bio109 chapter 2 study guide

which of the following compounds is polar covalent? a)O2 b)H2O c)NaCI d)CH4 e)KI

b)H2O

which of the following does NOT indicate a compound? a)CO2 b)N2 c)HCI d)H2O e)NaCI

b)N2

which of the following is an ion and why? a)O2- because it contains an unpaired electron in its outer shell b)Na+ because it has lost an electron c)Co-60 because it is radioactive d)H2 because it is sharing electrons e)H-3 because it has two extra neutrons

b)Na+ because it has lost an electron

the four elements making up about 96% of the body's mass represented by the symbols : a)O,Ca, H, Na b)O,C,H,N c)O,C,He, Na d)O,H,K,N e)O,Ca,H,Ni

b)O,C,H,N

a common buffer found in extracellular fluid is a)glucose b)bicarbonate ion c)sodium ion d)a triglyceride e)ATP

b)bicarbonate ion

carbohydrates a)are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of triglycerides b)contain C,H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio c)are primarily used for structural support d)are composed of subunits called polysaccharides e)include RNA and DNA

b)contain C,H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

inorganic molecules a)are usually structurally complex b)contain no carbon atoms c)include glucose, amino acids and triglycerides d)are not water soluble e)contain only covalent bonds

b)contain no carbon atoms

hydrophilic solutes are those that : a)dissolve easily in lipids because they contain non polar covalent bonds b)dissolve easily in water because they contain polar covalent bonds c)dissolve easily in water because they contain non polar covalent bonds d)dissolve poorly in water because they contain polar covalent bonds e)dissolve poorly in water because they contain non polar covalent bonds

b)dissolve easily in water because they contain polar covalent bonds

found in different energy levels outside of the nucleus a)atoms b)electrons c)molecules d)neutrons e)protons

b)electrons

occurs between N- basses of DNA a)double covalent bonding b)hydrogen bonding c)ionic bonding d)non polar covalent bonding e)polar covalent bonding

b)hydrogen bonding

which of the following is true of a catalyst? a)it is changed by the chemical reaction in which it participates b)it helps orient colliding molecules so that a reaction is more likely to occur c)it raises the activation energy required for a reaction to occur d)it prevents chemical reactions from occurring under physiological conditions e)it changes the difference in potential energy between reactants and products

b)it helps orient colliding molecules so that a reaction is more likely to occur

which of the following is NOT true of lipids? a)may be stored as triglycerides to provide chemical energy later b)usually dissolve freely in blood c)include steroids and eicosanoids d)usually dissolve freely in blood plasma e)usually have large numbers of C and H atoms, but few O atoms

b)usually dissolves freely in blood

isotopes are a)charged atoms that gained or lost electrons b)atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass c)able to release radiation if their nuclei are unstable d)atoms with unpaired electrons in their outermost shells atoms with the same numbers of neutrons but different numbers of protons

c)able to release radiation if their nuclei are unstable

the kinetic energy needed to the break the chemical bonds in reactant molecules is called a)chemical energy b)positional energy c)activation energy d)conservation energy e)potential energy

c)activation energy

in a chemical reaction, a)the starting materials are called products b)the ending substances are called reactants c)electrons are exchanged or shared to make atoms more stable d)matter is created or destroyed e)the starting and ending materials have identical properties

c)electrons are exchanged or shared to make atoms more stable

which of the following carry a negative charge? a)protons only b)neutrons only c)electrons only d)both protons and electrons e)both electrons and neutrons

c)electrons only

an acid a)dissociates into H+ ions and cations in water b)is a proton acceptor c)has a pH<7 d)a and b are correct e)a,b,c are correct

c)has a pH<7

a manufacturing company uses a very effective solvent that is composed of groups of atoms with unpaired electrons in their outermost electron shells. which of the following is true? a)the solvent's atoms are isotopes with unstable nuclei that releases radioactivity b)workers using the solvent have decreased risk of cataracts, atherosclerosis, or cancers c)inclusion of antioxidants in worker's diets may help protect them from effects of the solvent d)the solvent is electrically neutral and therefore poses no risks to workers e)the unpaired electrons in the solvent atoms will stabilize molecules in the workers' bodies

c)inclusion of antioxidants in workers' diets may help protect them from effects of the solvent

occurs when one atom transfers electrons to another a)double covalent bonding b)hydrogen bonding c)ionic bonding d)non polar covalent bonding e)polar covalent bonding

c)ionic bonding

peptide bonds are found in : a)carbohydrates b)lipids c)proteins d)inorganic compounds e)any type of molecule

c)proteins

an atom of one element is distinguished from an atom of another element by the number of : a)neutrons in the nucleus b)electrons in the nucleus c)protons in the nucleus d)electrons orbiting the nucleus e)electrons it can lose when bonding

c)protons in the nucleus

a fatty acid with only single covalent bonds is said to be : a)oxidized b)reduced c)saturated d)denatured e)hydrolyzed

c)saturated

all of the following are true of ionic compounds EXCEPT a)many ionic compounds exist as crystalline solids b)ionic compounds have consistent ratios of cations to anions c)solid ionic compounds are found primarily in the salt tissues of the body d)ions compounds have a neutral electrical charge e)ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water

c)solid ionic compounds are found primarily in the soft tissues of the body

in proteins, the folding of the unit on itself is referred to its a)primary structure b)secondary structure c)tertiary structure d)quaternary structure e)all answers are correct

c)tertiary structure

which of the following is true of anabolic reactions in the body? a)they are exergonic b)they are used to release energy from structural molecules c)they may be represented as A + B --> AB d)they are decompositions e)they covert large molecules to smaller ones

c)they may be represented A + B --> AB

which of the following lists contain elements that have ionic forms critical to muscle contraction and action potential generation? a)C,H,O,N b)Ca,P,S c)CI,Mg,S d)Ca,N,K E)Fe,Mg,P

d)Ca,N,K

the most abundant and important inorganic compound found in living systems is a)O2 b)CO2 c)HCO3- d)H2O e)C6H12O6

d)H2)

which of the following is an exchange reaction? a)H2CO3-->H2O+CO2 b)NaCl+KI-->NaI+KCI c)HCI+NaOH-->H2O+NaCI d)b and c are correct e)both b and c are correct

d)b and c are correct

the body converts starch to glucose, which is then ultimately to converted to CO2H20, and energy. these conversions are a)catabolic b)exergonic c)anabolic d)both a and b are correct e)both b and c are correct

d)both a and b are correct

buffers a)convert weak acids or bases into strong ones b)help destabilize pH c)can absorb OH- if the pH is too low d)can release H+ if the pH is too high e)include the HCI-KOH system

d)can release H+ if the pH is too high

all of the following are true EXCEPT a)energy is the capacity to do work b)the energy stored in body fat is potential energy c) the energy transferred to a ball by a swinging foot is kinetic energy d)chemical energy is a form of kinetic energy e)energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another

d)chemical energy is a form of kinetic energy

hydrogen bonds a)are stronger than either covalent or ionic bonds b)tend to destabilize large molecules such as proteins c)are relatively uncommon between molecules in the body d)form between hydrogen and nitrogen or oxygen atoms e)enhance gas exchange in the lungs

d)form between hydrogen and nitrogen or oxygen atoms

an example of a polysaccharide stored in humans is a)cellulose b)lactose c)glucose d)glycogen e)mannose

d)glycogen

the function of a catalyst is to : a)convert strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases b)store energy released during exergonic reactions c)act as the chemical link between atoms in a covalent bond d)lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur e)keep particles in a colloid from settling out

d)lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur

subatomic particle with no charge a)atoms b)electrons c)molecules d)neutrons e)protons

d)neutrons

occurs between two atoms that share electrons equally a)double covalent bonding b)hydrogen bonding c)ionic bonding d)non polar covalent bonding e)polar covalent bonding

d)non polar covalent bonding

Glycerol is the backbone molecule for : a)disaccharides b)DNA c)peptides d)triglycerides e)ATP

d)triglycerides

ALL of the following are organic molecules EXCEPT : a)ATP b)glucose c)DNA d)enzymes e)O2

e)O2

which of the following influence the rate of a chemical reaction? a)the concentration of the reactants b)the temperature c)the presence of catalysts or enzymes d)both a and b are correct e)a, b, and c are correct

e)a, b, and c are correct

enzymes are a)biological catalysts b)usually large proteins c)specific for a single substrate d)a and b are true e)a, b, and c are true

e)a, b, and c are true

which of the following is true? a)chemical bonds are repulsive forces between the atoms of molecules b)the valence electrons involved in bonding are found in an atom's innermost shell c)atoms tend to react to decrease the stability of the arrangement of their electrons d)the most reactive atoms already have 8 valence electrons e)atoms tend react so that they acquire eight electrons in their outermost shell

e)atoms tend react so that they acquire eight electrons in their outermost shell

each molecule of oxygen gas is composed of two atoms of oxygen sharing two pairs of electrons equally. which of the following best describes the chemical bond between the oxygen atoms? a)covalent bond b)polar bond c)double bond d)non polar bond e)double non polar covalent bond

e)double non polar covalent bond

a salt a)dissociates into H+ and OH- in solution b)prevents drastic changes in pH in body fluids c)is a proton donor d)is a product of the reaction of an acid with a base e)is the product of a decomposition reaction

e)is the product of a decomposition reaction

between which of the following pairs would H bonds be likely to form? a)H2 and CH4 b)H2O and NH3 c)CO2 and H2O d)a, b, and c are correct e)only b and c are correct

e)only b and c are correct

enzymes and antibodies are examples of a)carbohydrates b)lipids c)amino acids d)nucleic acids e)proteins

e)proteins

the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties and properties and characteristics of an element is the: a)atom b)molecule c)proton d)nucleus e)electron

a)atom

fundamental particles of elements a)atoms b)electrons c)molecules d)neutrons e)protons

a)atoms

glycolysis is the catabolism of glucose to pyruvate. it requires the hydrolysis of 2 ATP molecules, but ultimately generates 4 ATP molecules. glycolysis is best described as a ___ process. a)exergonic b)endergonic c)energy neutral d)physiologically improbable e)anabolic

a)exergonic

specific arrangements of atoms that cause organic molecules to have particular chemical properties are called a)functional groups b)macromolecules c)monomers d)isomers e)polymers

a)functional groups

which of the following never has an alkaline pH in a healthy person? a)gastric juice b)urine c)semen d)blood e)pancreatic juice

a)gastric juice

CO2 and HCO3- are considered inorganic compounds even though they each contain a carbon atom. based on this observation, how could the definition of an inorganic compound best be modified? a)inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms only if they also contain oxygen atoms b)inorganic compounds contain no chains of carbon atoms c)inorganic compounds contain carbon atom only if they also contain hydrogen atoms d)both a and b are correct e)both a and c are correct

a)inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms only if they also contain oxygen atoms

a physician suspects a patient may have a thyroid tumor. which of the following radioisotopes will help the physician conform the initial diagnosis? a)iodine-131 b)thallium-201 c)radium-226 d)cobalt-60 e)radon-222

a)iodine-131

the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in the body is called a)metabolism b)anabolism c)synthesis d)catabolism e)exchange

a)metabolism

salts are formed by the exchange of electrons between atoms that tend to form cations and those that tend to form anions. which of the following pairs of ions would likely form a salt? a)potassium ion, iodide ion b)chloride ion, iodide ion c)magnesium ion, calcium ion d)sodium ion, iron (II) ion e)calcium ion, hydrogen ion

a)potassium ion, iodide ion

water a)serves as the Medium for most chemical reactions in the body b)is added to small molecules to join them into larger molecules c)is removed from large molecules to break them into smaller molecules d)has a limited ability to absorb or release heat without changing temperature e)provides friction that resists movement between membranes in body cavities

a)serves as the Medium for most chemical reactions in the body

which of the following is true of the chemical formula, H2O2? a)the formula represents four atoms sharing electrons b)the formula represents an element c)the formula represents two ions of hydrogen and two ions of oxygen d)the formula indicates the presence of two molecules each of hydrogen and oxygen e)the formula indicates the transfer of electrons from hydrogen to oxygen

a)the formula represents four atoms sharing electrons