BIO148 Exam 2 Practice

Transcription starts at the __________

+1 Nucleotide

If the bottom strand of DNA is used as a template for transcription, which of the following RNAs would be produced? 5' ATTAGCCTTTAAAT 3' 3' TAATCGGAAATTTA 5'

5' AUUAGCCUUUAAAU 3'

The region between the +1 nucleotide and the start codon is called the ________

5' UTR

In what direction is RNA synthesized?

5' → 3'

True or False? A mutation that does not change the DNA sequence of a gene can change the amino acid sequence of a protein.

False

True or false: There are codons that specifically signal "START making proteins" and do not code for anything else.

False

Transcription begins at a start codon.

False (Transcription begins at the +1 nucleotide)

True or false: There are codons that specifically signal "START making proteins" and do not code for anything else.

False (only AUG codes for MET)

What determines the tertiary structure of proteins?

Genes determine the amino acid sequence of the protein, which determines its tertiary structure

Which amino acid is will be attached to the next tRNA to enter the ribosome? Use the genetic code.

Glu

A protein functions in the cytoplasm. You would expect to find _______ amino acids on the exterior of the folded protein and __________ amino acids in the interior.

Hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Which of the following is NOT bound to the central atom of an amino acid?

Hydroxyl group

Which of the following is a similarity between DNA and RNA?

In both, nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds

Which of the following is transcribed?

Introns

Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) tRNA? Choose the most complete correct answer.

It carries amino acids to the ribosome AND It is transcribed from a DNA template

Which of the following does NOT occur during RNA processing?

Removal of exons from the primary transcript

A protein called hepatoglobin is synthesized by human liver cells but not by human skin cells. Which of the following explains this fact?

Liver cells have the activator for the hepatoglobin gene switch but skin cells do not.

How do the chromosomes from a bird and the chromosomes from a whale differ?

Many of the genes are different between the two species

The FIRST amino acid to be translated is always:

Met

You have a friend helping you study for the exam. They tell you the four statements below. Which one is FALSE?

The presence of nipples in males can only be explained by the fact that they are adaptive in some way

If you compare any two different amino acids, how will they differ?

Their R groups will differ

How can different cells in one organism have different shapes and actions?

They express different genes

If two proteins have a different amino acid sequence, which of the following would be FALSE?

They would have different types of peptide bonds

A mutation in a gene switch could:

change the amount of protein expressed

Genes _____________

code for proteins

The LAST amino acid to be translated is always:

could be anything depending on the RNA sequence

Which process is described by the Central Dogma?

how genetic information is expressed

Which bonds are responsible for the secondary structure called alpha helix?

hydrogen bonds that form between the C=O and N-H groups in the backbone of a polypeptide

If a frameshift mutation occurs in region (a), where will functional PitX1 protein be expressed?

in neither the jaw nor the pelvis

______ are part of the primary transcript but never leave the nucleus.

introns

Beak size in ground finches _____

is controlled by genes that produce variable phenotypes in the population.

Which of the following is used by ribosomes during translation?

mRNA

Which of the following is/are bound by ribosomes during translation?

mRNA

In a eukaryotic cell the DNA is enclosed in the nucleus, whereas ribosomes that make proteins are located in the cytoplasm. How does the information in DNA needed to specify the amino acid sequence of a particular protein make it to the cytoplasmic protein-manufacturing centers?

mRNA molecules act as the link between genes and protein-manufacturing centers

The DNA sequence below is from the template strand. The start codon is in bold and the stop codon is underlined. Use the DNA sequence below to answer the following question. Based on the image below, the first three amino acids encoded by this gene are:

met-ser-ser

The promoter of a gene is____________

neither transcribed nor translated

Proteins are synthesized when ____________ read ___________ in the ________________ of the cell

ribosomes; mRNA; cytoplasm

Hydrogen bonding between peptide backbone groups is directly responsible for

secondary structure

On the diagram below, RNA polymerase would initially bind:

upstream of W

Where is mRNA made?

Nucleus

A sequence of _____ nucleotides is called a ___________ which codes for ________ amino acid(s).

3; codon; 1

What direction does DNA polymerase read the template DNA strand?

3' → 5'

Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) tRNA? It contains codons all but one of these is correct It carries amino acids to the ribosome It is transcribed from a DNA template all of these are correct

All but one of these are correct. (It carries amino acids & it is transcribed from a DNA template)

In the figure below, which of the following indicates a structure that is RNA or contains RNA?

All of the above

What fraction of all the genes in your liver cells are also in your kidney cells?

All of them (you have the same genes in all cells of your body.)

What makes up a polypeptide?

Amino Acids

Which strand in this transcription bubble is the coding strand?

Bottom

The RNA transcript will have the same sequence as the _________ strand of DNA. (except for Ts in DNA and Us in RNA)

Coding

The graph above shows the distribution of beak depth in finches before and after a drought on the island of Daphne Major. Based on the data above, which statement is FALSE?

Each bird evolved a deeper, stronger beak as a result of the drought.

The LAST amino acid to be translated is always:

Could be anything depending on the mRNA code

Genotype is to______ as phenotype is to _________

DNA sequence, amino acid sequence

True or False: several amino acids can be coded by a single codon

False

Which of the following is translated?

Exons

Which part of the primary transcript is ultimately translated into protein?

Exons

The DNA molecules in muscle cells contain information about which of the following?

Eye color and skin color

Ribosomes contain genes.

False

Transcription ends at a stop codon.

False

Transcription stops at a stop codon.

False

Which of the following scenarios does NOT describe one of the four criteria for evolution by natural selection described by Darwin?

Mutations will arise in the population when they are needed to avoid predators

What is the role of the start codon in transcription?

No role! It has a role on in translation. We are talking about transcription.

Which of the following is required for the initiation of transcription?

None of these (Right! To initiate transcription, a promoter is required. RNA polymerase must be activated to begin transcribing at the promoter.)

RNA processing occurs in the ___________

Nucleus

Where is RNA synthesized in eukaryotes?

Nucleus

Which of the following mutations in a CGA codon would change the primary structure of a protein?

Only a mutation that replaces the G with an A

Transcription produces a

Primary transcript

Pick all of the components below that are DNA sequences (i.e. are made of DNA). Choose ALL THAT APPLY.

Promoter, Switch, Gene

How might an evolutionary biologist explain why a species of birds has evolved a larger beak size?

Some members of the ancestral population had larger beaks than others. If larger beak size was advantageous, they would be more likely to survive and reproduce. As such, large beaked birds increased in frequency relative to small beaked birds.

Which of the following are present in your liver cells?

Switches to turn on liver cell genes, switches to turn on kidney cell genes, switch activators for liver cell genes

The function of RNA polymerase is to

Transcribe DNA to RNA

In a particular gene, the nucleotides that encode the start codon are +21 through +24. The stop codon is found at nucleotides +557-560. Nucleotide +2 is.....

Transcribed but not translated. (Transcription begins at +1 nucleotide, translation begins at start codon)

In a particular gene, the nucleotides that encode the start codon are +21-24. The stop codon is found at nucleotides +557-560. Nucleotide +561 is.....

Transcribed but not translated. (Transcription ends at poly A tail, translation ends at stop codon)

The process by which RNA polymerase creates strands complementary to the DNA template is called ______________

Transcription

The process by which the information in a DNA sequence is copied into a new RNA is called ___________

Transcription

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

Transcription > Translation > Protein synthesis

During _______ , the enzyme _________ reads complementary nucleotides in the ____________ strand to produce RNA.

Transcription, RNA polymerase, template

During _________ , the enzyme ___________ binds complementary nucleotides to the ______________ strand to produce RNA

Transcription, RNA polymerase, template

True or False: several codons can code for the same amino acid

True

True or false: There are codons that specifically signal "STOP making proteins" and do not code for anything else.

True

You have genes important for eye function in your skin.

True

In the diagram below, what letter indicates a region that was transcribed by RNA polymerase, but will not be translated by a ribosome? (W = +1 nucleotide, X = 5' UTR, P = 3' UTR)

X and P

Does the protein product made from a stretch of DNA depend on which strand was used as the template for transcription?

Yes (Draw a double stranded DNA molecule and transcribe it both ways. The sequence of nucleotides, and therefore the protein product, will be different depending on which strand is used as template. )

The gene in the diagram is transcribed by RNA polymerase from left to right. If the primary transcript in the diagram has the sequence 5' AAAAGGGGGGAUGGGG....3', the DNA strand with the sequence 5' AAAAGGGGGGATGGGG....3' would be found in the DNA strand labeled .

Z

Which part(s) of amino acid can be involved in peptide bond formation?

amino group and carboxyl group

All proteins ____________ . (Choose the most complete answer.)

are synthesized on ribosomes and are made of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

What fraction of the genes in your liver cells are transcribed?

some of them

The _______________ of a polypeptide is determined by its _____________

structure, amino acid sequence

Which of the following types of RNA transfer amino acids to ribosomes?

tRNA