for use in a criminal prosecution in a court of law. a.Plain view b.Exclusionary rule c.Inherently coercive d.Probable cause
b.Exclusionary rule
Ch5 _______ cases produce substantial changes both in the understanding of the requirements of due process and in the practical day-to-day operations of the justice system. a.Sensational b.Landmark c.Crucial d.Celebrated
b.Landmark
Ch5 Which Supreme Court ruling applied the exclusionary rule in Weeks v. U.S. to trials in state courts? a.Illinois v. Gates b.Mapp v. Ohio c.U.S. v. Leon d.Horton v. California
b.Mapp v. Ohio
Ch5 Which famous 1966 U.S. Supreme Court case provided for the advisement of rights to criminal suspects prior to questioning? a.Chimel v. California b.Miranda v. Arizona c.Tennessee v. Garner d.Mapp v. Ohio
b.Miranda v. Arizona
Ch1 ________ describes a society that is home to a multitude of different cultures. a.Postmodernism b.Multiculturalism c.Polygamy d.Professionalism
b.Multiculturalism
Ch11 The ________ was an early American system of imprisonment that emphasized solitary confinement and saw penance as the main way to achieve rehabilitation. a.Massachusetts system b.Pennsylvania system c.Irish system d.Elmira system
b.Pennsylvania system
Ch4 Which of the following is NOT one of the basic purposes of policing in democratic societies? a.Help ensure domestic peace and tranquility. b.Respond rapidly to all 911 calls. c.Investigate crime and apprehend offenders. d.Enforce the laws.
b.Respond rapidly to all 911 calls.
Ch1 Which of the following acts was enacted in response to the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001? a.United States Terrorism Act of 2001 b.USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 c.Armed Forces Act of 2001 d.Civil Defense Act of 2001
b.USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
Ch13 What is parens patriae? a.a document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent, a status offender, or a dependent and asking that the court assume jurisdiction over the juvenile or that an alleged delinquent be transferred to a criminal court for prosecution as an adult b.a common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she becomes delinquent, is abandoned, or is in need of care that the natural parents are unable or unwilling to provide c.a child who commits an act that is contrary to the law by virtue of the offender's status as a child; purchasing cigarettes, buying alcohol, and being truant are examples of such behavior d.an act or conduct that is declared by statute to be an offense, but only when committed by or engaged in by a juvenile, and that can be adjudicated only by a juvenile court
b.a common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she becomes delinquent, is abandoned, or is in need of care that the natural parents are unable or unwilling to provide
Ch13 A juvenile court disposition that imposes both a juvenile sanction and ________ is known as blended sentencing. a.confinement b.an adult criminal sentence c.peer review d.probation
b.an adult criminal sentence
Ch5 A(n) ________ warrant is issued based on probable cause to believe that evidence of a crime, while not currently at the place described, will likely be there when the warrant is executed. a.plain-view b.anticipatory c.latent d.electronic
b.anticipatory
Ch6 A research project on female officers in Massachusetts found that female officers ________. a.see themselves as police officers first, women second b.are extremely devoted to their work c.had no trouble balancing child-rearing and their jobs d.are more satisfied with their job when working in uniformed capacities
b.are extremely devoted to their work
Ch2 The clearances rate is based primarily on ________. a.charges b.arrests c.convictions d.dispositions
b.arrests
Ch1 Which stage in the criminal justice process involves taking pictures and fingerprints of the suspect? a.arraignment b.booking c.hearing d.indictment
b.booking
Ch2 Which of the following is NOT a UCR/NIBRS violent crime offense? a.aggravated assault b.burglary c.rape d.murder
b.burglary
Ch1 Which model emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders? a.due-process model b.crime-control model c.conflict model d.consensus model
b.crime-control model
Ch5 What two principles are considered the Miranda triggers? a.arrest and interrogation b.custody and interrogation c.stop and frisk d.arrest and waiver
b.custody and interrogation
Ch5 Which of the following is NOT a justification for emergency warrantless searches? a.danger of the removal or destruction of evidence b.danger to property c.danger to life d.danger of escape
b.danger to property
Ch9 A model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term that may be reduced by good time or gain time is called ________ sentencing. a.indeterminate b.determinate c.quasi-independent d.mandatory
b.determinate
Ch11 What is the jail strategy that eliminates traditional barriers between inmates and corrections staff? a.intense supervision b.direct supervision c.custodial supervision d.close supervision
b.direct supervision
Ch1 Which of the following terms means procedural fairness? a.case process b.due process c.justice process d.adversarial process
b.due process
Ch12 Correctional systems can prevent the transmission of AIDS through ________. a.vaccinations b.education c.good nutrition d.punishment of HIV-positive prisoners
b.education
Ch3 Which of the following refers to improper or illegal inducement to crime by enforcement agents? a.police fraud b.entrapment c.collateral estoppel d.prosecutorial misconduct
b.entrapment
Ch9 Which of the following refers to the use of imprisonment to reduce the likelihood that a particular offender will commit more crime in society? a.deterrence b.incapacitation c.retribution d.rehabilitation
b.incapacitation
Ch6 Which of the following branches of a police organization is tasked with investigating charges of wrongdoing involving members of the department? a.civil rights b.internal affairs c.background investigations d.ethics unit
b.internal affairs
Ch11 Which level of prison security often has chain-link fences topped with barbed wire? a.supermax-security b.medium-security c.maximum-security d.minimum-security
b.medium-security
Ch9 Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of contemporary sentencing? a.incapacitation b.mitigation c.rehabilitation d.restoration
b.mitigation
Ch13 A child who has not been receiving the proper level of physical or psychological care from his or her parents or guardians is a(n) ________. a.dependent child b.neglected child c.delinquent child d.undisciplined child
b.neglected child
Ch12 John Irwin described the lifestyle of an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer as a(n) ________. a.retreatist b.opportunist c.legalist d.hedonist
b.opportunist
Ch6 The abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain is called ________. a.police subculture b.police corruption c.police integrity d.police personality
b.police corruption
Ch6 The special responsibility to adhere to moral duty and obligation that is inherent in police work is known as ________. a.police subculture b.police ethics c.police working personality d.intelligence-led policing
b.police ethics
Ch12 Prison language is also called ________. a.convict talk b.prison argot c.the code d.the secret vocabulary
b.prison argot
Ch12 The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called ________. a.administration b.prisonization c.neutralization d.adaptation
b.prisonization
Ch4 A neighborhood resource officer asks residents to clean up litter, remove graffiti, and install better lighting in a nearby park that is known for extensive drug dealing. Such a request is characteristic of what type of policing? a.strategic b.problem-solving c.rural d.crime-fighting
b.problem-solving
Ch3 Which part of the law specifies the methods to be used in enforcing substantive law? a.civil law b.procedural law c.administrative law d.common law
b.procedural law
Ch8 Weapons, tire tracks, and fingerprints are examples of ________. a.circumstantial evidence b.real evidence c.exculpatory evidence d.testimonial evidence
b.real evidence
Ch6 Which of the following is NOT a benefit of educated police officers? a.wiser use of discretion b.reduced sensitivity to racial issues c.fewer citizen complaints d.better written reports
b.reduced sensitivity to racial issues
Ch11 The ________ model of corrections emphasized indeterminate sentencing and rehabilitation. a.community-based b.reformatory c.evidence-based d.penitentiary
b.reformatory
Ch10 Which model emphasizes probation and parole officers' service role and views probationers and parolees as clients? a.correctional model b.social work model c.community service model d.supervisory model
b.social work model
Ch10 Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve time in a local jail before a period of supervised probation? a.shock probation b.split sentence c.shock incarceration d.mixed sentence
b.split sentence
Ch4 Which police strategy emphasizes an increased capacity to deal with crimes that are not well controlled by traditional methods? a.problem-solving policing b.strategic policing c.community policing d.team policing
b.strategic policing
Ch8 Who keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judge's entry to the courtroom? a.the court recorder b.the bailiff c.the clerk of court d.the court administrator
b.the bailiff
Ch9 Who is the final arbiter of the actual sentence served in a state that relies on an indeterminate sentencing scheme? a.the prosecutor b.the parole board c.the governor d.the judge
b.the parole board
Ch12 An enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives, is called a ________ institution. a.correctional b.total c.regimented d.juvenile
b.total
Ch7 Which of the following provides the first appellate level for courts of limited jurisdiction? a.courts of last resort b.trial courts of general jurisdiction c.intermediate appellate courts d.district courts
b.trial courts of general jurisdiction
Ch11 Most people sentenced to state prisons were convicted of ________ crimes and most people sentenced to federal prisons were convicted of ________. a.property; violent b.violent; drug c.violent; violent d.drug; property
b.violent; drug
Ch12 Suits formally requesting that the person detaining a prisoner bring him or her before a judicial officer to determine the lawfulness of the imprisonment are called ________. a.writs of federal action b.writs of habeas corpus c.writs of mandamus d.ex post facto writs
b.writs of habeas corpus
Ch3 ________ is the philosophy of law. a.Mens rea b.The penal code c.Jurisprudence d.The M'Naghten rule
c.Jurisprudence
Ch5 Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court cases held that electronic eavesdropping was a search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment? a.Olmstead v. U.S. b.Schmerber v. California c.Katz v. U.S. d.Lee v. Florida
c.Katz v. U.S.
Ch6 ________ profiling is known as any police action initiated on the basis of the race, ethnicity, or national origin of a suspect rather than on the behavior of that individual or on information that identifies the individual as being, or having been, engaged in criminal activity. a.Religious b.Ethic c.Racial d.Biased
c.Racial
Ch5 ________ is a belief, based on a consideration of the facts at hand and on reasonable inferences drawn from those facts that would induce an ordinarily prudent and cautious person under the same circumstances to conclude that criminal activity is taking place or that criminal activity has recently occurred. a.The good faith exception b.Probable cause c.Reasonable suspicion d.Plain view
c.Reasonable suspicion
Ch6 Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court cases specified the conditions under which deadly force could be used to apprehend a suspected felon? a.Hunter v. Bryant b.Saucier v. Katz c.Tennessee v. Garner d.Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Agents
c.Tennessee v. Garner
Ch9 Information provided to a judge about a defendant's background is usually provided in the form of ________. a.a criminal history report b.postconviction evidence c.a presentence investigation report d.a truth in sentencing report
c.a presentence investigation report
Ch10 Intermediate sanctions are also sometimes termed ________. a.discretionary release b.imprisonment c.alternative sentencing strategies d.mandatory release
c.alternative sentencing strategies
Ch3 The facts surrounding an event are known as ________. a.third party circumstances b.criminal circumstances c.attendant circumstances d.special circumstances
c.attendant circumstances
Ch4 Which of the following is NOT an element of community policing? a.emphasis on nonemergency services b.increased police accountability to the public c.centralization of command d.community-based crime prevention
c.centralization of command
Ch11 Most states use a(n) ________ system to assign inmates to custody levels based on offense history, assessed dangerousness, perceived risk of escape, and other factors. a.random b.direct-supervision c.classification d.design-capacity
c.classification
Ch13 The federal Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 requires states accepting federal funds for their juvenile justice systems to agree to ________. a.grant juveniles the right to trial by jury b.establish teen courts c.deinstitutionalize status offenders d.abandon the doctrine of parens patriae
c.deinstitutionalize status offenders
Ch13 Mary, a juvenile, breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his TV. Mary is a(n) ________ child. a.dependent b.neglected c.delinquent d.abused
c.delinquent
Ch8 What is the primary purpose of any criminal trial? a.cooperation and communication with the police b.recognition of informal rules of civility c.determination of the defendant's guilt or innocence d.instruction to meet the needs of trial judges
c.determination of the defendant's guilt or innocence
Ch4 Which of the following is NOT one of the three major levels of law enforcement? a.federal b.local c.district d.state
c.district
Ch3 Which of the following is a procedural defense? a.diminished capacity b.involuntary intoxication c.double jeopardy d.mental incompetence
c.double jeopardy
Ch12 The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the ________ of prison riots. a.historic era b.death knell c.explosive decade d.mainstay
c.explosive decade
Ch10 Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions she must observe apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced. These are known as ________ conditions. a.specific b.special c.general d.binding
c.general
Ch4 Which of the following is NOT a reason for the rapid growth of the private security sector in the U.S.? a.state fiscal crises b.increasing crime in the workplace c.increasing rates of overall crime d.increasing fear of crime and terrorism
c.increasing rates of overall crime
Ch9 A sentence of 5 to 15 years under the supervision of the state department of correction is an example of ________ sentencing. a.consecutive b.determinate c.indeterminate d.structured
c.indeterminate
Ch1 The American criminal justice process begins with a(n) ________. a.arrest b.indictment c.investigation d.arraignment
c.investigation
Ch13 Teen court is an alternative approach to juvenile justice in which alleged offenders are judged and/or sentenced by a ________. a.jury of teachers and social workers b.specially appointed judge c.jury of their peers d.juvenile court judge
c.jury of their peers
Ch4 If state troopers were instructed to write a ticket for any motorist going 1 mph over the speed limit, one could argue that this department was operating under what style of policing? a.watchman b.reform c.legalistic d.service
c.legalistic
Ch10 Which of the following is an early release option under which an inmate who is deemed low risk, due to physical or mental health conditions, is released from prison earlier than he or she might have been under normal circumstances? a.discretionary release b.prisoner reentry c.medical parole d.mandatory parole
c.medical parole
Ch2 The National Crime Victimization Survey does NOT include information about which crime? a.burglary b.robbery c.murder d.assault
c.murder
Ch8 During a trial, the ________ stage happens before the ________ stage, but after the ________ stage. a.closing arguments; opening statement; jury selection b.jury selection; opening statement; presentation of evidence c.opening statement; closing statement; jury selection d.presentation of evidence; opening statement; closing statement
c.opening statement; closing statement; jury selection
Ch7 Which of the following refers to the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts? a.appellate jurisdiction b.overlapping jurisdiction c.original jurisdiction d.limited jurisdiction
c.original jurisdiction
Ch5 An officer knocks on the door of a suspected drug dealer, who invites the officer into the house. While in the kitchen, the officer notices a marijuana plant on the windowsill. The officer may legally seize the plant under the ________ doctrine. a.emergency search of property b.good-faith c.plain-view d.emergency search of a person
c.plain-view
Ch4 The political (spoils) era of American policing was characterized by ________. a.police officers running for political office b.police, citizens, and politicians developing a close working relationship c.police corruption through serving the interests of politicians d.politicians funding police research
c.police corruption through serving the interests of politicians
Ch11 Jails that are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions are called ________. a.direct-supervision jails b.county jails c.regional jails d.jail boot camps
c.regional jails
Ch6 Officers who have adopted the police working personality are often all of the following, EXCEPT ________. a.authoritarian b.suspicious c.secure d.conservative
c.secure
Ch3 The main objective of a civil lawsuit is to ________. a.seek punishment b.gather evidence c.seek compensation d.solicit motive
c.seek compensation
Ch10 Which of the following intermediate sanctions exposes offenders to a highly regimented environment involving strict discipline, physical training, and hard labor? a.shock probation b.intensive probation c.shock incarceration d.mixed sentencing
c.shock incarceration
Ch4 Which agency would NOT be included in the term local police? a.sheriff's department b.campus police c.state police d.municipal department
c.state police
Ch2 UCR/NIBRS terminology may differ from ________ definitions of crime. a.statistical reporting b.the UCR Program's c.statutory d.the FBI's
c.statutory
Ch8 A written order issued by a judicial officer requiring an individual to appear in court to give testimony is called a ________. a.warrant b.motion c.subpoena d.verdict
c.subpoena
Ch12 Civil death refers to ________. a.the deprivation of constitutional due-process rights b.the racial segregation of prisoners in double cells c.the denial of the right to vote, to hold public office, and to marry d.the refusal to accommodate an inmate's right to religious practice
c.the denial of the right to vote, to hold public office, and to marry
Ch11 Which of the following is NOT a dimension that can be used to measure prison crowding? a.living arrangements b.the length of confinement of inmates in cells c.the prison's fiscal budget d.the space available per inmate
c.the prison's fiscal budget
Ch2 Murder is considered as a ________ crime. a.hate b.property c.violent d.corporate
c.violent
Ch13 Bob is accused of stealing a car. His court case is handled informally, quickly, and in private. The court that heard Bob's case ________. a.was probably an adult court b.is most concerned with Bob's due-process rights c.was probably a juvenile court d.probably granted Bob a jury trial
c.was probably a juvenile court
Ch7 Which of the following is NOT decided during the preliminary hearing? a.whether the crime was committed b.whether the crime occurred within the territorial jurisdiction of the court c.whether the defendant will be allowed to enter a plea d.whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant committed the crime
c.whether the defendant will be allowed to enter a plea
Ch2 Approximately how many law enforcement agencies provide crime data to the FBI for the UCR? a.50,000 b.100,000 c.30,000 d.18,000
d.18,000
Ch4 ________ describes the order of authority within a police department. a.Organizational hierarchy b.Span of control c.Personnel priorities d.Chain of command
d.Chain of command
Ch10 Which of the following statements about probation is false? a.Probation is a court-ordered sanction. b.It is the most common form of criminal sentencing. c.Probation is significantly less expensive than imprisonment. d.Convicted murderers and rapists cannot be sentenced to probation.
d.Convicted murderers and rapists cannot be sentenced to probation.
Ch11 Which of the following statements regarding the state prison population in the U.S. is TRUE? a.The overall incarceration rate for men and women in the U.S. today is similar. b.Most states have similar rates of imprisonment. c.The typical state prison today is a large maximum-security institution. d.Despite declining crime rates in the U.S., incarceration rates remain high.
d.Despite declining crime rates in the U.S., incarceration rates remain high.
Ch1 ________ refers to crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research. a.Consensus model b.Social justice c.Social control d.Evidence-based practice
d.Evidence-based practice
Ch4 Which federal agency is responsible for managing the database of DNA profiles of offenders? a.Drug Enforcement Administration b.U.S. Secret Service c.U.S. Customs d.Federal Bureau of Investigation
d.Federal Bureau of Investigation
Ch7 In which U.S. Supreme Court case was the Court's authority as the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution established? a.Sell v. U.S b.U.S. v. Hazzard c.U.S v. Montalvo-Murillo d.Marbury v. Madison
d.Marbury v. Madison
Ch1 During arrest and before questioning, defendants are usually advised of their ________. a.civil rights b.individual rights c.political rights d.Miranda rights
d.Miranda rights
Ch4 ________ is when law enforcement officers exercise choice while carrying out their duties. a.Police presence b.Legal input c.Directed patrol d.Police discretion
d.Police discretion
Ch11 ________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals and repeat offenders incarcerating them for long periods of time. a.Focused b.Collective c.Massive d.Selective
d.Selective
Ch5 Jake and Mary are married and own their home. The police come to the house and ask for permission to search the house for drugs. Jake gives his consent to the search, but Mary says no because she has hidden some drugs in the kitchen. The police come in and search, over Mary's objection, since Jake said it was okay. They find Mary's drugs. Which of the following is legally correct in the ensuing trial? a.The drugs can be used at Mary's trial because the police had Jake's consent to search the house. b.The drugs can be used at Mary's trial because the exclusionary rule does not apply in drug cases. c.The drugs cannot be used at Mary's trial because the police violated the plain-view doctrine. d.The drugs cannot be used at Mary's trial because she did not consent to the search.
d.The drugs cannot be used at Mary's trial because she did not consent to the search.
Ch5 Which U.S. Supreme Court made the exclusionary rule applicable to criminal prosecutions at the state level? a.Rehnquist Court b.Burger Court c.Eisenhower Court d.Warren Court
d.Warren Court
Ch5 Probable cause is ________. a.a precedent-setting term concerned with the use of undercover operations b.a police procedural issue concerned with the use of deadly force c.a legal explanation for the use of interrogation as a means to elicit a confession d.a set of facts that cause a reasonable person to believe that a person committed a specific crime
d.a set of facts that cause a reasonable person to believe that a person committed a specific crime
Ch3 Which of the following terms mean "guilty act"? a.collateral estoppel b.mens rea c.corpus delicti d.actus reus
d.actus reus
Ch13 The fact-finding process wherein the juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition is called (a)n ________ hearing. a.intake b.transfer c.dispositional d.adjudicatory
d.adjudicatory
Ch8 The ________ is a two-sided structure under which the American criminal trial court operates that pits the prosecution against the defense. a.election system b.appointment system c.grand jury system d.adversarial system
d.adversarial system
Ch1 Due process includes which of the following basic elements ________. a.a right to an attorney b.a trial according to established procedure c.a right to be assumed innocent until proven guilty d.all of the above
d.all of the above
Ch6 Which of the following is an example of a biological weapon? a.sonic weapons b.flash guns c.pepper spray d.anthrax
d.anthrax
Ch8 All of the following are outsiders to the courtroom work group, EXCEPT ________. a.defendants b.victims c.lay witnesses d.bailiff
d.bailiff
Ch8 Which of the following is NOT a type of juror challenge? a.peremptory challenges b.challenges to the array c.challenges for cause d.challenges for knowledge
d.challenges for knowledge
Ch8 The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________. a.test the credibility and the memory of the witness b.handle certain matters relating to individuals declared mentally incompetent c.serve as a judge of probate to oversee wills and the administration of estates d.charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense
d.charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense
Ch5 What legal concept provides the basis of suspicion less searches when public safety is at issue? a.fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine b.reasonable suspicion c.probable cause d.compelling interest
d.compelling interest
Ch13 At the dispositional hearing, most judges decide not to ________ the juvenile. a.transfer b.question c.hear from d.confine
d.confine
Ch1 Which model of criminal justice assumes that the efforts of the component parts of the system are fragmented, leading to a criminal justice non-system? a.due-process model b.consensus model c.crime-control model d.conflict model
d.conflict model
Ch12 A career offender, who is generally supportive of inmates' values in a women's prison, is called a ________. a.square b.femme c.life d.cool
d.cool
Ch2 A ________ is a classification of crimes along a particular dimension, such as legal categories, offender motivation, victim behavior, or the characteristics of individual offenders. a.crime mapping b.crime profiling c.crime analysis d.crime typology
d.crime typology
Ch7 Which of the following laws limits the right to bail for certain kinds of offenders? a.judicial concern law b.offender law c.detention law d.danger law
d.danger law
Ch12 Challenges to prison conditions by inmates, which are brought under the Eighth Amendment, must show ________ by the officials responsible for the conditions. a.wanton infliction b.recklessness c.criminality d.deliberate indifference
d.deliberate indifference
Ch4 What strategy is designed to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the application of scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques? a.analytical patrol b.supervised patrol c.centralized patrol d.directed patrol
d.directed patrol
Ch13 What is the final stage in a juvenile case? a.the petition b.intake c.adjudication d.dispositional hearing
d.dispositional hearing
Ch6 The application of an amount or frequency of force greater than that required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject is known as ________. a.threat of force b.unreasonable force c.deadly force d.excessive force
d.excessive force
Ch2 Which type of terrorism only includes acts of terrorism that occur outside the United States? a.international terrorism b.traditional terrorism c.domestic terrorism d.foreign terrorism
d.foreign terrorism
Ch2 According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, the elderly ________. a.have the highest rate of crime victimization of any age group b.fear crime less than other age groups c.are more likely to attempt to protect themselves from violent criminals than other age groups d.have the lowest rate of crime victimization of any age group
d.have the lowest rate of crime victimization of any age group
Ch7 A formal written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, is known as a(n) ________. a.arraignment b.plea c.bail d.information
d.information
Ch7 At which stage of the Criminal Justice process are defendants brought before a judge for the first time to possibly be afforded the opportunity for bail? a.preliminary hearing b.pretrial release c.grand jury hearing d.initial appearance
d.initial appearance
Ch10 Which of the following is NOT a function of a probation or parole officer's work? a.intake procedures b.needs assessments and diagnosis c.supervision of clients d.investigative assistance to prosecutors
d.investigative assistance to prosecutors
Ch10 Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using probation instead of imprisonment? a.lowered cost b.increased employment opportunities for offenders c.increased likelihood that restitution will be paid d.lowered use of community services
d.lowered use of community services
Ch6 Which type of police corruption identified by the Knapp Commission involves the active seeking of illicit money-making opportunities by officers? a.grass eating b.profiling c.occupational deviance d.meat eating
d.meat eating
Ch11 The majority of this country's jail inmates are ________. a.juveniles b.senior citizens c.women d.members of minority groups
d.members of minority groups
Ch9 Cooperating with the authorities, good character, and no prior record are examples of ________ circumstances. a.aggravating b.unforeseen c.compensatory d.mitigating
d.mitigating
Ch4 The broken windows model of policing focuses on which element of the police mission? a.enforcing and supporting the law b.investigating crimes and apprehending offenders c.providing needed enforcement-related services d.preserving the peace
d.preserving the peace
Ch8 Which of the following terms describes an attorney who works for a law firm? a.court-appointed counsel b.public defender c.prosecuting attorney d.private attorney
d.private attorney
Ch7 Bob consigned all of his stock holdings to the court as collateral against pretrial flight. What type of bail did he post? a.unsecured bond b.signature bond c.deposit bond d.property bond
d.property bond
Ch8 The ________ system relies on full-time salaried staff. a.private counsel b.contract attorney c.assigned counsel d.public defender
d.public defender
Ch1 Which of the following advocates would support the interests of society over those of an individual? a.due-process advocate b.individual-rights advocates c.consensus model advocates d.public-order advocates
d.public-order advocates
Ch8 The role of a defense attorney does NOT include ________. a.testing the strength of the prosecution's case b.appealing a conviction c.representing the accused d.representing the state
d.representing the state
Ch9 Which of the following sentencing goals is closely associated with the phrase "an eye for an eye"? a.incapacitation b.rehabilitation c.deterrence d.retribution
d.retribution
Ch2 Which of the following is NOT a UCR/NIBRS property crime offense? a.motor vehicle theft b.larceny-theft c.burglary d.robbery
d.robbery
Ch8 A defendant would be entitled to counsel if she were too poor to afford an attorney in each of the following situations, EXCEPT if ________. a.she were charged with a misdemeanor with a maximum penalty of six months in jail b.she were charged with a felony c.she were charged with a capital crime d.she were charged with a misdemeanor with a maximum penalty of a $1,000 fine
d.she were charged with a misdemeanor with a maximum penalty of a $1,000 fine
Ch10 In Samson v. California the U.S. Supreme Court held that ________. a.parolees have the same Fourth Amendment rights to be free from unreasonable search and seizure as any citizen b.a parole officer may conduct a warrantless search of a parolee's person, but not his or her home c.a parolee may not be searched without suspicion of criminal wrongdoing d.the police may search a parolee for the sole reason that he or she is on parole
d.the police may search a parolee for the sole reason that he or she is on parole
Ch9 Which of the following is NOT a right provided by the Crime Victims' Rights Act to the victims of federal crimes? a.the right to be reasonably protected from the accused b.the right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay c.the right to confer with the federal prosecutor handling the case d.the right to appeal any state or federal grant of clemency
d.the right to appeal any state or federal grant of clemency
Ch13 One of the five philosophical principles that form the basis for the juvenile court movement states that ________ is the "higher or ultimate parent" of the child. a.the father of the child b.the church or religious establishment c.the legal guardian of the child d.the state
d.the state
Ch10 Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of an intermediate sanction? a.shock incarceration b.house arrest with electronic monitoring c.intensive probation d.thirty days in jail and a small fine
d.thirty days in jail and a small fine