biochem exam 5

What is the product of the committed step in fatty acid synthesis? A. C16-acyl ACP B. acetyl CoA C. malonyl CoA D. acetoacetyl CoA E. B-hydroxybutyryl ACP

C

Which compounds donate electrons to the electron transport chain?

FADH2, NADH

T or F: H+ concentration is lower in the mitochondrial matrix than in the intermembrane space

True

What compound is used as an oxidant in the conversion of stearoyl CoA into oleoyl CoA? A. NADP+ B. O2 C. H2O D. FAD E. cytochrome c

B

What drives the transport of adenine nucleotides? A. simple diffusion B. transport is coupled with ATPATP hydrolysis C. the electrochemical gradient (membrane potential)

C

What do red blood cells accomplish by producing lactate? A. maintenance of reduced glutathione B. protection against oxidative stress C. regeneration of NADH D. energy production in the form of ATP

D

What is the effect of the mutation on succinate‑coupled ATP synthesis? A. The mutation did not affect ATP synthesis in patients 1 and 3, but greatly reduced ATP synthesis in patient 2. B. The mutation had no effect on ATP synthesis in all three patients. C. The mutation did not affect ATP synthesis in patient 1, but greatly reduced ATP synthesis in patients 2 and 3. D. The mutation reduced ATP synthesis in all three patients.

D

What is the fate of the radioactive label? A. C14C14 appears at C‑7 of sedoheptulose 7‑phosphate. B. C14C14 appears at C‑6 of fructose 6‑phosphate. C. C14C14 appears at C‑4 of erythrose 4‑phosphate. D. C14C14 appears at C‑5 of ribulose 5‑phosphate. E. C14C14 appears in the CO2CO2 evolved by the oxidative phase.

D

Where does fatty acid degradation occur in the cell? A. in the nucleus B. in the cytoplasm C. in the ribosomes D. in the mitochondria

D

In which compartment are double bonds introduced into fatty acids? A. cytosol B. inner membrane of mitochondria C. matrix of mitochondria D. golgi apparatus E. endoplasmic reticulum

E

Which protein can self-glycosylate with up to 10-20 glucose units? A. nucleoside diphosphokinase B. the branching enzyme C. protein kinase A D. glycogen synthase E. glycogenin

E

Which reaction requires the ATP? A. fructose 6‑phosphate ++ glyceraldehyde 3‑phosphate ⟶⟶ xyulose 5‑phosphate ++ erythrose 4‑phosphate B. fructose 6‑phosphate ++ erythrose 4‑phosphate ⟶⟶ sedoheptulose 7‑phosphate ++ glyceraldehyde 3‑phosphate C. sedoheptulose 7‑phosphate ++ glyceraldehyde 3‑phosphate ⟶⟶ xyulose 5‑phosphate ++ ribose 5‑phosphate D. fructose 1,6‑bisphosphate ⟶⟶ glyceraldehyde 3‑phosphate E. fructose 6‑phosphate ⟶⟶ fructose 1,6‑bisphosphate F. glucose 6‑phosphate ⟶⟶ fructose 6‑phosphate

E

You hypothesize that an animal with a mutation that affects conversion of the b form of glycogen synthase to the a form could not produce glycogen at functional levels. Your friend disagrees and believes that the animal would produce glycogen at functional levels. What good reason could your friend give for this guess? Select the best answer. A. Insulin would allosterically activate the normally inactive b form of glycogen synthase. B. The b form is inactive, and the organism cannot synthesize glycogen. C. Insulin would inhibit glycogen synthase kinase. D. The b form is always active, regardless of covalent modification. E. Glucose 6-phosphate activation of the b form would stimulate glycogen synthesis.

E

Which molecules directly participate in fatty acid synthesis by acting as energy sources? A. ATP B. NADH C. GTP D. pyruvate E. NADPH F. acetyl‑CoA

E & A

T or F: ATP synthase uses energy from ATP to move H+ into the mitochondrial matrix

False

T or F: energy is generated as a result of the difference in hydrogen ion concentration btwn the intermembrane space & the cytoplasm

False

T or F: the pH in the intermembrane space is higher than the pH in the mitochondrial matrix

False

Classify each characteristic according to whether it best describes type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. -typically develops during childhood -an autoimmune disease -body cells don't respond to insulin -pancreas doesn't secrete enough insulin -typically develops in adulthood -linked w/ obesity & insufficient exercise

type 1 -typically develops during childhood -an autoimmune disease -pancreas doesn't secrete enough insulin type 2 -body cells don't respond to insulin -typically develops in adulthood -linked w/ obesity & insufficient exercise

characteristics of allosteric regulation of glycogen phosphorylase in the muscle

-activation generates glucose for the cell -b form is the default state -AMP binding reduces R state

characteristics of allosteric regulation of glycogen phosphorylase in the liver

-activation liberates glucose for export -a form is the default state -glucose binding induces T state

Match each name with the electron‑transport chain complex or electron carrier: complex I, complex II, complex III, complex IV, ubiquinone

-complex I: NADH-Q oxidoreductase -complex II: succinate-Q reductase -complex III: Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase -complex IV: cytochrome c oxidase -ubiquinon: coenzyme Q

How many ATPATP are formed per FADH2 are FADH2 oxidized?

2

How many ATPATP are formed per NADHNADH oxidized?

3.33

Fatty acid synthesis primarily takes place in the: A. cytoplasm B. inner membrane of mitochondria C. matrix of mitochondria D. golgi apparatus E. nucleoli

A

How does the diversion to ketone bodies solve the problem? A. The enzymes converting acetyl‑CoA to acetoacetate liberate the CoA to be used in further fatty acid oxidation. B. One of the ketone bodies, β‑hydroxybutyrate, relieves the acetyl‑CoA inhibition of β‑hydroxyacyl‑CoA dehydrogenase. C. Formation of acetoacetate from acetyl‑CoA liberates a proton, lowering the pH to the optimum value for fatty acid oxidation. D. As acetoacetate is formed, acetyl groups are removed from acetyl carnitine, allowing additional fatty acids to enter the mitochondria.

A

In glycogen metabolism, which molecule's synthesis reaction is driven by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate? PPi+H2O→2Pi A. UDP‑glucose B. glucose 6‑phosphate C. glucose 1‑phosphate D. glucose

A

What is the advantage of having Complexes I, III, and IV associated with one another in the form of a respirasome? A. It enables the rapid transfer of electrons, thereby increasing the efficiency of proton pumping. B. It facilitates the energetically unfavorable electron transfer reactions carried out by Complexes I, III, and IV. C. The respirasome allows NADHNADH and FADH2FADH2 to interact directly with the inner mitochondrial membrane. D. A respirasome composed of Complexes I, III, and IV allows the efficient transfer of electrons from FADH2FADH2 to oxygen.

A

What is the fate of glucose 6-phosphate that enters the pentose phosphate pathway in the flight muscles of hummingbirds? A. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to carbon dioxide and pyruvate. B. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to carbon dioxide. C. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to carbon dioxide and ribose 5-phosphate. D. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to ribose 5-phosphate.

A

What is the proton gradient in cellular respiration? A. a higher concentration of protons (H+)(H+) on one side of a membrane than the other B. the passive transport of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane C. the movement of protons (H+)(H+) across a selectively permeable (semipermeable) membrane D. the accumulation of ATPATP on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Which coenzyme is used in the committed step of fatty acid synthesis? A. biotin B. lipoic acid C. FADH2 D. NADH E. NADPH

A

Which enzyme transfers UDP-glucose to the hydroxyl of an existing glycogen core? A. glycogen synthase B. glycogen synthetase C. glycogen ligase D. glycogen diphosphokinase E. nucleoside diphosphokinase

A

Which hormone signifies the starved state? A. glucagon B. insulin C. norepinephrine D. calmodulin E. epinephrine

A

Which regulatory molecule will act as an antagonist to ND-630? A. insulin B. AMPK C. glucagon D. palmitoyl CoA

A

Which statement about hormones regulating fatty acid synthesis after exercise or a meal is TRUE? A. insulin stimulates fatty acid synthesis by activating acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 B. insulin stimulates the mobilization of fatty acids for B oxidation C. epinephrine stimulates the mobilization of fatty acids and stimulates their accumulation as triacylglycerols D. glucagon activates carboxylase by enhancing phosphorylation of AMPK E. epinephrine stimulates AMPK, preventing phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase 1

A

Identify the enzymes that are required for the synthesis of a glycogen particle starting from glucose 6‑phosphate. A. pyrophosphatase B. glycogenin C. phosphoglucomutase D. glycogen phosphorylase E. glycogen synthase kinase

A, B, C

What are the effects of consuming a diet made up mostly of fats? A. Acetyl‑CoA concentration increases. B. The concentration of D‑3‑hydroxybutyrate increases. C. Oxaloacetate concentration decreases. D. The citric acid cycle becomes overwhelmed with intermediates.

A, B, C

Select the true statements about eicosanoids. A. Arachidonic acid, a C20C20 fatty acid, is the precursor to eicosanoids. B. Eicosanoids are responsible for the inflammatory response. C. High concentrations of eicosanoids are necessary for effective action. D. Eicosanoids are produced only in white blood cells. E. Eicosanoids are broken down within seconds to inactive residues.

A, B, E

Select true statements about the pentose phosphate pathway. A. The pentose phosphate pathway contributes to nucleotide synthesis. B. NADP+NADP+ is oxidized to NADPH in the pathway. C. Glucose is a precursor of the pentose phosphate pathway. D. Products of the pentose phosphate pathway contribute to reductive biosynthesis reactions.

A, C, D

What are the advantages of excluding water from the active site? A. to prevent energy waste by conserving the ATPATP that would be needed to phosphorylate glucose B. to prevent hydrolytic cleavage of glucose 1‑phosphate C. to prevent the formation of glucose D. to maintain energy supplies in muscle cells E. to prevent the unnecessary breakdown of glycogen

A, C, D

What are the reactions that allow the conversion of cytosolic NADHNADH into NADPHNADPH during fatty acid biosynthesis? A. pyruvate+CO2+ATP+H2O⟶oxaloacetate+ADP+Pi+2H B. glucose 6-phosphate+2NADP++H2O⟶ribulose 5-phosphate+2NADPH+2H++CO2 C. malate+NADP+⟶pyruvate+CO2+NADPH D. oxaloacetate+NADH+H+↽−−⇀malate+NAD+

A, C, D

Select all metabolic pathways that epinephrine stimulates. A. glycolysis in muscle B. glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) C. glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) in liver and muscle D. gluconeogenesis in liver E. lipolysis in adipose tissue

A, C, D, E

Which enzymes are required for glycogen degradation? A. glycogen phosphorylase B. phosphoglycerate mutase C. α‑1,6‑glucosidase D. phosphoglucomutase E. transferase

A, C, D, E

Identify the true statements regarding α-1,6 linkages in glycogen. A. The reaction that forms α-1,6 linkages is catalyzed by a branching enzyme. B. Exactly four residues extend from these linkages. C. At least four glucose residues separate α‑1,6 linkages. D. New α‑1,6 linkages can only form if the branch has a free reducing end. E. The number of sites for enzyme action on a glycogen molecule is increased through α‑1,6 linkages.

A, C, E

A mutation in human ATPase 6, which corresponds to E. coli subunit a, from leucine to arginine at position 156 may allow the movement of protons across the membrane, but not the rotation of the ring of c subunits. A. How might this possible mechanism affect the function of ATP synthase? B. There would be an uncoupling of proton translocation and ATP synthesis. C. ATP hydrolysis coupled to proton transport out of the matrix would increase. D. The c ring would become uncoupled from the γ and ε subunits. There would be no net effect on the overall function of ATP synthase. E. Proton binding to subunit c would be impaired. F. ATP synthase would remain sensitive to F0 proton conduction inhibitors.

A, F

Which molecule is the major regulator of oxygen consumption during oxidative phosphorylation?

ADP

ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell; however ATP is not used directly in any of the enzymatic reactions in glycogen synthesis. How, then, does ATP provide energy currency for glycogen synthesis? A. ATP is used to regenerate GTP in the cGMP cascade B. ATP is used by diphosphokinase to regenerate UTP C. Dietary glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-1-phosphate by hexokinase D. The branching enzyme requires the hydrolysis of ATP E. An activated glycosyl unit of ADP-glucose is transferred to the chain of glycogen

B

Glycogen metabolism is regulated, up to a point, by a cyclic AMP cascade. At what point do glycogen synthesis pathways diverge from glycogen degradation pathways? A. phosphorylase kinase converts phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a and glycogen synthase a to glycogen synthase b B. protein kinase A leads to the activation of glycogen degradation, and also to the inhibition of glycogen synthase by conversion from a to b C. phosphorylase kinase converts phosphorylase a to phosphorylase b and glycogen synthase a to glycogen synthase b D. protein kinase A leads to the activation of glycogen degradation, and also to the inhibition of glycogen synthase by conversion from b to a E. cyclic AMP converts inactive PKA to active PKA, causing the inactivation of phosphorylase kinase

B

How is oxaloacetate modified to a form that can be transported out of the matrix? A. uncoupling B. transamination C. isomerization D. dehydrogenation

B

How many protons does complex I pump into the intermembrane space? A. two B. four C. six D. three E. zero

B

Identify the electron transport chain complex that does not pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. A. Complex I B. Complex II C. Complex III D. Complex IV

B

In fatty acid synthesis, what is the direct product of the following metabolic conversion? A. crotonyl ACP B. D-3-hydroxybutyryl ACP C. butyryl ACP D. D-3-oxybutyryl CoA E. D-3-hydroxyacetyl ACP

B

Predict the effect of the mutation on glycogen metabolism. A. linear glycogen chains with minimal branching B. glycogen molecules with branches containing a single glucose residue C. glycogen molecules with branches containing five or more glucose residues D. glycogen molecules with branches containing four glucose residues

B

The citric acid cycle occurs in the A. inner membrane of mitochondrion. B. mitochondrial matrix. C. rough endoplasmic reticulum. D. nucleus. E. lysosome. F. smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

B

The final round of odd‑chain fatty acid degradation produces A. two molecules of propionyl CoA. B. one molecule of acetyl CoA and one molecule of propionyl CoA. C. two molecules of acetyl CoA. D. one molecule of acetyl CoA and one molecule of acetoacetate.

B

What enzyme splits the glycosidic linkage between C-1 and C-4 carbon atoms? A. hexokinase B. glycogen phosphorylase C. phosphoglucomutase D. ɑ-1,6-glucosidase E. phosphodiesterase

B

What is the driving force for the ADP‑glucose pyrophosphorylase reaction? A. production of ADP‑glucose B. hydrolysis of pyrophosphate C. hydrolysis of ADP‑glucose D. production of pyrophosphate

B

What is the function of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain? A. It oxidizes FADH2 to FAD. B. It transports an electron from complex III to complex IV. C. It reduces two molecules of Q to QH2. D. It oxidizes NADH to NAD+. E. It transports two electrons from NADH or FADH2 to complex III.

B

What problem would arise if the excess acetyl‑CoA were not converted to ketone bodies? A. Although acetyl‑CoA is not toxic, it prevents transfer of fatty acids into the mitochondria by forming acetyl carnitine. B. Fatty acid oxidation would stop when all of the CoA is bound as acetyl‑CoA. C. Formation of acetyl‑CoA requires uptake of a proton, and the increased pH inhibits further oxidation. D. Although acetyl‑CoA is not toxic, it inhibits D‑β‑hydroxyacyl‑CoA dehydrogenase.

B

Which direction is ATP4−ATP4− transported during times of active oxidative phosphorylation? A. into the mitochondrial matrix B. out of the mitochondrial matrix C. there is no net flow of ATP4−

B

Which of the enzymes does malonyl‑CoA regulate? A. ATP-citrate lyase B. carnitine acyltransferase C. fatty acid synthase D. acyl-CoA dehydrogenase E. acetyl-CoA carboxylase

B

Which process will be immediately inhibited if cytochrome c is unable to interact with cytochrome c oxidase? A. transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to coenzyme Q B. transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to O2O2 C. transfer of electrons to H2OH2O D. transfer of electrons from coenzyme Q to cytrochrome c

B

Which processes yield the most ATPATP ? When determining the ATPATP yield for each process, include ATPATP derived from reduced cofactors. A. glycolysis B. citric acid cycle C. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl‑CoA

B

Why are liver cells not capable of using ketone bodies as a fuel? A. Liver cells lack the thiolase that cleaves acetoacetyl CoA into two acetyl CoA molecules. B. Liver cells do not express the transferase that activates acetoacetate to acetoacetyl CoA. C. Liver cells do not express the enzyme that interconverts D‑3‑hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. D. Liver cells cannot decarboxylate acetoacetate to acetone.

B

Which characteristics of mitochondria provide evidence for their prokaryotic past? A. involved in cellular metabolism B. contain their own circular DNA C. replicate by a process similar to prokaryotes D. have a double membrane E. play a role in calcium signaling

B, C, D

In the liver, stimulation of the glucagon receptor leads to A. activation of insulin receptor kinase. B. activation of glycogen phosphorylase. C. activation of fructose 1,6‑bisphosphatase (FBPase‑1). D. activation of PKA (cAMP‑dependent protein kinase). E. conversion of ATP to cAMP. F. activation of phosphofructokinase‑2 (PFK‑2).

B, C, D, E

Select the true statements about the electron transport chain. A. The electron transport chain produces two ATP. B. The electron transport chain is a series of oxidation-reduction C. reactions that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. D. The major reactants in the electron transport chain are O2O2 and either NADHNADH or FADH2FADH2. E. The electron transport chain operates independently of other metabolic processes.

B, C, E

Select the essential fatty acids. A. oleic acid B. linoleic acid C. stearic acid D. linolenic acid E. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)

B, D

Which of the molecules regulate the enzyme that catalyzes malonyl‑CoA synthesis? A. acetyl-CoA B. citrate C. oxaloacetate D. fatty acids or fatty acyl-CoA E. carnitine

B, D

Which types of molecules are eicosanoids? A. catecholamines B. prostaglandins C. androgens D. glucocorticoids E. leukotrienes

B, E

What do these results suggest about the nature of the mutation in ATP synthase? A. The mutation prevented ATP synthase from binding to succinate. B. The mutation decreased the amount of ATP synthase present in all three patients. C. The mutation did not affect the catalytic site of the ATP synthase in all three patients. D. The mutation prevented ATP synthase from binding to ATP.

C

Four of the five events are involved in the inactivation of PP1 in exercising muscle. Which event is not involved? A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates an inhibitor of PP1. B. Protein kinase A phosphorylates GM in the GM-PP1 complex, resulting in its dissociation. C. Insulin initiates a protein kinase cascade that utilizes glycogen synthase kinase. D. Phosphorylated PP1 inhibitor binds to PP1, facilitating glycogen degradation by phosphorylase a. E. Epinephrine initiates a cAMPcAMP signal transduction cascade that utilizes protein kinase A.

C

How do cytochromes donate and accept electrons? A. Cytochromes donate electrons directly to the energy‑carrier molecules NAD+NAD+ and FADFAD and accept electrons from less electronegative substances. B. The cytochromes donate electrons excited by photons to other cytochromes that accept electrons as replacements for lost electrons. C. Each cytochrome has an iron‑containing heme group that accepts electrons and then donates the electrons to a more electronegative substance. D. Every cytochrome's iron‑containing heme group accepts electrons from oxygen and donates the electrons to the next cytochrome in the chain.

C

The electron transport chain is located in the A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum. B. lysosome. C. inner membrane of mitochondrion. D. mitochondrial matrix. E. nucleus. F. rough endoplasmic reticulum.

C

What is the effect of the mutation on ATP hydrolysis? A. The mutation drastically decreased the ATP hydrolysis activity of ATP synthase in all three patients. B. The mutation drastically decreased the ATP hydrolysis activity of patient 1 and 2, but did not affect the ATP hydrolysis activity of patient 3. C. The mutation did not affect the ATP hydrolysis activity of ATP synthase in any of the three patients. D. The mutation increased the ATP hydrolysis activity of ATP synthase.

C

What is the function of the proton gradient in the mitochondrion? A. It is chemical energy that directly drives the synthesis of proteins. B. It is kinetic energy that interconverts O2O2 and H2O.H2O. C. It is potential energy that the cell uses to generate ATP. D. It is potential energy that oxidizes FADH2,FADH2, forming FAD.

C

What is the ratio of ADP to ATP transported by the adenine nucleotide translocase, how many ADP are transported for each ATP transported? A. 4 ADPADP : 3 ATPATP B. 2 ADPADP : 3 ATPATP C. 1 ADPADP : 1 ATPATP D. 3 ADPADP : 4 ATP

C

What is the result of glycogen synthase phosphorylation? A. stimulation of glycogen synthesis B. stimulation of glycogen degradation C. inhibition of glycogen synthesis D. inhibition of glycogen degradation E. acceleration of glycogen synthesis

C

Which complex in the electron transport chain transfers electrons to the final electron acceptor? A. NADH‑Q oxidoreductase B. complex III C. cytochrome c oxidase D. QH2 E. succinate‑Q reductase

C

Which component of the electron transport chain will remain unaffected by a mutation in Complex I? A. ubiquinone B. Complex IV C. Complex II D. Complex III

C

Which compound transfers reducing equivalents (electrons) into the mitochondrial matrix? A. α‑ketoglutarate B. aspartate C. malate D. glutamate E. oxaloacetate

C

Which enzyme directly generates the majority of the acetyl‑CoA used in fatty acid synthesis? A. citrate synthase B. pyruvate dehydrogenase C. ATP‑citrate lyase D. acyl‑CoA acetyltransferase E. malate dehydrogenase

C

Which molecule controls the rate of the pentose phosphate pathway? A. NAD+/NADHNAD+/NADH B. ribose 5‑phosphate C. NADP+/NADPHNADP+/NADPH D. glucose E. ADP/ATP

C

Which molecule is preferred by the central nervous system? A. glycogen B. fatty acids C. glucose D. amino acids

C

Which molecule is preferred by the heart? A. glycogen B. amino acids C. fatty acids

C

Which reaction is influenced by the molecule in the first question? Choose the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. (This is the major controlling step.) A. transketolase B. phosphopentose epimerase C. glucose 6‑phosphate dehydrogenase D. lactonase E. phosphopentose isomerase F. transaldolase

C

Why did the scientists add succinate to the submitochondrial particles? A. ATP synthase oxidizes succinate to provide energy for ATP synthesis. B. Reduction of succinate through the electron transport chain establishes a proton‑motive force that powers ATP synthesis. C. Oxidation of succinate generates electrons that are used to establish a proton‑motive force that powers ATP synthesis. D. ATP synthase reduces succinate to provide energy for ATP synthesis.

C

what is the reasoning behind carbohydrate loading? A. Decreasing the amount of fat and protein in the diet helps with weight loss, which can improve endurance and speed. B. Excess carbohydrates are stored as triacylglycerols, which can be oxidized during anaerobic metabolism. C. Excess glucose is stored as muscle or liver glycogen, which can be broken down to supply energy during the event. D. Excess glucose enables the body to produce more ATP,ATP, which is stored in the body and can be used during the event. E. Glucose is stored as glycogen, reducing the amount of lactate generated in muscle during the event.

C

Select all of the carbohydrate pathways that glucagon stimulates in the liver. A. glycolysis B. glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) C. gluconeogenesis D. glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) E. glucose uptake

C, D

Select the results that occur from having few or no α‑1,6 linkages in glycogen. A. Glycogen solubility would increase. B. Glycogen synthesis would be faster. C. Maintaining proper blood sugar levels would be more difficult. D. Glycogen degradation would slow down.

C, D

Identify the true statements regarding liver glycogen phosphorylase a. A. When PP1 is bound to phosphorylase a, phosphorylase a is inactive and PP1 is active. B. Liver phosphorylase a is regulated by AMP, adenosine monophosphate. C. The binding of glucose to liver phosphorylase a shifts the equilibrium from the active form to the inactive form. D. As the concentration of phosphorylase a decreases, the activity of glycogen synthase increases. E. Liver phosphorylase a concentration decreases when glucose enters the blood.

C, D, E

What non‑glycolytic enzymes are required to convert glycerol into pyruvate? A. glyceraldehyde 3‑phosphate dehydrogenase B. hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase C. glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase D. adipose triglyceride lipase E. glycerol kinase

C, E

Which of these compounds are reactive oxygen species? A. H2OH2O B. OH−OH− C. H2O2H2O2 D. H−H− E. ⋅O−2⋅O2− F. ⋅OH

C, E, F

reactions involved in the oxidation of saturated fatty acids in their proper order. C𝑛-acylCoA & C𝑛-2-acylCoA

C𝑛-acylCoA -oxidation by FAD -hydration -oxidation by NAD+ -thiolysis by coenzyme A C𝑛-2-acylCoA

How can red blood cells generate CO2CO2 if they lack mitochondria? A. fatty acid oxidation coupled with the citric acid cycle B. glycolysis coupled with the citric acid cycle C. glycolysis coupled with ethanol fermentation D. the pentose phosphate pathway coupled with gluconeogenesis

D

Increasing the activity of adenylate kinase results in the inactivation of: A. acetyl CoA carboxylase B. protein phosphatase 2A C. protein kinase C D. AMP-activated protein kinase E. citrate synthase

D

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the A. nucleus. B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum. C. lysosome. D. inner membrane of mitochondrion. E. mitochondrial matrix. F. rough endoplasmic reticulum.

D

Which compounds are the final product of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?

FAD, NAD+, ATP, H2O

steps of glycogen degradation

Hormonal signals trigger glycogen breakdown. -glycogen is debranched by hydrolysis of α-1,6-glycosidic linkages -blocks consisting of 3 glucosyl residues are moved by remodeling of α-1,4-glycosidic linkages -glucose 1-phoshate is cleaved from the nonreducing ends of glycogen & converted to glucose-6-phosphate

Which compound is the final electron acceptor?

O2

T or F: H+ ions move through a channel formed by ATP synthase releasing energy to form ATP

True

T or F: hydrogen ions can't freely pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane

True

The electron transport chain uses the transfer of _________ between protein complexes to set up a proton gradient.

electrons

degradation of an even‑chain saturated fatty acid in the proper order

fatty acid in the cytoplasm -activation of fatty acid by joining to CoA -formation of carnitine ester -acyl CoA in mitochondrial ester -FAD-linked oxidation -hydration by enoyl CoA hydratase -NAD+-linked oxidation -thiolytic cleavage by β-ketothiolase Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle

steps of ATP generation by ATP synthase

first -hydrogen ion gradient is established btwn the intermembrane space & the mitochondrial matrix -hydrogen ions move down their gradient through a channel in ATP synthase -hydrogen ions cause the rotor portion of ATP synthase to spin -catalytic sites in the knob portion of ATP synthase phosphorylate ADP last

Match each role to the appropriate enzyme glycogenin & glycogen synthase -serves as primer -autocatalysts -makes a polymer of 10 to 20 glacosyl units -key regulatory enzyme -extend the glycogen chain -uses a primer

glycogenin -serves as primer -autocatalysts -makes a polymer of 10 to 20 glacosyl units glycogen synthase -key regulatory enzyme -extend the glycogen chain -uses a primer

Determine whether each example is associated with an increase or decrease in glycogen synthase activity. -Insulin -Activation of phosphoprotein phosphatase -Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase -Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase -Submit dissociation of cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) -Dephosphorylation of phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PP1)

increase -Insulin -Activation of phosphoprotein phosphatase -Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase decrease -Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase -Submit dissociation of cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) -Dephosphorylation of phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PP1)

Do fatty acid synthesis and degradation occur in the same location of the cell? yes or no

no

statements regarding ketogenesis in the correct order

stimulus -low blood glucose level stimulates the breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl coA -two acetyl coA condense to form four carbon acetyl CoA -a condensation reaction with acetyl coA produces 6-carbon HMGcoA -HMG coA looses acetyl coA forming a four carbon body -3-hydroxy butyrate and acetate can cross the blood- brain barrier to provide fuel to the brain result