BIO101: Chapter 7, 8, 9
A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes produces gametes containing _____ chromosomes.
16
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
2
Normal human gametes carry _____ chromosomes.
23
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
3
Approximately what wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll a, the pigment that participates directly in the light reactions?
435 nm
Which wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll b?
455 nm
Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Can you organize these terms that describe the different kinds of cell division?
?
Identify the chloroplast.
A
Splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e-.
A
Chlorophyll can be found in _____.
A and C
Which of the following is true regarding this new fetal DNA test?
A decreased number of false positive tests for both Down syndrome and Trisomy 18.
Your uncle has prostate cancer. Which of the following indicates improvement in his condition?
A decreasing PSA.
Centromeres divide and sister chromosomes become full-fledged chromosomes during _____.
Anaphase
The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
Anaphase
This animation illustrates the events of _____.
Anaphase
Based on current findings, which of the following is true?
As climate change speeds up, there will be an increase in the number of strong storms, in turn causing an increased amount of ozone depletion.
Releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.
B
Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+.
C
At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.
Cytokinesis
This animation illustrates the events of _____.
Cytokinesis as it occurs in Animal Cells
This animation illustrates the events of _____.
Cytokinesis as it occurs in Plant Cells
In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.
Cytoplasm
Identify a thylakoid.
D
Which of these cells is (are) haploid?
D
Identify the stroma.
E
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
E
Which of these phases encompasses all of the stages of mitosis?
E
Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?
E
Mendel worked _____.
In a monastery
How is the fetal DNA used in this new screening tool unique?
It is not from a cell, but is floating freely in the mother's blood.
Which of the following is generally true about the stratosphere?
It is very dry.
Which of the following best summarizes current research on this new fetal DNA test?
It works well for finding errors in chromosome number.
Which of the following leaf types would be the most efficient at absorbing sunlight?
Large, broad leaves
Rank these three cancer types from the most deadly to the least deadly.
Lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer
Gametes are produced by _____.
Meiosis
The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
Metaphase
This animation illustrates the events of _____.
Metaphase
You are the CEO of a major manufacturing company that decides to use CFCs in production of your products. What are you failing to abide by?
Montreal Protocol
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____.
NADPH
In photosynthesis, the electrons come from water and end up in ______.
NADPH
Can you tell from these absorption spectra whether red light is effective in driving photosynthesis?
One cannot tell from this graph, but because chlorophyll a does absorb red light, we can predict that it would be effective in driving photosynthesis.
Where was the thinning of ozone initially discovered?
Over the Antarctic
In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.
Photorespiration
Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____.
Prometaphase
This animation illustrates the events of _____.
Prometaphase
Chromosomes become visible during _____.
Prophase
This animation illustrates the events of _____.
Prophase
_____ has a longer wavelength than _____.
Red ... green
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.
RuBP
Which of the following structures allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere?
Stomata
Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____.
Telophase
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?
Telophase
This animation illustrates the events of _____.
Telophase
Which of the following is true?
The chance of having a child with a chromosomal abnormality increases with the age of the mother.
If only chlorophyll a were involved in the light reactions, would blue light (wavelength about 490 nm) be effective in driving photosynthesis?
The graph indicates that chlorophyll a absorbs very little blue light, so we can predict that blue light would not be effective.
You are an oncologist. A patient presents with advanced prostate cancer and you follow standard protocol. What do you do?
The patient is treated with chemical castration.
Prior to this new technique, how were mice given cancerous tumors?
The tumors were implanted under the skin.
An action spectrum plots the rate of photosynthesis at various wavelengths of visible light, and it shows that blue light with a wavelength of about 490 nm is effective in driving photosynthesis. Based on this information and the absorption spectra shown at left, what role may chlorophyll b and carotenoids play in photosynthesis?
These pigments are able to absorb more wavelengths of light (and thus more energy) than chlorophyll a alone can absorb. As part of light-harvesting complexes in photosystems, they broaden the range of light that can be used in the light reactions.
You obtain the pigments called carotenoids in your diet when you eat carrots. Why do carotenoids appear yellow and orange?
They absorb blue/green light and reflect yellow and red wavelengths of light.
Which of the following is true regarding prostate cancer cells?
They can activate and inactivate certain genes.
What defines a short sleeper?
They can function well on 6 hours of sleep or less.
Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer cells?
They multiply quickly.
True or false. Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata.
True
During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____.
Two (2) chromosomes and Four (4) Chromatids
You are an endocrinologist studying new treatments for prostate cancer. You have a patient with an unusually large level of dihydrotestosterone. Which of the following is true?
Your patient's cancer has become resistant to the standard treatment.
The risks of sleep deprivation include which of the following?
all of the above
While it is estimated that less than 5% of the population are short sleepers,
an estimated 30% of the population sleep only 6 hours per night or less.
Part A What name is given to this process?
asexual reproduction
Your 28 year old friend is pregnant. Which of the following screenings is she most likely to initially have to test for Down syndrome?
blood test
Which of the following two things worked in conjunction to make CFCs harmful to the ozone?
chlorine and sunlight
In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, a(n)______ ______ _____ built into a membrane pumps H+ across the membrane as electrons are passed from one electron carrier to the next in a series of redox reactions.
electron transport chain
Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces
four haploid cells.
During prophase I of meiosis,
homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.
Mendel observed that pairs of alleles were separated or segregated in gametes and that they were rejoined in fertilization. We know that pairs of _____ are segregated in _____ and then are rejoined through fertilization.
homologous chromosomes....meiosis
During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
interphase
Nucleoli are present during _____.
interphase
A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during
interphase.
In photosynthesis, ______ ______ drives electrons from low-energy state in water to a high-energy state.
light energy
Mendel formulated his principles of inheritance based on
observations on the outcomes of breeding experiments. The underlying processes were unknown at the time.
In respiration, the electrons come from the oxidation of organic molecules, and ______ is the final electron acceptor.
oxygen
the centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?
prophase
The correct order of events during meiosis is
prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.
During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?
prophase I.
Since there is a genetic explanation for short sleepers, you would expect
that this trait appears more frequently among family members.
What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?
the chromosomes must be duplicated
During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided.
the mitotic phase
The discovery of a gene associated with short sleepers means that
there is potential to manipulate sleep pathways with medication.
C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.
transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs
Imagine a plant with carotenoids but no chlorophyll. Which color(s) of light would be most beneficial to the plant?
violet-blue
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.
water.... NADPH