BIO148 Exam 2 Practice
Transcription starts at the __________
+1 Nucleotide
If the bottom strand of DNA is used as a template for transcription, which of the following RNAs would be produced? 5' ATTAGCCTTTAAAT 3' 3' TAATCGGAAATTTA 5'
5' AUUAGCCUUUAAAU 3'
The region between the +1 nucleotide and the start codon is called the ________
5' UTR
In what direction is RNA synthesized?
5' → 3'
True or False? A mutation that does not change the DNA sequence of a gene can change the amino acid sequence of a protein.
False
True or false: There are codons that specifically signal "START making proteins" and do not code for anything else.
False
Transcription begins at a start codon.
False (Transcription begins at the +1 nucleotide)
True or false: There are codons that specifically signal "START making proteins" and do not code for anything else.
False (only AUG codes for MET)
What determines the tertiary structure of proteins?
Genes determine the amino acid sequence of the protein, which determines its tertiary structure
Which amino acid is will be attached to the next tRNA to enter the ribosome? Use the genetic code.
Glu
A protein functions in the cytoplasm. You would expect to find _______ amino acids on the exterior of the folded protein and __________ amino acids in the interior.
Hydrophilic, hydrophobic
Which of the following is NOT bound to the central atom of an amino acid?
Hydroxyl group
Which of the following is a similarity between DNA and RNA?
In both, nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds
Which of the following is transcribed?
Introns
Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) tRNA? Choose the most complete correct answer.
It carries amino acids to the ribosome AND It is transcribed from a DNA template
Which of the following does NOT occur during RNA processing?
Removal of exons from the primary transcript
A protein called hepatoglobin is synthesized by human liver cells but not by human skin cells. Which of the following explains this fact?
Liver cells have the activator for the hepatoglobin gene switch but skin cells do not.
How do the chromosomes from a bird and the chromosomes from a whale differ?
Many of the genes are different between the two species
The FIRST amino acid to be translated is always:
Met
You have a friend helping you study for the exam. They tell you the four statements below. Which one is FALSE?
The presence of nipples in males can only be explained by the fact that they are adaptive in some way
If you compare any two different amino acids, how will they differ?
Their R groups will differ
How can different cells in one organism have different shapes and actions?
They express different genes
If two proteins have a different amino acid sequence, which of the following would be FALSE?
They would have different types of peptide bonds
A mutation in a gene switch could:
change the amount of protein expressed
Genes _____________
code for proteins
The LAST amino acid to be translated is always:
could be anything depending on the RNA sequence
Which process is described by the Central Dogma?
how genetic information is expressed
Which bonds are responsible for the secondary structure called alpha helix?
hydrogen bonds that form between the C=O and N-H groups in the backbone of a polypeptide
If a frameshift mutation occurs in region (a), where will functional PitX1 protein be expressed?
in neither the jaw nor the pelvis
______ are part of the primary transcript but never leave the nucleus.
introns
Beak size in ground finches _____
is controlled by genes that produce variable phenotypes in the population.
Which of the following is used by ribosomes during translation?
mRNA
Which of the following is/are bound by ribosomes during translation?
mRNA
In a eukaryotic cell the DNA is enclosed in the nucleus, whereas ribosomes that make proteins are located in the cytoplasm. How does the information in DNA needed to specify the amino acid sequence of a particular protein make it to the cytoplasmic protein-manufacturing centers?
mRNA molecules act as the link between genes and protein-manufacturing centers
The DNA sequence below is from the template strand. The start codon is in bold and the stop codon is underlined. Use the DNA sequence below to answer the following question. Based on the image below, the first three amino acids encoded by this gene are:
met-ser-ser
The promoter of a gene is____________
neither transcribed nor translated
Proteins are synthesized when ____________ read ___________ in the ________________ of the cell
ribosomes; mRNA; cytoplasm
Hydrogen bonding between peptide backbone groups is directly responsible for
secondary structure
On the diagram below, RNA polymerase would initially bind:
upstream of W
Where is mRNA made?
Nucleus
A sequence of _____ nucleotides is called a ___________ which codes for ________ amino acid(s).
3; codon; 1
What direction does DNA polymerase read the template DNA strand?
3' → 5'
Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) tRNA? It contains codons all but one of these is correct It carries amino acids to the ribosome It is transcribed from a DNA template all of these are correct
All but one of these are correct. (It carries amino acids & it is transcribed from a DNA template)
In the figure below, which of the following indicates a structure that is RNA or contains RNA?
All of the above
What fraction of all the genes in your liver cells are also in your kidney cells?
All of them (you have the same genes in all cells of your body.)
What makes up a polypeptide?
Amino Acids
Which strand in this transcription bubble is the coding strand?
Bottom
The RNA transcript will have the same sequence as the _________ strand of DNA. (except for Ts in DNA and Us in RNA)
Coding
The graph above shows the distribution of beak depth in finches before and after a drought on the island of Daphne Major. Based on the data above, which statement is FALSE?
Each bird evolved a deeper, stronger beak as a result of the drought.
The LAST amino acid to be translated is always:
Could be anything depending on the mRNA code
Genotype is to______ as phenotype is to _________
DNA sequence, amino acid sequence
True or False: several amino acids can be coded by a single codon
False
Which of the following is translated?
Exons
Which part of the primary transcript is ultimately translated into protein?
Exons
The DNA molecules in muscle cells contain information about which of the following?
Eye color and skin color
Ribosomes contain genes.
False
Transcription ends at a stop codon.
False
Transcription stops at a stop codon.
False
Which of the following scenarios does NOT describe one of the four criteria for evolution by natural selection described by Darwin?
Mutations will arise in the population when they are needed to avoid predators
What is the role of the start codon in transcription?
No role! It has a role on in translation. We are talking about transcription.
Which of the following is required for the initiation of transcription?
None of these (Right! To initiate transcription, a promoter is required. RNA polymerase must be activated to begin transcribing at the promoter.)
RNA processing occurs in the ___________
Nucleus
Where is RNA synthesized in eukaryotes?
Nucleus
Which of the following mutations in a CGA codon would change the primary structure of a protein?
Only a mutation that replaces the G with an A
Transcription produces a
Primary transcript
Pick all of the components below that are DNA sequences (i.e. are made of DNA). Choose ALL THAT APPLY.
Promoter, Switch, Gene
How might an evolutionary biologist explain why a species of birds has evolved a larger beak size?
Some members of the ancestral population had larger beaks than others. If larger beak size was advantageous, they would be more likely to survive and reproduce. As such, large beaked birds increased in frequency relative to small beaked birds.
Which of the following are present in your liver cells?
Switches to turn on liver cell genes, switches to turn on kidney cell genes, switch activators for liver cell genes
The function of RNA polymerase is to
Transcribe DNA to RNA
In a particular gene, the nucleotides that encode the start codon are +21 through +24. The stop codon is found at nucleotides +557-560. Nucleotide +2 is.....
Transcribed but not translated. (Transcription begins at +1 nucleotide, translation begins at start codon)
In a particular gene, the nucleotides that encode the start codon are +21-24. The stop codon is found at nucleotides +557-560. Nucleotide +561 is.....
Transcribed but not translated. (Transcription ends at poly A tail, translation ends at stop codon)
The process by which RNA polymerase creates strands complementary to the DNA template is called ______________
Transcription
The process by which the information in a DNA sequence is copied into a new RNA is called ___________
Transcription
Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?
Transcription > Translation > Protein synthesis
During _______ , the enzyme _________ reads complementary nucleotides in the ____________ strand to produce RNA.
Transcription, RNA polymerase, template
During _________ , the enzyme ___________ binds complementary nucleotides to the ______________ strand to produce RNA
Transcription, RNA polymerase, template
True or False: several codons can code for the same amino acid
True
True or false: There are codons that specifically signal "STOP making proteins" and do not code for anything else.
True
You have genes important for eye function in your skin.
True
In the diagram below, what letter indicates a region that was transcribed by RNA polymerase, but will not be translated by a ribosome? (W = +1 nucleotide, X = 5' UTR, P = 3' UTR)
X and P
Does the protein product made from a stretch of DNA depend on which strand was used as the template for transcription?
Yes (Draw a double stranded DNA molecule and transcribe it both ways. The sequence of nucleotides, and therefore the protein product, will be different depending on which strand is used as template. )
The gene in the diagram is transcribed by RNA polymerase from left to right. If the primary transcript in the diagram has the sequence 5' AAAAGGGGGGAUGGGG....3', the DNA strand with the sequence 5' AAAAGGGGGGATGGGG....3' would be found in the DNA strand labeled .
Z
Which part(s) of amino acid can be involved in peptide bond formation?
amino group and carboxyl group
All proteins ____________ . (Choose the most complete answer.)
are synthesized on ribosomes and are made of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
What fraction of the genes in your liver cells are transcribed?
some of them
The _______________ of a polypeptide is determined by its _____________
structure, amino acid sequence
Which of the following types of RNA transfer amino acids to ribosomes?
tRNA