BIO LAB EXAM

humans having 21 pairs of chromosomes.

23andMe got its name from __.

3'-5' strand

5'-CCCCCTATGCCTGAACACTGCCCCTGAAAAA-3' 3'-GGGGGATACGGACTTGTGACGGGGACTTTTT-5' The above sequence is a gene sequence, and the protein coding region has been marked with the START (ATG) and STOP (TGA) codons with bold-typed font. Which strand will be used as a template strand for making mRNA?

False

A genetic health risk report from 23andMe is a suitable substitute for seeking the opinion of a healthcare professional.

The genetic makeup of an individual.

A genotype is __.

50%

A heterozygous round seeded plant (Rr) is crossed with a homozygous round seeded plant (RR). What percentage of the offspring will be homozygous (RR)?

50%

A male beetle has the genotype Tt. If this beetle mates with a female with the genotype TT, what is the chance their offspring will have the genotype Tt?

The pattern of inheritance of a specific trait

A pedigree chart shows __.

No, because ATP is not present.

A solution in a beaker contains all the enzymes necessary for undergoing glycolysis. A mole of glucose is mixed into the solution. No oxygen is present, and no ATP is present. Does glycolysis occur?

Based only on Ruth and Jeremy's phenotypes, you cannot tell the exact probability of their child having foul earwax.

ABCC11 is a human autosomal gene involved in the production of earwax. The recessive allele (a) causes the production of dry, crumbly, and grayish earwax, whereas the dominant allele (A) produces wet, sticky, and foul-smelling earwax. Ruth and Jeremy are married and both produce foul earwax. They are trying to get pregnant with their first child and are afraid she or he will inherit that trait. What do you tell them?

energy carrier

ATP is a type of __.

False

Aerobic respiration does NOT require oxygen.

False

All mutations are harmful for organisms

True

Alleles are different forms of a gene.

Lactic Acid

An athlete participates in a 10K run. He faints after running two miles due to lack of oxygen in his brain cells. Knowing that muscle cells obtain energy from aerobic respiration or fermentation, the athlete's muscles might be full of __.

Rr

An example of a genotype is __.

T and t

An example of alleles is __.

Alchohol | CO2

Anaerobic respiration by yeast produces __.

Suppressor

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are human tumor __ genes.

False

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the only gene mutations associated with breast and ovarian cancer.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Bacterial cells were inoculated in LB media with glucose and grown for 24 hours without aeration. The pH of the media after 24 hours was measured and found to be very acidic. What might have caused the pH to become acidic?

Type of rising agent | growth of the dough (mm)

Baking soda, or calcium bicarbonate, is sometimes used instead of yeast in baking. It produces carbon dioxide when it is broken up by heat, rather than via fermentation, as yeast does. Suppose you are designing an experiment to determine whether baking soda or yeast is more efficient as a rising agent to make bread. What would be adequate independent and dependent variables for your experiment, respectively?

Will the type of rising agent cause a difference in how much bread rises during baking

Baking soda, or calcium bicarbonate, is sometimes used instead of yeast in baking. It produces carbon dioxide when it is broken up by heat, rather than via fermentation, as yeast does. Suppose you are designing an experiment to determine whether baking soda or yeast is more efficient as a rising agent to make bread. What would be an adequate research question to guide that experiment?

Recessive

Below is a pedigree for a neurological disease. The son is affected (solid square). If the disease is caused by a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome, is the mutation recessive or dominant?

Phenotype

Brown hair is a type of __.

False

Distillation is a process in which only ethanol can evaporate.

Mutations | uncontrolled cell growth

Environmental risk factors can cause __ that lead to __.

Cytoplasm, Mitochondria

Glycolysis takes place in the __, while the citric acid cycle takes place in the __ of a cell.

Genotyping

How does 23andMe evaluate genetic variation in individuals and across populations?

By sexual reproduction and a combination of one gamete from each parent to form a zygote.

How does an individual inherit their genome?

3

How many bases make up a codon?

3

How many phosphate groups does ATP contain?

I and III

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that is transmitted mainly through skin-to-skin contact. Following transmission, HPV enters host cells and integrates into the host genome, eventually causing the cells to synthesize the viral protein E6. In turn, E6 inactivates the host protein p53, a tumor suppressor that arrests the cell cycle or induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) when DNA damage is detected. Which of the following claims is best supported by the information above?I. HPV increases the synthesis of tumor suppressor proteins in infected cells.II. HPV results into inactivation of tumor suppressor protein.III. HPV causes infected cells to exit the cell cycle.IV. HPV causes uncontrolled cell division in infected cells.

Glycolysis - Citric Acid Cycle - Glycolysis

Identify the correct sequential events of cellular respiration.

They are at a greater risk for cancer.

If an individual receives a 23andMe report that says that they have the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, what does that mean?

It is converted to heat.

If cellular respiration were 100% efficient, the process would produce around 80 ATP; however, the actual yield is around 30 ATP. What happens to the rest of the chemical energy in glucose?

It depends on how the condition is inherited (dominant V. recessive) and the genotype of your other parent. You should talk to your doctor or a genetic counselor to find out your risk.

If one of your parents is at risk for a genetic health condition, what is your risk of having the same condition?

All of the Above

If yeast can metabolize sugar like glucose aerobically to produce carbon dioxide, then why don't we do the fermentation experiment aerobically?

It will give rise to carbon dioxide bubbles in the fermentation tube.

If yeast is able to use a provided carbon source during a fermentation experiment, what will occur?

False

If your grandmother had breast cancer, you must inherit the related cancer gene from her.

Fermentation occurred in dough, liberating carbon dioxide that makes the dough soft and aerated. This is indicated by the piece of dough fluctuating in the water.

In certain cultures, in the preparation of bread with yeast, a piece of raw dough is put in a glass with water before the bread goes in the oven. While the little piece of dough sits in the bottom of the glass, the bread is incubated with steam. When the piece of dough starts fluctuating, that is a signal that the dough has grown and is aerated enough, and therefore, ready to go to the oven. This process helps to guarantee that the bread will be aerated and soft. Based on this information, what made the dough in the water fluctuate?

Bb and bb

In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b). If you cross a heterozygous brown-eyed person (Bb) with a blue-eyed person (bb), what are the possible genotypes of the offspring?

II and III

In the 18th century, a young boy suffered from a condition that included thickening of the skin and the formation of loose spines that were periodically sloughed off. This "porcupine man" married and had six sons, all of whom had the same condition. He also had several daughters, all of whom were unaffected. What might you theorize about the location of the abnormal gene? I. It could be on the X chromosome. II. It could be on the Y chromosome. III. It is transmitted from father to sons. IV. It is transmitted from mothers to sons.

CO2 production | dependent variable

In the fermentation kitchen lab, we measured __. This was the __.

False

In your fermentation experiment, you studied the effect of sugar concentration on the rate of CO2 production.

False

Punnett squares will not give us information about possible genetic outcomes.

Which of the following represents a phenotype?

Red Eyes

II and IV

Select the correct statements about cancer. I. All types of cancer have similar causes; they are always related to the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. II. Cancer is many different diseases with the similarity that they all involve uncontrolled cell proliferation. III. Any of our genes, if mutated, may cause cancer. IV. Cancer often originates from mutations in the genes that control cell division. V. If both of your parents had pancreatic cancer, you are practically guaranteed to have pancreatic cancer too.

The number of replicates and how the results were recorded.

Stanley (your friend from the Fermentation Case Study) wrote up the methods of his fermentation experiment. Use this portion of his methods section to answer the following questions (each sentence has been numbered for clarity): (I) To determine the effects of sugar source on production of CO2 during fermentation, three fruit juices were used as experimental treatments. (II) First, all materials (juice, table sugar, water, yeast, test tubes, fermentation tubes, labeling tape, sharpie) were organized on the lab bench. (III) Because different sugar sources contain different concentrations of sugar, the amount of each treatment needed to total one gram of sugar was calculated using the nutritional information from each label. (IV) Each treatment (10 mL apple juice, 11 mL orange juice, and 6.7 mL grape juice, 1 gram sucrose) was added to a separate test tube, and the final volume was brought to 20 mL with distilled water. (V) Five mL of yeast suspension was added to the sucrose tubes, water tubes, grape juice tubes, orange juice tubes, and apple juice tubes. (VI) The solutions were transferred to fermentation tubes, which were then placed into their respective test tubes such that no air bubbles were inside the fermentation tubes. (VII) All tubes were incubated at 42ºC for one hour. What information is missing from his methods section?

data collection

Stanley (your friend from the Fermentation Case Study) wrote up the methods of his fermentation experiment. Use this portion of his methods section to answer the following questions (each sentence has been numbered for clarity): (I) To determine the effects of sugar source on production of CO2 during fermentation, three fruit juices were used as experimental treatments. (II) First, all materials (juice, table sugar, water, yeast, test tubes, fermentation tubes, labeling tape, sharpie) were organized on the lab bench. (III) Because different sugar sources contain different concentrations of sugar, the amount of each treatment needed to total one gram of sugar was calculated using the nutritional information from each label. (IV) Each treatment (10 mL apple juice, 11 mL orange juice, and 6.7 mL grape juice, 1 gram sucrose) was added to a separate test tube, and the final volume was brought to 20 mL with distilled water. (V) Five mL of yeast suspension was added to the sucrose tubes, water tubes, grape juice tubes, orange juice tubes, and apple juice tubes. (VI) The solutions were transferred to fermentation tubes, which were then placed into their respective test tubes such that no air bubbles were inside the fermentation tubes. (VII) All tubes were incubated at 42ºC for one hour. What is the most appropriate subheading for this part of his methods section?

Sentence I should include what the experimental treatments and controls were. Sentence II should be removed because it's extraneous information. Sentence V is repetitive and could be more concise.

Stanley (your friend from the Fermentation Case Study) wrote up the methods of his fermentation experiment. Use this portion of his methods section to answer the following questions (each sentence has been numbered for clarity): (I) To determine the effects of sugar source on production of CO2 during fermentation, three fruit juices were used as experimental treatments. (II) First, all materials (juice, table sugar, water, yeast, test tubes, fermentation tubes, labeling tape, sharpie) were organized on the lab bench. (III) Because different sugar sources contain different concentrations of sugar, the amount of each treatment needed to total one gram of sugar was calculated using the nutritional information from each label. (IV) Each treatment (10 mL apple juice, 11 mL orange juice, and 6.7 mL grape juice, 1 gram sucrose) was added to a separate test tube, and the final volume was brought to 20 mL with distilled water. (V) Five mL of yeast suspension was added to the sucrose tubes, water tubes, grape juice tubes, orange juice tubes, and apple juice tubes. (VI) The solutions were transferred to fermentation tubes, which were then placed into their respective test tubes such that no air bubbles were inside the fermentation tubes. (VII) All tubes were incubated at 42ºC for one hour. Which of the following edits would you suggest he make to improve his methods section?

Add Lactaid

Suppose you repeat this week's experiment using water, sucrose, honey, milk, and molasses as sugar sources. At the final bag height measurement, milk shows no significant difference in CO2 production compared to the water treatment. What could you do to increase the CO2 production for the milk treatment?

Dairy Products, Beverage products, Cereal Products

The applications of fermentation include __.

Alcoholic Fermentation

The bakery and beer industries use __ to produce bread and beer.

True

The coding strand of DNA is similar to the primary transcript.

oxygen

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is __.

pyruvate

The final electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation is __.

2 Molecules

The net production of ATP molecules in glycolysis is __.

True

The physical expression of a trait is called a phenotype.

RNA | proteins | RNA

Transcription involves making __ from DNA, and translation involves making __from __.

CO2, H20, ATP

What are the correct products of cellular respiration?

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

What are the stages of aerobic respiration?

future tense

What is the correct tense to write hypotheses for this course?

The production of CO2 causes the bread to rise and expand.

What is the primary role of fermentation in making bread?

Glycolysis

What is the process in which some cells can metabolize organic nutrients and produce ATP in the absence of oxygen?

Glucose and oxygen

What is/are the starting reactant(s) in cellular respiration?

Disaccharide

What kind of sugar is sucrose?

They must be broken down into monosaccharides to start glycolysis.

What must happen to sucrose, maltose, or lactose before yeast can ferment them?

A source of sugar which is guaranteed to give a high rate of fermentation.

What was a positive control in the Fermentation Kitchen Lab?

False

When using outside sources to answer questions on my student guide, I only need a full citation in the reference list, but not an in-text citation if I do not use a direct quote.

Anaerobic | Carbon Dioxide

When yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is in __ conditions, it utilizes alcohol fermentation to produce ATP, ethanol, and __.

Within the ribosomes found in the cytoplasm.

Where does protein synthesis (mRNA → amino acids) take place?

Grape juice and yeast only

Which ingredients are necessary to make homemade wine?

II and III

Which of the following are constants in the fermentation kitchen lab experiment? I. Source of sugar II. Concentration of sugar (2g/bag) III. Water temperature (40 - 42°C) IV. Volume of CO2 produced by yeast fermentation

It regenerates NAD+ to continue glycolysis

Which of the following best describes how fermentation of pyruvate to lactic acid facilitates the production of ATP in the absence of oxygen?

Determining if an individual has genetic variants associated with a higher risk of developing a hereditary disease.

Which of the following is a 23andMe genetic health risk report appropriate for?

uu

Which of the following is an example of a homozygous genotype?

Oxygen

Which of the following is not a product of fermentation?

Extreme Cold

Which of the following is not a reason for a mutation to occur in DNA?

Reproduction

Which of the following is not a reason we need mitosis?

HPV, Air pollution, Smoking, and UV radiation are all risk factors for cancer.

Which of the following is not a risk factor for cancer?

An overactive version of a protein that stimulates cell division.

Which of the following mutated proteins is most likely to cause a cell to become cancerous?

both answers are correct

Which of the following statement(s) about genotyping and DNA sequencing is/are true?

Screening tests help the patient define the risks of passing along a genetic disorder.

Which of the following statements are true regarding genetic screening?

Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Citric acid cycle

Which stage of aerobic respiration produces ATP and NADH and releases CO2?

II only

Which statement(s) is/are correct? I. Humans do not have the ability to metabolize ethanol; that is the reason we get drunk and hungover. II. The ancestors of humans developed the ability to metabolize ethanol millions of years ago because it was a common by-product in a diet including sugary fruits. III. Humans developed the ability to metabolize ethanol when the first alcoholic beverage was deliberately created in the Yellow River Valley of China about 9,000 years ago. IV. Ethanol is only one of many types of alcohol; we are able to metabolize all of them.

No, the primary RNA transcript should be made using the template strand of a gene.

Would using a gene's coding strand for transcription result in the desired functional protein?

True

Yeast can metabolize sugar in two ways, aerobically, with the aid of oxygen, or anaerobically, without oxygen.

Lactic acid Fermentation

Yogurt is a fermentation product of milk. Which fermentation process is involved in yogurt production?