CHAPTER 7 (EXAM2)
3 theoretical models for intervention models
1. Behaviorism 2. Psycholinguistic theory 3. Social interaction theory
Effective communication requires interaction between
1. Goodness of fit 2. Ecological systems 3. Culturally competent family centeredness
Hearing loss in Autism children
10% of children have hearing loss
Earliest reliable Diagnosis
18 months 18-36 months is most common age for Dx
Autism in 1970s
3 major shifts 1. Autism now defined as a DEVELOPMENTAL disorder not emotional or psychiatric disorder 2. Origin of autism believed to be "a brain disorder with a genetic basis" at birth 3. Facilitated Communication
Intellectual disabilities in Autism children
75% of children have intellectual disability based on IQ test scores
Autism
A clinical syndrome defined by unique set of behaviors
PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER (PDD)
Also known as atypical autism Name for children who have some autistic behaviors but who don't fit into other categories The most severe type of PDD is autistic disorder
Ecological systems
Assessing present and future environmental (home, school, community) demands and the child's communicative abilities
Communication in children with autism
Assessment is challenging b/c of echolalia nature of speech, repetitiveness of their utterances, stereotyped utterances
Psycholinguistic Theory
Born from the Psycholinguistic Theory Contemporary Applied Behavioral Analysis (CABA) which combines behavioral intervention with natural methods More child-lead Modeling, shaping and reinforcement
Pronoun difficulties
Confusion with gender (he/she) or case substitutions (him/he) Impaired ability to understand and use "you", "I", "me"
Autistic or autistic-like
Describes individual behaviors in children who may or may not meet the diagnostic criteria of autism
Assessment
Early identification can be challenging due to behaviors of autism Most children identified btwn ages of 3-4
Echolalia
Frequency of repetition of utterances in an automatic and unthinking way
Heredity in Autism
Genetic basis for autism May occur more than once in families
ASPERGER'S SYNDROME
Higher functioning than children with autism Neurological disorder affects primarily boys social and communicative deficits (poor eye gaze, inappropriate facial expressions, and body posture) No language deficits (average or above-average range on intelligence tests) Social problems and limited scope of interests
Autism in 1943
Kanner Based on social and communicative impairments child are withdrawn, repetitive utterances, intolerance of changes in routine
Pre-Speech Deficts in Autism children
Lack of interest in mother's voice Prefer environmental sounds Decreased joint attention eye contact
Behaviorism Theory
Lovass behavior modification decrease self injurious behaviors and increase social interactions desirable behaviors obtained through a series of prompting, fading, stimulus rotation and positive reinforcement Applied behavioral analysis (ABA) approach
RETT'S DISORDER
Mainly in girls Typically developing, but begin to lose their communication and social skills Beginning at the age of 1 to 4 years, repetitive hand movements
Causes of autism
Mercury/thimerosol (controversial) Chromosomal defects (chromosomes 15-17) Parental conditions (maternal vitamin D deficiency, mood/anxiety disorder) CNS dysfunction Systemic factors: autoimmune system responses to dietary proteins, growth and hormonal changes, and electrolyte disorders Environmental factors (lead poising, ultra sound testing) High testosterone levels in amniotic fluid during 2nd trimester
AUTISTIC DISORDER
Most severe form of PDD Refers to problems with social interactions, communication, and imaginative play in children younger than 3 years
Autism characteristic
Must demonstrate 6+ Impairment in the use of nonverbal behaviors (doesn't wave bye) Doesn't develop peer relationships (no interesting in making friends) Delay or total lack of development of spoken language (no comm. babbling, facial expression) Impairment to initiate or sustain a conversation Repetitive use of language or echolalia Lack of spontaneous make believe play or social imitative play
Social Interaction Theory
No recommendation on particular intervention strategy Suggest pragmatic deficits arise from adult not adjusting conversations effectively Believe modifying directive behaviors to allow more flexibility in a response and allowing irregular behaviors to be normal and address the intention of the behavior is more effective
Early communication deficits
No synchronization of vocal patterns No exchange of emotional expressions (with adults) Lack of gestures and vocalizations Lack of joint attention Lack of orientation responses (turning head when called by parent) Lack functional pointing Decline in frequency and diversity of babbling, gestures and consonant use.
Fragile X Syndrome
One of the known causes of Autism
Motor behavior deficits in Autism children
Poor coordination odd hand and body postures
Formulaic Language
Prefabricated sequence of words or elements used by these children in the context they are first learned Learning word/phrase as a whole and can't be broken down Often used Ex. Mom says "we are getting a cat" while stepping on breaks, kid sees red lights, and associated "we are getting a cat" with the red lights
Culturally competent family centeredness
Refers to the central role of the parent(s) in the intervention system
Some signs of assessment
Repetitive behaviors (echolalia, flapping of hands, rocking body, spinning in class) abnormal social interaction patterns (avoiding eye contact, wanting to be alone) temperament (upset by minor changed) unusual interest in certain objects (obsessive interest) Not responding to name by 12 months No pointing at objects to show interest by 14 months
Non segmental phonology (prosody)
Rhythmic pattern, excessively prolonged sounds frequent/inappropriate whispering fluctuations in volume nasal resonance
Floor Time
Social Interaction Theory Greenspan Focuses on establishing a child's connection with primary caregivers Relies on well balanced reciprocal interactions devlop intimacy
Peer mediated programs
Social Interaction Theory allow for typically developing children to initiate social interactions with children who are on the autism spectrum
Segmental Phonology and Syntax in children with autism
Speech is usually intelligible Syntax may be slower in growth and development
Asynchrony
The abnormal timing and sequence of acquisition of language in a child with autism May be a result of social and cognitive deficits of autistic children eye gaze but unable to use it for social interaction learning phonological form of a word but not able to use it appropriate in social situations
Later childhood in Autism children
ToM not developed (unable to understand or relate to others) social and communicative impairments increased hyperactivity, aggression, self-destructive behaviors and insistence on routine
CHILDHOOD DISINTEGRATIVE DISORDER (CDD)
Typically developing for at least two years, loss of some or most of communication, social, motor, & cognitive skills. Extremely rare disorder.
Sensory behaviors in Autism children
Unusual sensory behaviors hyposensitivity or hypersensitivity to certain stimuli (heat, cold, pain, sound, touch, etc)
Idiosyncratic language
Unusual verbal behaviors; words/phrases used with unusual meanings 3 common forms: Echolalia, Formulaic Language, Neologism
Neologism
When a new word(s) is/are coined Less frequent
Lexical and Syntactical comprehension in children with autism
able to understand linguistic code @ level of their mental ability NOT their MA (mental age) Vocabulary may be strong but appropriate use is impaired
Diagnosis rising becasue
changes in the definition of autism how autism is being studied differences in diagnostic procedures
Better identification by using DSM IV TR with what
checklist family history screenings of large groups (day care) retrospective info from caregivers
Goodness of fit
environmental demands and child's abilities
Immediate echolalia
exact repetition of a word(s) after they are spoken
Imitation in children with autism
it allows a partner to be informed that they are paying attention it acknowledges a behavior/action
Seizures
onset is either early childhood or adolescence
3 patterns of problematic behaviors in young Autistic children
social communication sensory regulation play
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)
synonymous with PDD Continuum of intellectual ability Range of symptom severity among children with autism
Priming
technique used with children with autism to expose children to their assignments ahead of the teacher's presentation of the activity
Diagnosing children with autism requires the identification of:
the presence of atypical behaviors the absence of behaviors expected in typically developing children
Delayed echolalia
the repetition of phrases after a period of time - several minutes or a year after the phrase was originally heard may pop up any time, any place.