BIO LAB MIDTERM

Topic 2: Phylum Ascomycota

"Ascomycota Mushroom"

General Female Development

(Ovule) It contains the female reproductive cells and consists of three parts: 1. integument — outer protective envelope of tissue 2. nucellus (or mega-sporangium) — middle layer 3. female megaspore — producer of the egg cell for fertilization within the ovule's center (in flowering plants this part is also called the embryo sac)

three phyla of the Fungi kingdom in detail

- Basidiomycota - Ascomycota - Zygomycota B.A.Z

The Anolis lizard depicted in this picture is what form of ecormorph?

- Big and Green crown giant

Basic Structure of Fungi Organisms

- Most fungi are multicellular - They are arranged in a network of filaments, or tubes, called H Y P H A E - In most fungi the hyphae are divided into cells by S E P T A

SEPTA CONT...

- The septa are specialized cross-walls that have pores to allow cytoplasm, organelles, and sometimes nuclei to pass through them. The pores allow the fungal cells to communicate with each other. In fungi that lack septa the entire fungus is essentially one multinuclear cell. Many fungal species have specialized hyphal structures designed for nutrient uptake. All hyphae are specialized for growth at the tip.

Fungi resemble both plants and animals!

- They have cell walls like plants - Fungal cell walls composed of C H I T I N, not cellulose

G I L L S , also known as L A M E L L A E

- dark plates located on the underside of the pileus, radiating out from the center very thin, delicate, nearly black in the mature mushroom spaces between longer lamellae occupied by successively shorter gills (large combined surface area for all gills)

Saprotrophic fungi

- utilize dead organic materials as sources of nutrients and are responsible for the biodegradation of organic materials in our environment, particularly plant materials in the form of leaf litter and other plant debris - Such fungi play a vital role in recycling essential elements, particularly C A R B O N - Unfortunately, their excellent biodegradative abilities mean that many saprotrophic fungi are capable of contaminating our food sources or destroying consumer goods manufactured from organic materials.

S T E M, also known as a S T I P E

- white and fleshy, usually smooth - attached to the bottom center of the piles - lifts the cap and the gills above the ground, so that currents of air can be scatter spores

dicots

- woody or herbaceous - sepals and petals in multiples of four or five - net-veined leaves - vascular-tissue in the stem forms rings - two cotyledons (seed leaves)

Which of the following is a trunk-ground ectomorph?

Brown

Which of the following is a grass-bush ectomorph?

Brown striped

- "Agaricus Mushroom" (click on this)

C A P, also known as P I L E U S - the expanded, top part of the mushroom - thick and fleshy, rounded, generally smooth surface

The largest and most important group of gymnosperms is the conifer.

Included in this group are some of the largest vascular plants — such as the redwood (Sequoia) — and the oldest living plants — such as the Bristlecone Pine tree, which is over 4,000 years old. Conifers have two types of reproductive structures referred to as male and female cones. *Each cone is considered to be a modified branch with a number of modified leaves, called S C A L E S or M I C R O S P O R O P H Y L L Each sporophyll bears a structure called a M I C R O S P O R A N G I U M , mentioned above in the General Male Development section, in which the microspores are produced.

Crown Giant

Largest of the anoles that live exclusively in the tree canopy With a large body, intermediately long hind limbs, and a long tail Usually green

Leaves

Leaves produce most of the energy for the plant via photosynthesis. Leaf structure allows for gas exchange with the environment, as well as evaporation of excess water. Gas is exchanged through specialized structures, called stomata (singular: stoma). The stomata are holes that allow carbon dioxide, which is required for photosynthesis, to enter. They also allow oxygen and water vapor to exit the leaf.

Anole Communication

Lizards use push-ups and head bobs to communicate.

Topic 3 Phylum Zygomycota

Locate and label the zygomycota part: rhizoids sporangiophores sporangia

APICAL GROWTH

New hypha are formed by the emergence of new tips (apical growth) along existing hyphae.

Seed A seed is a mature ovule that has three parts: - protective seed coat - endosperm - the food source for the plant - embryo

Of those parts of the seed, the embryo has three parts: epicotyl - develops into the stem radicle - develops into the root cotyledon - develops into the first leaf

topic 1: Phylum Basidiomycota (the one you'd know)

Phylum Basidiomycota (the one you'd know)

Experiment 1 (Intro)

Erlenmeyer Flask HCl Thermometer

How are fungi part of our daily lives?

F O O D: cultivated and harvested by humans and eaten as mushrooms (particularly agaricus mushrooms like button mushrooms and Portobellos). L E A V E N I N G A G E N T S: in bread (baker's yeast) and in the fermentation of wine and beer (brewer's yeast), as well as soy sauce (aspergillus). P R O D U C E R S O F U S E F U L B I O L O G I C A L A G E N T S: antibiotics (penicillin) and others, such as the enzymes used in detergents.

THE FEMALE CONE

Female pine cones typically form higher up in the tree, and often take several years to develop. As mentioned, their modified leaves — the scales — are called megasporophylls, and they produce megaspores. Each scale has two ovules where megaspores can develop. Each ovule has a micropyle, a small hole near end of the ovule wall where sperm can enter.

What are the ways we use fungi in our daily lives?

Food (mushrooms), leavening agents (baker's yeast and brewer's yeast), and producers of useful biological agents (penicillin)

Part 2: Aspergillus Microscope Slide

. Familiarize yourself with the structures of the image: conidiophore — the stalk vesicle — bulbous structure at the end of the conidiophores phialodae — many arms that grow out of the vesicle conidia — chains of asci (sacs) containing the spores

Fruit

After an ovule is fertilized, the ovary begins to enlarge, the petals of the flower drop, and the ovule develops into a seed. Another structure of fleshy tissue grounds surrounds the seed — the fruit. Fruit development continues until the seeds have matured. The placement of the seeds within the fruit varies between plants. Fruit tissue assists in the dissemination, or dispersal, of the seeds, as fruits are often carried off by animals to be eaten in different places . Some fruit, pear for example, has a gritty texture due to the presence of stone cells in the fruit. Stone cells are a kind of sclerenchyma, the structural tissue with lignin that provides support to plants. Stone cells influence the overall firmness and weight of the mature fruit. Stone cells appear dark in slides because they have a high density of lignin or cellulose.

Trunk

Anoles that climb up and down tree trunks like squirrels With a small body, an even length ratio of forelimbs to hind limbs, and a short tail Gray

Trunk-Ground

Anoles that inhabit the lower trunks of trees and the surrounding ground beneath them With an intermediate body, very long hind limbs, and a long tail Brown

Grass-Bush

Anoles that live among the grasses and bushes away from trees With a small body, long hind limbs, and a very long tail Brown/striped

Trunk-Crown

Anoles that live around the upper tree trunks and lower branches With a small/intermediate body, short forelimbs and intermediately long hind limbs, and a long tail Bright green or other bright colors

Twig

Anoles that occupy branches and twigs of smaller trees With a small/intermediate body, very short legs, and a short tail Gray

Which anole species did not show sexual dimorphism?

Anolis coelestinus

Ascomycota

Ascomycota is the L A R G E S T phyla and includes B A K E R ' S Y E A S T , Penicillium chrysogenum (the producer of penicillin), and truffles. The phylum is characterized by its sack-like reproductive structure or ascus. Asci can arise singly, as is the case with bakers yeast, or they can be contained inside a fruiting structure or mushroom, as is the case with truffles and morels. The asci are contained within the mushroom, which is one unified structure unlike the Basidiomycota mushrooms.

Which of the following is a trunk-crown ectomorph?

Blue-green

Lab manual icon

Book pages - background - procedures - lab notes

seed plants

Seed plants are divided into two main groups, the gymnosperms and the angiosperms. The gymnosperms can reproduce using both spores and seeds. Their seeds are uncovered, and they lack flowers, fruit, and endosperm. The angiosperms, also called the flowering plants, have seeds that are covered in a protective fruit. Non-seed-bearing plants include the liverworts, mosses, and ferns.

Plant Reproduction

Seed plants are the most abundant form of terrestrial plants because they have been, by far, the most successful in taking advantage of their environment.

Topic1: Gymnosperm Reproduction

The Male Cone - microsporangium - microspores within the microsporagium Pollen outer wall (exile) thinner inner wall (inline) nucleus (at this level of magnification you probably won't be able to distinguish between the two nuclei so find a pollen sample where at least one nucleus is visible) pollen wings

Anoles

The anole lizards of the Caribbean are beautiful creatures, ranging in color from bright green to speckled brown and in size from 3 to 20 cm. Of the approximately 400 known species of anole lizards in the genus Anolis, 150 inhabit the four islands of the Greater Antilles, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico.

- Athlete's foot Mold-like fungi called "dermatophytes" cause athlete's foot.

The athlete's foot fungi flourish in warm, moist environments like locker rooms and public showers — high risk environments for the infection, and places in which athletes regularly spend time. Mold-like fungi called "dermatophytes" cause athlete's foot. Dermatophytes normally grow in small numbers on your skin without causing you trouble. However, if they're exposed to those warm, moist environments, they can grow out of control. Then they'll cause the itching, blisters, and peeling skin associated with athlete's foot. Athlete's foot is most common in older adult males.

Compare and contrast spores versus seeds in regards to nutritional requirements and dispersal methods.

The differences are that seeds have nutrients within it and are dispersed by wind, insects, and animals. Spores are also dispersed by wind like seeds but also by flowing water, passed along by animal dung or even bursting spores too. They do not have nutrients within them so they must land at a suitable environment.

General Female Development

The female reproductive structure of a seed plant is the ovule.

Plant Structures

The general structural components of all seed plants are leaves, stems, and roots. All seed plants have vascular tissue, which is found in all three of these structures.

Anoles can be thick- or thin-bodied, but their legs are short, making them low to the ground.

Their hind limbs are longer than their fore limbs. Hind limb length varies between species and determines the jumping ability of the species.

Plant Reproduction Seed Plants

There are three main reasons for their success: 1. The evolution of a pollen tube eliminates the need for water in the transfer of sperm to the egg. 2. Unlike simpler plants that use spores for reproduction, these plants have evolved to produce seeds that provide a protective structure in which the new embryo can remain dormant until environmental conditions are suitable for its continued growth. 3. The seed contains a supply of food (the endosperm tissue) that fuels initial growth.

Experiment 2 (Intro)

Vials opening (will burst open) - An ampule that has changed colors indicates baterial growth, whereas a lack of color change indicates the bacteria were unable to grow. - incubator

Adaptive Radiation

When a new species of plant or animal is introduced into an isolated geographic area that has no similar species, and not much competition for resources, often an explosion of a multitude of new species that spread out and adapt to all the available habitat types occurs Two factors allow this diversity of species to evolve: 1. The island's isolation prevents other animals from invading and competing for the same resources. 2. Competition comes from within the original species population, driving some to move on to other habitats, thus creating a force for divergence and ultimate speciation.

POLLINATION

When a pollen grain lodges between the stem of the female cone and a scale, we say that pollination has occurred.

The Fruit

Whole Fruit

How did one species produce so many different species? (the six ectomorphs)?

Without competition from other species, the one species adapted to fill all of the available habitat types

Zygomycota cont..

Zygomycota have a unique structure with three types of hyphae, each of which serves a different function: The rhizoids, a special form of mycelia, reach below the surface of the substrate on which the fungus is growing to absorb nutrients. The sporangiophores are long stalks above the surface that bear the clusters of spore-producing sporangia. The stolons connect groups of rhizoids and sporangiophores into a fungal network. Cell walls separating individual cells are absent in all but the reproductive structures, allowing cytoplasm and even nuclei to move between cells. M O V E M E N T of nuclei is an important part of sexual reproduction in these fungi.

Zygomycota

Zygomycota primarily reproduce asexually. B L A C K B R E A D M O L D, Rhizopus stolonifer, is a terrestrial saprophyte from the phylum Zygomycota. Typical of many fungi of this phylum, the hyphae are tubular, branched, and aseptate.

Male anoles have a brightly colored dewlap

a thin pouch of skin that hangs down from the throat. The dewlap is usually kept retracted and out of sight. Anoles extend it for various communicative purposes, such as telling other males to stay out of their territory, to court females, and possibly to ward off predators.

From apical growth, that growth produces a M Y C E L I U M...

an interconnected network of hyphae

Seed plants have traditionally been divided into two classes

the gymnosperms (non-flowering plants) like pine trees & the angiosperms (flowering plants) like roses, lilies, and even corn plants and oak trees.

What is the evolutionary disadvantage of undergoing sexual selection?

the males are unable to blend in with their surroundings to hide from predators

cap structure Agarics Mushroom Phylum Basidiomycota

umbrella-like structure that protects the gills and stem; thick, fleshy and smooth

Dangers of fungi

causing diseases and destroying crops

Hyphae stolons

connect groups of rhizoids and sporangiophores to form a network

Dr. Khorana

created the first artificial gene and later showed that it could function in bacteria

gills structure Agaricus Mushroom Phylum Basidiomycota

dark plates on the underside of the cap that produces the spores

Basidiomycota form spores on basidia which are the gills of the mushroom cap. Ascomycota form spores the sacklike asci.

exposed on, internally in

Like animals...

fungi ... - cannot synthesize the biological molecules they use for food and must obtain those molecules from external sources

Unlike animals...

fungi don't eat organic materials to obtain those molecules. Fungi absorb nutrients from the environment. - Many fungi secrete enzymes that break down dead matter, or living plants or animals, to obtain those nutrients - Fungi thrive in damp areas, but they can live in a wide variety of environments, including extremely hot deserts and even in aquatic habitats

monocots

herbaceous only sepals and petals in multiples of three parallel-veined leaves bundles of vascular tissue scattered throughout the stem one cotyledon (seed leaf)

Seed plants are...

heterosporous --> meaning that each individual plant produces both female spores (called megaspores) and male spores (called microspores) --> They are unlike animals, which produce only one type of reproductive cell, either female or male.

mycelium

interconnected network of hyphae

stalk water vesicle sporangium

label on flying shit

Part 3: Agaricus Cross Section Microscope Slide

label on the gills!! hyphae basidia spores (also called "basidiospores")

stem structure Agaricus Mushroom Phylum Basidiomycota

lifts the cap and gills up above the ground to allow for better spore dispersal

The fungi kingdom is composed of both - unicellular organisms - multicellular organisms

like baker's yeast like mushrooms

Hyphae sporangiophores

long stalks that rise above the surface with tips that have clusters of spore producing sporangia

dewlap, body size and color

males attracting females

Rachel Sussman

photographing the oldest living things on the planet since 2004. eucalyptus tree

James Watson and Francis Crick

predicted structure of DNA in 1953

The Seed

seed coat endosperm parts of the embryo: 1. epicotyl 2. radicle 3. cotyledon

Hyphae Rhizoids

special type of mycelia that penetrates below the surface of the substrate to allow the fungus to absorb nutrients

septa

specialized cross-walls that have pores to allow cytoplasm, organelles and nuclei to pass through as a form of communication between fungal cells

Hyphae initially develop from...

spores Fungi propagate by producing spores, both sexually and asexually - propagate --> spread The spores disperse and develop into mature fungi.

circle around oldest ectomorph

square around youngest

Topic 2: Angiosperm Reproduction The Flower

stigma style anther filament petal pedicle

To accomplish fertilization, a tube from the pollen grain grows outward, through the micropyle and enters the female reproductive structure. This introduction of the pollen tube stimulates production of the megaspore by the female, which then develops into the female gametophyte with eggs in it. The pollen's nucleus travels up the pollen tube toward the megagametophyte, and fertilizes an egg to produce a zygote in the ovule.

Cells in the zygote divide and grow into an embryo. Parts of the parent megasporophyll form a protective seed coat together with a wing for dispersal. When the seed embryo is mature, it separates from the female cone and is carried by the wind to a new location. The seed germinates in the ground and the embryo grows into a new pine tree.

Fungi are known as

DECOMPOSERS - because they primarily decompose organic mater - play an important role in soil nutrient cycles

Evolution

Depression evolutionarily advantageous? The obsessive thinking that depressed people engage in might actually be a hidden benefit, as it is highly analytical. Depressed people break down complex problems into smaller components, which then are considered one at a time. This makes the problems more manageable because each component is less difficult and more easily solved than the complex problem.

What is the evolutionary importance of the different bobbing languages?

Different bob styles may help lizards select appropriate mates within their own species

What characteristic allowed the same ectomorphs to be produced on all four islands even though the original species were different on each island?

Identical selective pressures allowed the different species to evolve with similar physical and behavioral characteristics

topic 2: Phylum Ascomycota What is the difference between spore production in basidiomycota and ascomycota?

In basidiomycota, the spores are formed on the basilium. The gills are the underside of the cap of the mushroom and are formed by many basidia. The spores remained attached like petals on a flower until they are released. In ascomycota, the spores are produced in the sac-like structure called the ascus. The asci are within the mushroom, a unified structure which is different compared to the basidiomycota.

Angiosperm gametophytes develop in separate structures, which are usually part of the same flower. The female gametophyte develops in the ovule which is surrounded by a structure called the pistil. The ovaries, which are the equivalent of megasporangia, produce megaspores which grow into female gametophytes, each of which then produces an egg.

Male gametophytes, the pollen grains, develop in the anthers, a part of the stamen. The process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to a stigma on the pistil is called pollination. This may occur via wind, insects, birds, or other agents. Flowers may be geared toward certain pollinators. For example, flowers pollinated by bees are usually sweet and fragrant.

Containers (test tubes, beakers, etc.) *Everything must go into a container!!

Materials (chemicals, plants, etc.)

Mycelia can become visible to the naked eye on various surfaces and substrates such as on damp walls and on spoilt food, where they are commonly called M O L D

Molds can spread rapidly because their thin hyphae penetrate into new food sources (rotting fruit, for example) and can grow very rapidly. Often mycelia are underground and the mushrooms you see are a small part of a much larger organism

Gymnosperms

Most gymnosperms are woody plants. Wood, along with seeds, allows the gymnosperms to cope with a wide range of environmental conditions. They can grow in cold, dry habitats. Most gymnosperm leaves are shapes that minimize water loss such as needles, fans, or scales. Unlike deciduous trees that lose their leaves at the end of every growing season, many gymnosperms lose their leaves every two to five years after maturing. Some well-known gymnosperms include: Conifers (pine trees, redwoods) Cycads (palm trees) Ginkgoes (Ginkgo biloba) Gnetophytes (Ephedra californica)

Sexual Selection

Sexual selection usually means that females of the species choose which male to mate with, which encourages selection of the best male attributes. The actual sensory cues that the female uses to make her choice vary widely, but it seems that size is one of the universal characteristics that signals health and a good mating choice. Evolutionary theory predicts that the male of the species will be pressured to evolve ever-intense displays of the selection cues, whereas the female, because she is not under any selection pressure, will evolve in other general ways, such as to blend in better with her surroundings to hide from predators. As a result, females will often be drab in comparison to males. This physical distinction between the sexes is called sexual dimorphism, because the two sexes exhibit distinct morphologies because of sexual selection.

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways the lizards varied their bobs to create a more varied "language"?

Some lizards rolled their heads in circles whereas others moved their heads in only one direction.

The Male Cone

The male cones typically are found in clusters at the tips of lower, side branches, and usually take several years to develop. , the modified leaves of these cones are called microsporophylls. Each microsporophyll bears a microsporangium in which the microspores are produced. Inside the microsporangium, each microspore divides to form a quad-nucleus male gametophyte which contains two sperm nuclei. A grain of pine pollen containing thousands of microspores also has two large air sacs that make it buoyant in the wind. The air sacs stick out to the sides, giving the pollen a "Mickey Mouse hat" appearance. Pollination is the transfer of the whole male gametophyte to the female plant. With pine trees, the pollen is blown by wind. The arrival of pollen at a female cone isn't the equivalent of fertilization — that process still must occur later

General Male Development

The male reproductive structure of seed plants is the M I C R O S P O R A N G I U M Within the microsporangium are many microsporocyte cells (also called "pollen mother cells"). Four microspores are produced by meiotic division of a microsporocyte cell. Since there are numerous microsporocyte cells within each microsporangium, many T H O U S A N D S of M I C R O S P O R E S are P R O D U C E D

Gymnosperm

The name gymnosperm means "naked seed" and implies that the seeds are developed in an exposed position on the parent plant (often on the upper surface of a female cone scale).

Every spring mushrooms grow in a certain spot on a lawn. The homeowner removes them from the lawn, but what remains underground, under the lawn, from year to year?

The network of hyphae or mycelium remains.

Some Fungi Phyla Basidiomycota

The phyla Basidiomycota includes most of the mushrooms Y O U ' D K N OW , particularly members of the genus Agaricus. The basidium for which they are named is their reproductive structure. Typically each basidium produces four spores that remain attached almost like petals on a flower. When the spores mature, they are discharged to form new fungi elsewhere. In Basidiomycota that form fruiting bodies, the gills on the lower part of the mushroom cap are formed from many basidia.

Besides comparing morphologies, biologists look at molecular indicators, such as mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, when classifying anoles into various species.

The sum of this information allows a phylogenetic tree to be constructed that shows how the various species are related to each other and how they evolved from one to another. Below is the phylogenetic tree for the species in this lab

How do fungi get nutrients?

They absorb the nutrients from their environment since they are heterotrophs. Fungi produce enzymes that can break down dead matter or living organisms to obtain their nutrients.

What is fungi's ecological role and why is it important?

They are decomposers that break down organic material. They help with the soil nutrient cycle and recycle carbon and other essential elements. Without these decomposers, the ecosystem would be filled with organic waste with no where to go. Fungi also forms symbiotic relationships with plants, algae and animals that can benefit both.

Spores are NOT seeds

They do not have their own nutritional supply and must land in a suitable environment that provides such nutrients. Fungi produce many spores but only a few survive. The way those spores are dispersed also affects their chances for survival. Unlike most plants, fungi are low to the ground and their spores are not easily carried off by the wind. Therefore, they've evolved many mechanisms for dispersing spores. For example, spores are carried by flowing water and passed along in animal dung. More dramatically, some fungi evolved bursting spores and ballistic spores, as you will observe in the lab.

Within the cytoplasm of each microspore, a microscopic, multicellular, male micro-gametophyte develops by mitosis.

This entire structure is what is commonly called a pollen grain. A pollen tube is a unicellular outgrowth of the inner wall of the pollen grain, and it is this tube which transports the sperm cells of the micro-gametophyte to the egg cell of the mega-gametophyte in the ovule.

Part 2: Pilobolus Crystalinnus

This fungus, affectionately known as the "dung cannon", grows on manure and has a unique method of dispersing its spores. The spores are contained in a black sporangium that sits on a water-filled vesicle at the top of sporangiophore stalk. Water pressure is slowly built up in the vesicle until it bursts at the connection with the sporangium. - aka flying shit

How do scientists use phylogenies?

To determine which group of organisms may be most closely related to each other

Angiosperms

Two defining features of the angiosperms are flowers and fruits. The word "angiosperm" means enclosed seed, and the seeds of these plants are indeed encased within a protective fruit. Angiosperms tend to have broad leaves and are deciduous. The angiosperms can be further divided into several lineages. Two of these are the monocots and eudicots. The monocots and eudicots differ in the number of embryonic leaves called cotyledons. The prefix mono- means one. The monocots have a single cotyledon. The eudicots have two cotyledons. The prefix di- means two. There are additional important differences in the number of flower parts. The monocots typically have flowers with parts in multiples of three. The eudicots typically have flowers with parts in multiples of four or five. Some examples of monocots are: - Lilies - Grasses Palm trees Orchids Some examples of eudicots are: - Apples - Oak trees - Roses - Sunflowers

Geographic separation and subsequent independent evolution of species has been a common occurrence. Both have an abundance of unique species not found anywhere else in the world.

Two examples of old islands separated from continents are M A D A G A S C A R & N E W Z E A L A N D

Angiosperms

Unlike their "naked seed" gymnosperm counterparts, angiosperm seeds develop and are enclosed within a portion of the parent plant's flower called the carpel (for example, a pea pod or a segment of an orange). An angiosperm's seed is encased in a protective covering referred to as the ovary. Given that the ovary is a structure contained in flowers, it can be said that angiosperms are flowering plants.

Convergence

many instances exist in which identical selective pressures on different species caused those species to evolve similar physical and behavioral characteristics. - The term for similar evolutionary outcomes by independent species is convergence. Thus, it is quite possible that whereas the exact species are different from island to island, overall they will look and behave the same as their cousins from the same ecomorph on the other islands.

The Female Cone

megasporophylls ovule (there are several on each scale, so find a scale that shows detail clearly) micropyle integument layer megaspore

Angiosperms are further divided into two groups:

monocots and dicots

the collection of an organism's physical characteristics

morphology

hyphae

network of filaments or tubes that make up the fungi

R I N G, also known as A N N U L U S

only in mature mushrooms located around the upper end of the stem, just beneath the pileus joined to the stem, not movable delicate, easily rubbed off (can even be washed off by rain)

The name Anolis means many-colored

they display a wide range of colors including green, white, gray, black, brown, yellow, purple, and blue. Whereas some anole lizards are monochromatic, others have complex patterns. They do have some ability to change color, for example, from green to brown, gray, or black. The color changes are triggered by fear, variations in temperature, and other factors. However, they are not closely related to chameleons, and they do not change color to blend into their background.