BIO PSYCH MODULE 4
You are a researcher studying the electrophysiology of sleep. One of your subjects is in slow wave or NREM sleep. Which of the following electrophysiological patterns would you most expect to see in this subject?
Large slow EEG waves, no EOG activity, low EMG activity.
Which of the following is associated with high levels hunger and low levels of satiety?
Low cholecystokinin (CCK) levels
You are a researcher studying the electrophysiology of sleep. One of your subjects is in wakefulness. Which of the following electrophysiological patterns would you most expect to see in this subject?
Short rapid EEG waves, high EMG activity, high EOG activity.
Which of the following parts of the brain produces cognitive and somatic arousal and is often increased in size or activity in the brains of anxiety disorder patients?
The locus coeruleus, HPA, and SNS
Which of the following is FALSE regarding dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.
CORRECT - People who say they don't dream are correct, as not everyone dreams. - Sensory information cannot be incorporated into dreams. NOT: - Dreams mostly contain negative emotional states. -Sensory information can occasionally be incorporated into dreams. - Everyone dreams, and people who say they don't dream just don't remember their dreams.
Which of the following describes a drug that is acting as an antagonist? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - A drug that increases neurotransmitter reuptake. - A drug that increases neurotransmitter degradation NOT: - A drug that increases neurotransmitter synthesis.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neurotrophins such as BDNF and depression? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.
CORRECT: - Both anti-depressants and monoamine signaling decrease BDNF release. - Anti-depressants but not monoamine synaptic transmission increase BDNF levels. - Blocking BDNF inhibits the beneficial effects of anti-depressants but injection of BDNF alone does not decrease depression. NOT: - Blocking BDNF inhibits the beneficial effects of anti-depressants and injection of BDNF alone decreases depression. - BDNF levels are decreased by stress and are lower in the brains of depressed patients. - Both anti-depressants and monoamine signaling increase BDNF release.
You are a physician treating a patient with narcolepsy. Which of the following may have caused this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below. Group of answer choices
CORRECT: - Damage to the lateral hypothalamus. NOT: - Over-activation of the reticular activating system. - Over-activation of the basal forebrain.
Which of the following is associated with increased oxytocin levels? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - Decreased fear and aggression responses - Ethnocentric behavior, envy, and "schadenfreude" - Parent-child bonding in females and males NOT: - Parent-child bonding in females but not males - Offspring protective behaviors females
Which of the following is a factor that inactivates the stress response? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - Decreased firing of hypothalamic neurons - Increased levels of oxytocin or endocannabinoids PreviousNext NOT: - Decreased firing of hippocampal neurons
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding facial expressions and emotions? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.
CORRECT: - Emotions are always accompanied by facial expressions. - People in different parts of the world make and interpret facial expressions very differently. NOT: - Fake smiles can be distinguished from real ones by the amount of other facial muscles they involve
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In the amygdala of anxiious individuals, inhibitory GABAergic input is ____________ while anxyolytic drugs like benzodiazapines _____________ inhibitory GABAergic input.
Decreased; increased
Damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the emotional circuit of the brain would cause which of the following difficulties?
Difficulty making moral judgments, deciding on a plan of action, and inhibiting inappropriate or excessive emotional responses.
The hormone released by the adrenal medulla that augments the effects of the sympathetic nervous system is the definition of which of the following stress chemicals?
Epinephrine
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In aggressive animals and humans, testosterone levels are _______, serotonin levels are ____________. Group of answer choices
High; low
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The lateral hypothalamus is _______________, the arcuate nucleus is __________________.
Hunger center; both a hunger and satiety center
Select the answer below that fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Corticotropin releasing hormone is secreted by the ____________, epinephrine is secreted by the __________________.
Hypothalamus; adrenal medulla
You are a psychiatrist working with depressed individuals. One of your clients is experiencing severe psychomotor retardation. Which of the following best describes what this individual is experiencing?
It is the decrease in mental and physical activity accompanying depression.
Which of the following best describes the function of cortisol in the stress response?
It is the hormone released by the adrenal cortex that helps mnobilize and conserve energy stores during lack of food.
You are a psychiatrist working with depressed individuals. One of your clients is experiencing severe vegetative symptoms. Which of the following best describes what this individual is experiencing?
It is the sleep disturbances, appetite and body weight disturbances, and high stress hormones that accompanies depression.
Which of the following descriptions best describes the electrophysiological characteristics of slow-wave or NREM sleep?
Large slow EEG waves, no EOG activity, low EMG activity.
You are studying a troop of baboons and one of them is extremely unaggressive. Which of the following would you expect to find in this baboon?
Low levels of testosterone and high levels of serotonin
Your aunt has a brain tumor that is damaging her ventral tegmental area (VTA). Which of the following is most likely to be affected with respect to her eating behaviors?
The "wanting" of the reward of eating will be reduced.
Which of the following parts of the brain assesses emotional salience and activates stress and emotional responses and is often increased in size or activity in the brains of anxiety disorder patients?
The amygdala
You are a clinical neuroscientist working with individuals who have emotion regulation issues. One of your patients does not appear to express emotion; her difficulty appears to be in the part of her emotional circuit that decides whether an emotion is needed, which emotion is needed, and how much emotion is needed. Which of the following parts of the brain is most likely damaged in this patient?
The amygdala
Difficulty in error warning from evaluating the threat, reward, and conflict in a situation is associated with damage to which of the following parts of the emotional circuit of the brain?
The cingulate cortex
You are a clinical neuroscientist working with individuals who have emotion regulation issues. One of your patients has difficulty in error warning from evaluating the threat, reward, and conflict in a situation. Which of the following parts of the brain is most likely damaged in this patient? Group of answer choices
The cingulate cortex
The Freudian interpretation of why we dream, i.e., that dreams are a manifestation of our subconscious wishes, desires, and fears, is most consistent with which of the following?
The fact that activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is decreased and activity of the amygdala is increased during sleep.
The theory that dreams are nothing more than meaningless brain activity is most consistent with which of the following?
The fact that epileptics having seizures and schizophrenics having hallucinations report similar experiences to dreaming.
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The _______________ is primarily concerned with providing energy and muscle activity to allow an organism to escape an immediate threat while the ________________ is primarily concerned with increasing alertness and attention to deal with potential threats. Group of answer choices
The sympathetic nervous system; the locus coeruleus
Which of the following brain regions is most responsible for input to the hunger centers about the wanting of reward?
The ventral tegmental area or VTA
The function of which of the following parts of the brain is to help make moral judgments, decide on a plan of action, and to inhibit inappropriate or excessive emotional responses?
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Which of the following parts of the brain is involved in inhibiting negative emotional responses and is often decreased in size or activity in the brains of anxiety disorder patients?
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex
You are a neuroscientist and you find that epinephrine levels are abnormally low in several of your mice. Which of the following tissues is most likely defective in these animals?
Their adrenal medulla
You are a clinical psychologist dealing with people with anxiety issues. One of your patients is experiencing physiological symptoms of higher arousal, including increased heart rate, breathing, and sweating. Which of the following is the best term to describe what this individual is feeling?
They are experiencing elevated somatic anxiety
You are a clinical psychologist dealing with people with anxiety issues. One of your patients is experiencing a temporary emotional state or mood characterized by psychological and physiological symptoms of anxiety. Which of the following is the best term to describe what this individual is feeling?
They are experiencing elevated state anxiety
You are a clinical psychologist working with people with anxiety issues. You determine that one of your patients has elevated somatic anxiety. Which of the following best describes what this patient is experiencing?
They are experiencing the physiological or bodily symptoms of higher arousal associated with anxiety, including increased heart rate, increased breathing, sweating, etc.
You are a clinical psychologist working with people with anxiety issues. You determine that one of your patients has elevated trait anxiety. Which of the following best describes what this patient is experiencing?
They have a predisposition that influences behavior making it more likely that a person perceives a circumstance as threatening.
Which of the following best describes the neural changes that may occur in the brains of anxiety patients?
They may have elevated excitatory glutamatergic input, decreased inhibitory GABAergic input, and increased dendritic branching in their amygdala neurons.
The locus coeruleus, HPA, and SNA have which of the following functions with respect to the emotion circuit and anxiety?
They produce cognitive and somatic arousal
You are a pharmaceutical scientist trying to develop drugs to stimulate hunger in patients experiencing difficulty eating. Which of the following substances would stimulate hunger and/or decrease satiety?
An orexin agonist
You are a pharmaceutical scientist trying to develop drugs to stimulate satiety in overweight individuals. Which of the following substances would stimulate satiety and/or decrease hunger? Group of answer choices
An orexin antagonist
You are a psychiatrist working with depressed individuals. One of your clients is experiencing a loss of interest in most or all activities. Which of the following is the term that best describes this condition?
Anhedonia
Which of the following substances would act as an antagonist?
A drug that decreased neurotransmitter synthesis
Which of the following is true regarding these other brain regions and depression?
Activity of both the cingulate cortex and amygdala is increased in the brains of depressed patients.
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In the emotional circuit of the brain, the ____________ evaluates emotional salience, or whether, which, and how much emotion is needed, while the ________ provides input on interoception or how the body feels.
Amygala; insular cortex
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: A drug that decreases neurotransmitter release would be considered an ____________ because it would ______________ synaptic transmission.
Antagonist; decreases
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: A drug that increases neurotransmitter reuptake would be considered an ____________ because it would ______________ synaptic transmission.
Antagonist; decreases
Select the answer below that fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the ____________, cortisol is secreted by the __________________.
Anterior pituitary; adrenal cortex
Which of the following is a consequence of increased sympathetic nervous system activity?
Blood vessels vasoconstrict in non-muscle areas like the gut
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The arcuate nucleus is _______________, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and parventricular nucleus (PVN) nucleus of the hypothalamus are __________________.
Both a hunger and satiety center; satiety centers
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT - Corticotropin releasing hormone or CRH - Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH NOT - Neuropeptide Y or NPY
Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT - It is characterized by occasional twitches but large movements are not common. - We dream in both REM and NREM sleep. - It accounts for less (about 2 of 8 hours) of total sleep in adults but more as the sleep period progresses. NOT: - It accounts for most of total sleep in adults but less as the sleep period progresses.
Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT - Leptin - Cholecystokinin or CCK NOT - Ghrelin
Which of the following statements is true regarding leptin signaling and obesity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT - Rapid and dramatic weight loss can be associated with decreases in leptin levels that may cause people to overeat and regain weight. - Mutations to leptin or its receptor are associated with hyperphagia (increased eating) and obesity. NOT: - Most human obesity is genetic, and leptin levels are usually lower in most obese people. - Rapid and dramatic weight loss doesn't typically have any effect on leptin levels.
Which of the following brain chemicals promotes wakefulness? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT - Release of orexin by neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. - Release of acetylcholine by neurons of the basal forebrain. - Release of excitatory neurontransmitters like norepinephrine by neurons of the reticular activating system. NOT - Increased GABA release by neurons of the VLPO hypothalamus. - GABA release by neurons of the VLPO hypothalamus.
Which of the following is NOT a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates hunger? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT - Serotonin - Cholecystokinin or CCK NOT - Endocannabinoids or ECs
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with hunger? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT - Serotonin - Cholecystokinin or CCK - Orexin NOT: - Endocannabinoids or ECs - Corticotropin releasing hormone or CRH - Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH
Activity of which of the following brain regions is increased during dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT - The hippocampus - The amygdala - The anterior cingulate cortex NOT: -The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Which of the following brain regions does NOT promote sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT - The lateral hypothalamus - The basal forebrain NOT: -The VLPO hypothalamus
You are a psychiatrist treating patients with clinical anxiety disorders. Which of the following would you expect to see in the amygdala of your patient? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - Decreased inhibitory GABAergic input to his amygdala neurons. - Increased excitatory glutamatergic input to his amygdala neurons. NOT: - Decreased dendritic branching for excitatory inputs on his amygdala neurons
You have a patient who is experiencing chronically elevated SNS but NOT HPA activity. Which of the following chronic health conditions might you expect to see in this patient as a consequence of this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - Increased risk of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and heart attack - Increased blood pressure and risk of aneurysm - Increased GI issues such as diarrhea, nausea, indigestion, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome NOT: - Increased risk of GI ulcers -Immune system suppression and dysfunction resulting in increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases is a consequence of chronically elevated HPA activity, not SNS activity.
Which of the following would tend to increase cellular tolerance? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - Increased uptake or inactivation of drugs by neurons or glia - Decreased dendritic branching or synaptic number - Decreased post-synaptic receptor density NOT: - Increased metabolic clearance of a drug by the liver
Which of the following brain regions tends to show a DECREASE in size or activity in people with anxiety disorders or depression? Please select all of the answers that are DECREASED in size or activity in anxious individuals below.
CORRECT: - The ventromedial prefrontal cortex NOT: - The amygdala - The cingulate cortex
Which of the following brain regions inhibits aggression and anger responses? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - The ventromedial prefrontal cortex - The septum nucleus of the limbic system NOT: - The amygdala
Which of the following statements is true regarding neurotrophins such as BDNF and depression? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: -BDNF levels are decreased by stress and are lower in the brains of depressed patients. -Blocking BDNF inhibits the beneficial effects of anti-depressants and injection of BDNF alone decreases depression. -Both anti-depressants and monoamine signaling increase BDNF release. NOT: -
Which of the following is an example of metabolic tolerance? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: -Increased clearance via the kidneys or gut - Up-regulation of enzymes in the liver or other organs that degrade the drug NOT: -Decreased dendritic branching or synaptic number on affected neurons in the brain - Increased uptake or inactivation by neurons and glia -Decreased post-synaptic receptor density on affected neurons in the brain
According to the Monoamine Hypothesis of depression, defects in norepinephrine signaling are responsible for which of the following symptoms of depression? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: -The psychomotor retardation of depression. NOT: -The anhedonia depressed patients experience. - The vegetative symptoms of depression.
Which of the following brain regions tends to show a DECREASE in size or activity in people with anxiety disorders or depression? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: -The ventromedial prefrontal cortex or VMPFC NOT: -The cingulate cortex - The insular cortex
Which of the following is an example of cellular tolerance? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - A decrease in receptor density on post-synaptic neurons - A decrease in dendritic branching or synaptic number on affected neurons NOT: - An up-regulation of enzymes in cells of the liver or other organs that degrade the drug PreviousNext
Which of the following describes a drug that is acting as an agonist? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - A drug that increases neurotransmitter release. - A drug that decreases neurotransmitter degradation - A drug that increases neurotransmitter synthesis. NOT: - A drug that decreases neurotransmitter synthesis. - A drug that increases neurotransmitter degradation
Which of the following statements is true regarding facial expressions and emotions? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - Emotions aren't always accompanied by facial expressions; in other words, facial expressions are not an automatic and necessary part of the emotional response. NOT: - People in different parts of the world make and interpret facial expressions extremely differently. - Fake smiles cannot be distinguished from real ones and are produced by the same brain region.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding facial expressions and emotions? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.
CORRECT: - Fake smiles cannot be distinguished from real ones. - Emotions are always accompanied by facial expressions. NOT: - People in different parts of the world make and interpret facial expressions similarly. - Emotions are not always accompanied by facial expressions. - Fake smiles can be distinguished from real ones by the amount of other facial muscles they involve.
You have been studying hard in Norlin Library and haven't eaten in 7 hours. Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates hunger that is likely increasing in your blood right now? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - Ghrelin - Endocannabinoids NOT: - Insulin -Serotonin - Cholecystokinin or CCK
You are a sleep research and one of your subjects appears to be in REM sleep. Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep that this subject might be demonstrated that would make you think this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - He appears to be dreaming. - t is late in the subject's sleep period. NOT: - It is early in the subject's sleep period. - He is flailing and tossing and turning and even talking in his sleep a little. - He does not appear to be dreaming. - He is making large movements, including flailing, tossing and turning, and even talking in his sleep
Which of the following is true regarding testosterone and aggression? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - In humans, testosterone appears to be associated with social threat and social reward, which may or may not require aggression. - In animals, testerosterone may be permissive for, and exaggerate existing levels of, social aggression. - In humans, a causal relationship between physiological levels of testosterone and aggression is not well supported. NOT: - In humans, a causal relationship between physiological levels of testosterone and aggression is well supported. - In humans, testosterone appears to be associated with social threat and social reward, which both require aggression.
Which of the following is associated with increased vasopressin levels? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - Increased amygdala activation and fear and aggression responses - Pair bonding in males - Offspring protective behaviors females NOT: - Pair bonding in females - Ethnocentric behavior, envy, and "schadenfreude" - Decreased amygdala activation and fear and aggression responses
Which of the following is a factor that inactivates the stress response? Please select all of the answers that are correct below
CORRECT: - Increased firing of hippocampal neurons - Decreased firing of hypothalamic neurons PreviousNext NOT: - Decreased levels of oxytocin or endocannabinoids
You have a patient who is experiencing chronically elevated HPA but NOT SNS activity. Which of the following chronic health conditions might you expect to see in this patient as a consequence of this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - Increased risk of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and heart attack - Immune system dysfunction - Formation of gastrointestinal ulcers NOT: - Increased GI issues such as diarrhea, nausea, indigestion, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome - High blood pressure and increased risk of stroke -A range of GI issues such as diarrhea, nausea, indigestion, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome.
Which of the following is characteristic of NREM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - It is characterized by much less dreaming but night terrors in children. - It accounts for most (about 6 of 8 hours) of sleep in adults but less as the sleep period progresses. -It is characterized by the most movement--flailing, tossing and turning, even sleep walking and talking. NOT: - It accounts for less (about 2 of 8 hours) of total sleep in adults but more as the sleep period progresses. - It is characterized by the occasional twitch but large movements are not common as it is our deepest sleep phase.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below. Group of answer choices
CORRECT: - Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH - Corticotropin releasing hormone or CRH NOT: - Neuropeptide Y or NPY
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding leptin signaling and obesity? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.
CORRECT: - Most human obesity is genetic, and leptin levels are usually much lower in most obese people. NOT: -Rapid and dramatic weight loss causes leptin levels to plummet, which can cause people to overeat and regain weight. - Mutations to leptin or its receptor are associated with hyperphagia (increased eating) and obesity.
You are a physician treating a patient with insomnia. Which of the following may have caused this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below
CORRECT: - Over-activation of the lateral hypothalamus. - Damage to the VLPO hypothalamus. NOT: - Damage to the reticular activating system.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding oxytocin? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.
CORRECT: - Oxytocin increases activation of the amygdala. NOT: - Oxytocin secretion in females during stress may activate an alternative stress response--"tend and befriend" - Oxytocin is produced in the posterior pituitary gland.
Which of the following is true regarding oxytocin? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - Oxytocin secretion in females during stress may activate an alternative stress response--"tend and befriend" - Oxytocin is produced in the posterior pituitary gland. NOT: - Oxytocin increases activation of the amygdala.
Which of the following is a neural mechanism by which anxiety is thought to occur? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - People with an anxiety disorder may have elevated excitatory glutamatergic input to amygdala neurons. - People with anxiety disorder may have decreased inhibitory GABAergic input to amygdala neurons. NOT: - People with anxiety disorder may have decreased dendritic branching on amygdala neurons - People with an anxiety disorder may have decreased excitatory glutamatergic input to amygdala neurons. -
Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below. Group of answer choices
CORRECT: - Serotonin -Cholecystokinin or CCK - Leptin
According to the Monoamine Hypothesis of depression, the vegetative symptoms of depression are attributable to defects in which of the following? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - Serotonin signaling NOT: - Norepinephrine signaling - Dopamine signaling
Which of the following brain regions activates the aggression response? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - The amygdala NOT: - The ventromedial prefrontal cortex -The septum nucleus of the limbic system
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the amygdala? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.
CORRECT: - The amygdala seems to play a very small role in evaluating emotional salience of a situation. - Damage to the amygdala is most associated with a heightened aggression response. - Social animals have smaller amydalae, probably because they have to process less emotional salience with such a large protective social network. NOT: - Damage to the amygdala is most associated with a reduced fear response. - Social animals have larger amydalae, probably because they have to process more emotional salience with such a large social network.
Which of the following brain regions promotes wakefulness? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - The basal forebrain - The lateral hypothalamus NOT: - The VLPO hypothalamus
Which of the following brain regions tends to show an increase in size or activity in people with anxiety disorders? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - The cingulate cortex - The amygdala NOT: - The ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Which of the following is a problem with the Monoamine Hypothesis of depression discussed in class? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - The effects of many anti-depressant medications take weeks to improve depression even though monoamine levels increase almost immediately. - Anti-depressant medications are not effective for many depressed patients even though they elevate monoamines - Monoamine depletion does not worsen symptoms in depressed patients, nor does it cause depression in healthy volunteers. NOT: - Monoamine levels are not decreased in the brains of depressed individuals
Which of the following brain regions tends to show an increase in size or activity in people with anxiety disorders or depression? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - The insular cortex - The cingulate cortex NOT: - The ventromedial prefrontal cortex or VMPFC
You are an academic researcher studying the neurobiology of hunger and satiety. You insert an electrode into the brain of a rat and when you stimulate it, the animal starts eating. In which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is it most likely that you inserted the electrode? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - The lateral hypothalamus NOT: - The ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH - The paraventricular nucleus or PVN
Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is involved in stimulating hunger-related behaviors? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - The lateral hypothalamus NOT: - The paraventricular nucleus or PVN - The ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH
Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is involved in stimulating satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - The paraventricular nucleus or PVN - The ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH NOT: - The lateral hypothalamus
You are a neuroscience researcher studying emotion. You create a lesion in the brain of a cat and the cat becomes very unaggressive. Which of the following brain regions did you lesion? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - The periaqueductal grey NOT: - The septum nucleus of the limbic system - The ventromedial prefrontal cortex
You are an academic researcher studying the neurobiology of hunger and satiety. You insert an electrode into the brain of a rat and when you stimulate it, the animal stops eating. In which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is it most likely that you inserted the electrode? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - The ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH - The paraventricular nucleus or PVN NOT: - The lateral hypothalamus
You are brain imaging specialist doing a study on the brain regions altered in anxiety or depression patients. Which of the following brain regions is likely to show a DECREASE in size or activity in anxious or depressed individuals in your study based on what we learned in class? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - The ventromedial prefrontal cortex NOT: - The amygdala - The cingulate cortex
Which of the following brain regions tends to show a DECREASE in size or activity in people with anxiety disorders or depression? Please select all of the answers that are DECREASED in size or acivity in anxious subjects below.
CORRECT: - The ventromedial prefrontal cortex or VMPFC NOT: - The cingulate cortex - The insular cortex
Vasopressin causes which of the following changes in brain activity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
CORRECT: - Vasopressin increases activity of the amygdala. - Vasopressin increases activity of the VTA and nucleus accumbens in male animals during/after sex - Vasopressin decreases activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). NOT: - Vasopressin decreases activity of the amygdala.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of NREM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Correct - It accounts for only about 2 out of 8 hours of sleep in adults but increases as the sleep period progresses. -Muscles occasionally twitch but large movements are not common NOT - It is characterized by night terrors in children.
You are a research scientist studying drugs that influence appetite. You inject some mice with a promising new drug that mimics the effects of a hypothalamic neurotransmitter and increases hunger. Which of the following neurostransmitters in the hypothalamic appetite circuit increase hunger and thus might this drug be affecting? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Correct - Neuropeptide Y or NPY NOT - Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH - Corticotropin releasing hormone or CRH
Which of the following is true regarding dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Correct - Sensory information can occasionally be incorporated into dreams. - Dreams mostly contain conflict or negative emotional states. - Everyone dreams, including people who say they don't dream--they just don't remember their dreams. NOT - People who say they don't dream are correct, as not everyone dreams. -Dreams mostly contain positive emotional states.
Which of the following stages of sleep is characterized by short rapid EEG waves, high EMG activity, and high EOG activity?
Correct - Wakefulness NOT - REM sleep - NREM sleep
The hormone released by the adrenal cortex that helps mobilize and conserve energy stores during lack of food is the definition of which of the following stress chemicals?
Cortisol
Your mother's best friend recently had a stroke in the face area of her motor cortex. Which of the following would you expect to happen to her facial emotional expressions?
Her ability to produce voluntary but not involuntary facial expressions would be adversely affected.
Which of the following is associated with low levels hunger and high levels of satiety?
High cholecystokinin (CCK) levels
Select the answer below that is specifically a consequence of increased sympathetic activation and NOT a consequence of increased HPA axis activatio
Increased breathing rate
Select the answer below that is specifically a consequence of increased sympathetic activation and NOT a consequence of increased HPA axis activation.
Increased sweating
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Dopamine release is _____________ in the brains of obese individuals, dopamine receptor binding is ____________ in the brains of obese individuals.
Increased; decreased
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Oxytocin _________ activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and ___________ activity of the amydgala.
Increases; decreases
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In the emotional circuit of the brain, the ____________ provides input on interoception or how the body feels while the __________ evaluates emotional salience or whether, what, and how much emotion is needed.
Insular cortex; amygdala
Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamus in the emotional circuit of the brain?
It activates the body's arousal mechanisms
The amygdala has which of the following functions with respect to the emotion circuit and anxiety?
It assesses emotional salience and activates stress and emotional responses
Which of the following is the best definition of state anxiety?
It is a temporary emotional state or mood characterized by cognitive and somatic symptoms of anxiety.
An increase in breakdown or elimination of a drug by the body refers to which of the following kinds of tolerance?
Metabolic or pharmacokinetic
Which of the following statements is true regarding leptin signaling and obesity?
Mutations to the leptin gene occur in both mice and humans
Which of the following statements is true regarding leptin signaling and obesity?
Mutations to the leptin receptor cause overeating and obesity even though leptin levels are normal.
Which of the following stages of sleep is characterized by large slow EEG waves, low EMG activity, and no EOG activity?
NREM sleep
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In depression, ___________ refers to the decreased physical and mental activity, while __________ refers to the disturbances in sleep and appetite and the high stress hormones.
Psychomotor retardation; vegetative symptoms
You are a sleep researcher and one of your subjects is demonstrating short rapid EEG waves, no EMG activity, and high EOG activity. Which of the following states of arousal is your subject in?
REM sleep
Which of the following refers to a temporary emotional state or mood characterized by cognitive and somatic symptoms of anxiety?
State anxiety
Which of the following is the name for the recurring thoughts and fantasies of killing one's self in depression?
Suicidal ideation
You are a psychiatrist working with depressed individuals. One of your clients is experiencing recurring thoughts and fantasies of killing himself. Which of the following is the term that best describes this condition?
Suicidal ideation
Select the answer below that is specifically a consequence of increased HPA axis activation and NOT a consequence of increased sympathetic activation.
Suppression of the immune system
Which of the following statements is true regarding testosterone injection and brain activity?
Testosterone injection decreases activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and increases activity of the amygdala.
Your aunt has a brain tumor that is damaging her nucleus accumbens. Which of the following is most likely to be affected with respect to her eating behaviors?
The "liking" of the reward of eating will be reduced.
Difficulties activating the body's arousal mechanisms in the brainstem is associated with damage to which of the following parts of the emotional circuit of the brain?
The hypothalamus
The function of which of the following parts of the brain in the emotional circuit is to activate the body's arousal mechanisms once an emotional response has been chosen?
The hypothalamus
The fact that activity of the hippocampus and sensory association cortices increases during dreaming is considered consistent with which of the following interpretations of why we dream?
The idea that dreams are a form of memory pruning and consolidation.
The fact that activity of the anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala increases during dreaming is considered consistent with which of the following interpretations of why we dream?
The idea that dreams are a way to rehearse difficult, dangerous or aversive situations.
The amygdala is most important for the influence of which of the following factors on eating behaviors?
The influence of emotions on eating behavior, such as food aversions, emotional states, stress, etc.
The hippocampus and medial temporal cortex are most important for the influence of which of the following factors on eating behaviors?
The influence of memory on eating behavior, such as how recently we ate, how filling it was, how nutritious and good tasting it was, and learned cravings.
Difficulty in receiving and processing input about interoception, or how the body feels, during emotional responses is associated with damage to which of the following parts of the emotional circuit of the brain?
The insular cortex
Which of the following parts of the brain is involved in interoceptive or body awareness cues and is often increased in size or activity in the brains of anxiety disorder patients?
The insular cortex
Which of the following brain regions is most responsible for input to the hunger centers about flavor, or the combination of taste, smell, "mouth feel" and other sensory cues?
The orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The _______________ is primarily concerned with providing energy and muscle activity to allow an organism to escape an immediate threat while the ________________ is primarily concerned with mobilizing/conserving energy stores in order to battle a prolonged stressor like lack of food.
The sympathetic nervous system; the HPA axis
You are a psychiatrist working with depressed individuals. One of your clients is experiencing sleep and appetite disturbances and high stress hormones. Which of the following is the term that best describes this condition?
Vegetative symptoms
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In the emotional circuit of the brain, the ____________ inhibits inappropriate or excessive emotional responses while the _______ provides input on interoception or how the body feels.
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex; insular cortex
Cellular or pharmacodynamic tolerance refers to which of the following?
When the response to a psychoactive drug is decreased at the neuron.