Biochem Quizzes
Calculate the isoelectric point (pI) of an amino acid with pKas of 9.68 and 2.36. (There is no pKa for the R group). -3.66 -7.32 -4.10 -6.02 -Not enough information
6.02
There are ______ possible ketohexose stereoisomers. -16 -2 -8 -6
8
Lysine could be a buffer at which of the following pH ranges? -6-8 -3.25-5.25 -9.53-11.53 -1.18-3.18
9.53-11.53 1.18-3.18
Purines represent _______ member heterocyclic compounds and pyrimidines represent _____ member heterocyclic compounds. -5;7 -6;9 -9;6 -7;5
9;6
Which of the following statements about pKa are false: -pKa is defined as -logKa -pKa = pH when a weak acid is one-half dissociated -the stronger the acid, the lower the pKa -A buffer region is 2 pH units above and 2 pH units below the pKa -All are TRUE
A buffer region is 2 pH units above and 2 pH units below the pKa.
An holoenzyme (select the most correct definition) -Is a coenzyme or metal ion bound to the enzyme -An inorganic ion acting as an additional component to an enzyme. -A complete, catalytically active enzyme with its bound coenzyme/metal ion. -The protein part of the enzyme with no coenzyme/metal ion
A complete, catalytically active enzyme with its bound coenzyme/metal ion.
What are some advantages of biocatalysis versus inorganic catalysts? (Select all correct answers) -Harsh reactions conditions for processes -Randomized product formation -Greater reaction specificity for a product -Higher reaction rates in a useful timeframe.
Greater reaction specificity for a product. Higher reaction rates in a useful timeframe.
A strong acid: (Select all that apply) -Has a large Ka value -Has a large pKa value -Has a small pKa value -Has a low pH value -Has a small Ka value
Has a large Ka value. Has a small pKa. Has a low pH value.
What properties do hydrogen bonding give water? -A linear structure -Low melt temp -None -High enthalpy of vaporization -High heat capacity
High enthalpy of vaporization. High heat capacity.
What property of water do organisms utilize when sweating to lower body temperature? -High boiling point -High heat of vaporization -High melting point -High surface tension -Low density
High heat of vaporization
What are some advantages of biocatalysis versus inorganic catalysts? (Select all correct answers) -Higher reaction rates in a useful timeframe -Greater reaction specificity for a product -Randomized product formation -Harsh reaction conditions for processes
Higher reaction rates in an useful timeframe Greater reaction specificity for a product.
All of the following are homopolysaccharides except: -glycogen -amylopectin -amylose -hyaluronan
Hyaluronan
Choose the most correct answer: Enzymes work by ______ -Acting as a consumed substrate for the reaction -Irreversibly binding to a substrate that is in its transition state -lowering the group state energy of the products -lowering the dG of a reaction -Lowering the transition state energy of the reaction
Lowering the transition state energy of the reaction
In amino acids, the a-carboxy group is ______ than the carboxylic acids and a-amino group is _______ than in amines. -less acidic, more basic -less acidic, less basic -more acidic, more basic -more acidic, less basic
More acidic, less basic
Uncommon amino acids: -Most often arise from PTMs. -Do not exist -Are always permanent modifications -Are never incorporated by ribosomes. -All are FALSE
Most often arise from PTMs.
The globin fold, which is most easily recognized by studying the protein structure of myoglobin, represents which of the following structural categories: -motif -motif and domain -domain -Quaternary structure, motif, and domain -Quaternary structure
Motif and domain
A nucleoside is a nucleotide lacking: -a nitrogenous base -a phosphate group -a B-furanose -a 2' OH group
a phosphate group
The newly formed chiral center resulting from the cyclization of a linear aldose is referred to as the: -B carbon -anomeric carbon -a carbon -hemiketal
anomeric carbon
Where would you likely find Tyr and Trp in a transmember protein? -at the nonpolar/polar interface -in the hydrophobic transmembrane segment -in the aqueous domains
at the nonpolar/polar interface
The preparatory phase of glycolysis _______ molecules of ATP while the payoff phase _________ molecules of ATP and _________ molecules of NADH. -generates 2, generates 2, generates 2 -consumes 2, generates 2, generates 2 -consumes 2, generates 4, generates 2 -generates 1, consumes 4, generates 2
consumes 2, generate 4, generate 2
The 1:1 reaction of an aldehyde and an alcohol can result in the formation of a(n): -hemiketal -ketal -acetal -hemiacetal
hemiacetal
Which of the following enzymes most effects the flux of glycolysis by changing the concentrations of the enzyme? -hexokinase -phosphofructokinase 1 -phosphohexose isomerase -phosphoglycerate kinase
hexokinase
Which two enzymes are responsible for producing ethanol from pyruvate? -aldolase and pyruvate kinase -pyruvate decarboxylate adn pyruvate carboxylase -pyruvate kinase and alcohol dehydrogenase -pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase
pyruvate decarboyxlase and alcohol dehydrogenase
Ionization of water is a ______ reversible process that yields a(n) _______ and hydroxide ion. -rapidly, electron -rapidly, oxygen atom -slow, hydrogen ion -slow, electron -rapidly, hydrogen ion
rapidly, hydrogen ion
Which of the following is most appropriate to use when comparing the catalytic efficiencies of different enzyme: -Km -kcat -kcat/km -vo
kcat/km
Phosphorylation of a molecule by a __________ can be reversed by another group of enzymes called ________. -kinases, isomerase -kinases, lysases -phosphotase, kinase -kinase, phosphotase -phophotase, isomerase
kinase, phosphotase
Beta oxidation is downregulated under high blood glucose conditions by: -preventing fatty acyl-CoA formation - inactivation acyl-CoA dehydrogenase -Preventing fatty acyl-caritine formation -preventing malonly CoA formation
preventing fatty acyl-carnitine formation
Complete oxidation of Lignoceric acid (a saturated 24 carbon fatty acid) to acetyl CoA would yield _______ NADH molecules from B oxidation alone. (not counting what would be generated from TCA) -11 -12 -13 -25
11
The enzyme 2,4 dienoyl Coa reductase would be required for complete beta oxidation for which of the following fatty acids: -16:1 trans 9 -16:1 cis 9 -16:0 -16:2 cis 9, cis 12
16:2 cis 9,12
Complete oxidation of a single glucose via the citric acid cycle would require _______ "turns" through TCA and result in generation of ___________ molecules of CO2. -1,2 -6,6 -4,4 -3,6
3,6
A right-handed alpha helix has _______ amino acids per turn. -4.2 -5.4 -4.0 -3.6
3.6
for every one molecule of glucose that goes through glycolysis, which of the following will be produced? (choose all that apply) -2 H2O -4 ATP -4 NADH -2 pyruvate
4 ATP, 2 pyruvate
The pH in a typical eukaryotic cell is about 7.4. What is the [H+]? -7.4x10^-5M -2.3x10^-9 -6.6x10^-6 -7.4x10^-7 -4.0x10^-8
4.0x10^-8
The enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase requires which of the following coenzymes/cofactors? (choose all that apply) -CoA -TPP -FAD -NAD+
All
Which of the following are main pathways for glucose utilization? (Choose all that apply) -storage -glycolysis -pentose phosphate pathway -synthesis of polysaccharides
All
Which of the following statements are false about uncompetitive inhibition? -Catalytic function of the enzyme is inhibited -The Lineweaver-Burk lines are parallel -The inhibitor only binds to the ES complex -There is a decrease in Vmax and Km -All are TRUE
All are TRUE
An enzyme: -Does not alter standard free energy change (dG) -Increases the rate of a chemical reaction -Lowers the activation free energy -All are correct
All are correct
Entropy is: -Continually increasing in the universe -Randomness or disorder -Is symbolized by an S -A positive value when randomness increases -All are correct
All are correct
Which of the following is False about 2,3-BPG: -2,3-BPG allows for adpation to altitude changes -All are correct -2,3-BPG lowers oxygen binding in the tissues -2,3-BPG stabilizes the T state
All are correct
Which of the following statements are TRUE about a water molecule: -Water can serve as an electron donor -Water can serve as an electron acceptor -It is in a tetrahedral arrangement. -The oxygen atom induces a dipole moment -All are correct
All are correct
The interactions of ligand with protein (choose most correct answer): -are usually irreversible -are usually transient -are relatively rare in biological system -are relatively non-specific
Are usually transiet
Uncommon amino acids: (select all that apply) -Arise by post-translational modifications of protein -Are always incorporated by the ribosome. -Can play a role in signling -Always have permanent modifications.
Arise by PTM of proteins. Can play a role in signaling.
The specialized CO2 carrier required by the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase to generate oxaloacetate from pyruvate is: -FADH2 -NAD -Biotin -TPP
Biotin
Which of the following diseases are caused by prions? (Select all that apply) -Cystic fibrosis -Bovine spongiform encephalitis -Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease -Schizophrenia
Bovine spongiform encephalitis. Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease
Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for ________ than _______. -molecular oxygen, carbon monoxide -carbon dioxide, molecular oxygen -carbon monoxide, molecular oxygen -carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide, molecular oxygen.
The formation of a peptide bond is an example of a ________ reaction and results in the ________ of one molecule of H2O. -hydrolysis, use -condensation, use -condensation, release -hydrolysis, release -None
Condensation, release
Which of the following mechanisms are used by living organisms to make otherwise unspontaneous reactions proceed spontaneously: (Select all correct answers) -Lower temp -Higher concentrations of products -Coupling the reaction a highly thermodynamically favorable reactions -Higher concentration of reactants -Enzymes
Coupling the reaction a highly thermodynamically favorable reaction. Higher concentrations of reactions.
Which of the ketone bodies formed in the liver are responsible for lowering the blood pH seen in patients with ketoacidosis? (choose all that apply) -Acetoacetyl-CoA -D-B-hydroxybutyrate -acetone -acetoacetate
D-B-hydroxybutyrate Acetoacetate
Choose the correct sequence of events that occurs in the cell: -Protein to RNA to DNA -DNA to RNA to Protein -RNA to Protein to DNA -RNA to DNA to Protein -Protein to DNA to RNA
DNA to RNA to Protein
What is the function of a chaotropic agent in regards to proteins? -Denatures protein by disrupting covalent interactions. -Denatures protein by disrupting non-covalent -Used by aminotransferases to create the N-group of amino acids -Helps to prevent misfolding
Denatures protein by disrupting non-covalent interactions
True or False: Tautomerization is an intramolecular isomerization which interconverts single and double bonds through resonance.
False
True/False: In enzyme reactions involving a ternary complex, substrate 1 must always bind the enzyme before substrate 2.
False
True/False: Protein function is independent of protein structure.
False
True/False: Proteins contain only D-Amino acids.
False
Entropy INCREASES when: (select all correct answers) -Fatty acids associate through the hydrophobic effect -None -Micelles form -Crystalline structures form
Fatty acids associate through the hydrophobic effect. Micelles form.
Random order bisubstrate enzyme catalyzed reactions: -result in parallel lines on a lineweaver burk plot -are faster than ordered -form a noncovalent ternary complex intermediate -generate a chemically altered enzyme
Form a noncovalent ternary complex intermediate
Aquaporins use all the following to specificallly allow passage of water molecules across membranes except: -a narrowing of the channel to 2.8 angstroms, preventing larger molecules from passing. -charge repulsion of cations by the arginine residue -specific orientation of alpha helices to orient water molecules and reduce hydrogen bonding of water molecules -hydrophobic regions within the pore to increase entropy through de-solvation and favor water passage.
Hydrophobic regions within the pore to increase entropy through de-solvation and favor water passage.
Choose the most correct answer: Specific activity _____ -Is the number of enzyme units per mg of protein -All are incorrect -The catalytic effect of the enzyme -Is the amount of enzyme required to convert 1 umol of substrate -Is the total number of enzyme units
Is the number of enzyme units per mg of protein
Which of the following is true about the bicarbonate transporter (choose all that apply): -it is a symporter -it is an antiporter -it transports both HCO3- and Br- -it allows the entry and exit of HCO3- without changing the membrane potential.
It is an antiporter. It allows the entry and exit of HCO3- without changing the membrane potential.
Enzymes are ______ consumed in the reaction that they catalyze and _______ form a complex with the substrates during the reaction. - Never; always - Sometimes, sometimes - Always, always - Never, never - Never, sometimes
Never, always
What is the Bohr Effect? -The effect of the glutamate to valine mutation on the B chain of Hb, which results in sickled red blood cells -The effect that the presence of 2,3-BPG has on oxygen binding -The increased affinity of fetal Hb to oxygen, due to less binding to 2,3-BPG -The increased affinity Hb has to oxygen when it transitions from its T state to its R state -None
None
Intersecting lines on a series of Lineweaver-Burke plots for a bisubstrate reaction identify the reaction mechanism. -Ordered -One that forms a ternary complex -Double displacement -Random order
One that forms a ternary complex
________ transfer electrons, ___________ cleave bonds by elimination, ___________ catalyze hydrolysis reactions, and __________ forms bonds by condensation reactions coupled to cofactor cleavage. -lyases, hydrolases, ligases, oxidoreducatase -oxidoredcutase, lyases, hydrolases, ligase -ligase, oxidoreductases, lyases, hydrolases -lyases, hydrolases, oxidoreductase, ligase -hydrolases, ligase, oxidoreductase, lyase
Oxidoreducatase, lyases, hydrolases, ligase
Which of the following are correct about the role of proline in secondary structures. -Proline contributes to the stability of alpha helices because it already has a somewhat bent shape. -Proline is often found in beta turns in beta sheets because it allows for a cis configuration peptide bond. -Proline serves to break up beta sheets because it doesn't allow for rotation around the N-C bond. -Proline serves as an alpha helix breaker because it doesn't allow for rotation around the N-C bond.
Proline is often found in beta turns in beta sheets because it allows for a cis configuration peptide bond. Proline serves as an alpha helix breaker because it doesn't allow for rotation around the N-C bond.
Select the answer that best explains catalysis by enzymes: -reactive species such as serine, thiolate, and carboxylate group are important in more than one type of catalytic mechanism -Enzyme shape is most complimentary to the initial state of the substrate -Covalent catalysis requires a strong electrophile to be present on the enzyme. -Metal ion catalysis involves the exchange of protons
Reactive species such as serine, thiolate, and carboxylate groups are important in more than one type of catalytic mechanisms.
All of the following contribute to the high energy released by ATP hydrolysis except: -relief of electrostatic repulsion -increased product solvation -release of the high energy adenine base from the ribose sugar -resonance in the reaction products
Release of the high energy adenine base from the ribose sugar
Ramachandran plots are extremely powerful tools that plot the phi vs the psi angles within a peptide or protein. If we know all of the phi and psi angles within a protein, we could predict specific ________ that would likely show up in that protein structure. -activity -secondary structures -quaternary structures -domains -tertiary structures
Secondary structures
Enzymes are _______ proteins. -Never -Sometimes -Always
Sometimes
All of the following are true of amino acids EXCEPT: -They are diverse with respect to physical and chemical properties and function -The phi angle describes a dihedral angle involving the alpha carbon and the amino group -Amino acids are monomers -They can exist as zwitterions -The alpha carbon of all amino acids are chiral
The alpha carbon of all amino acids is chiral (not glycine)
RNA distinction from DNA is based solely on: -The identity of the nitrogenous bases in the nucleotides -the lack of a methyl group on thymine -the composition of the pentose of the nucleotides -the location within the cell
The composition of the pentose of the nucleotide
Choose the true statements. -The formation of carbamate can contribute to the Bohr effect. -Carbon dioxide can be exported as dissolved bicarbonate. -Carbamate can form salt bridges to stabilize the R state -CO is exported in the form of a carbamate on amino terminal residues.
The formation of carbamate can contribute to the Bohr effect. Carbon dioxide can be exported as dissolved bicarbonate.
Specificity is an important element of ligand kinetics. Induced fit specificity is the idea that: -The ligand and binding site are prefectly complementary creating a weaker binding of the ligand. -The ligand and binding site are perfectly complementary creating a tighter binding of the ligand -The ligand and/or the protein will change conformations creating a tighter binding of the ligand -The ligand and/or the protein will change conformations creating a weaker binding of the ligand.
The ligand and/or the protein will change conformations creating a tighter binding of the ligand.
Which of the following statements are true about the pentose phosphate pathway? (select all that apply) -the reaction occur only in the mitochondria -the main products are NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate -NADH is a product of the pentose phosphate pathway -the pathway generates nucleotides precursors
The main products are NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate. The pathway generates nucleotide precursors
Which of the following is true about nonreducing sugars? (Choose all that apply) -lactose is a nonreducing sugar -they can occur when two sugar molecules are joined via a glycosidic bond between an anomeric carbon and hydroxyl carbon -the product has no hemiacetals -they can occur when two sugar molecules are joined via a glycosidic bond between two anomeric carbons
The product has no hemiacetals. They can occur when two sugar molecules are joined via a glycosidic bond between two anomeric carbons.
True/False: One would expect to find a high number of beta turns or 'kinks' in a protein sequence that is rich in proline and glycine.
True
True/False: gluconeogenesis is an energetically expensive pathway that is physiologically necessary for organs that generate ATP only from glucose.
True
True/False: nucleobases are capable of absorbing UV light?
True
Select the answer that correctly arranges bond strength from weakest to strongest: -None -Van der Waals, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, dipole-dipole, covalent bond -Van der Waals, ionic bond, hydrogen bond, dipole-dipole, covalent bond -Van der Waals, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bond, ionic bond, covalent bond -Hydrogen bond, Van der Waals, dipole-dipole, ionic bond, covalent bond
Van der Waals, Dipole-Dipole, Hydrogen Bonds, Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond
Facilitated diffusion across a membrane involves which of the following: -it can increase the magnitude of a transmembrane concentration gradient of the diffusing solute. -it is impeded by the solubility of the transported solute in the nonpolar interior of the lipid bilayer. -it is responsible for the transport of gases such as o2, n2, and ch4 across biological membranes. -a specific membrane protein lowers the activation energy for movement of the solute through the membrane.
a specific membrane protein lowers the activation energy for movement of the solute through the membrane.
Referrign to table 13-7 in the textbook, which of the following compounds would be spontaneously oxidized in the presence of water? -beta-hydroxybutyrate -ethanol -fadh2 -all of the listed compounds would be oxidized -nadh
all of the listed compounds would be oxidized
Which of the following are false about glycogen. -glycogen is stored mainly in the liver and muscle -glycogen phosphorylase removes glucose 1 phosphate residues form glycogen -branches in glycogen requires a debranching enzyme -all statements are correct
all statements are correct
Which of the following enzymes are found in the TCA cycle but not in the glyoxylate cycle? (choose all that apply) -alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenaes -citrate synthase -malate dehydrogenase -succinate dehydrogenase
alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. succinate dehydrogenase
The phosphate of the glycerophospholipids is linked at the _____ of the glycerol backbone and the most highly unsaturated fatty acid is linked at the ______ of the glycerol backbone. -c2, c1 -c1, c2 -c3, c2 -c2, c3
c3, c2
For an oxidation reduction reaction, the reaction will be spontaneous (under standard conditions) if: -can't be determined with dE alone -dE <0 -dE >0 -dE =0
dE >0 (positive)
Glycerol (as part of digestion of TAGs) is converted into what glycolytic intermediate so that it can enter into glycolysis? -1,3 BPG -glucose -pyruvate -dihydroxyacetone phosphate
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Choose the most correct answer: dG' is directly related to the __________ -energy of the transition state complex -equilibrium between products and reactants -size of the substrate -rate of the reactions
equilibrium between products and reactants
Phospholipases act on the _______ of glycerophospholipids. -phosphodiester bond -ester linkages -ether linkages -carbonyl bond
ester linkages
Anaerboic fermentation of pyruvate (in humans) occurs for which of the following reasons? -fermentation of pyruvate oxidizes NADH to NAD+ -pyruvate is toxic and must be eliminated -fermentation of pyruvate directly generates high energy ATP -the fermentation product enters into the citric acid cycle
fermentation of pyruvate oxidizes NADH to NAD+
Which of the following is false about fructose 2,6 bisphosphate? -fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is produced from fructose 6 phosphate -fructose 2,6 bisphosphate activates phosphofructokinase -fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is a glycolytic intermediate -all are correct -fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is an inhibitor of fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is a glycolytic intermediate
Which of the following reaction in glycolysis involves an input of energy from ATP? (Choose all that apply) -fructose 6 phosphate to fructure 1,6 bisphosphate -glucose to glucose 6 phosphate -glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate -2 phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate -3 phosphoglycerate to 2 phosphoglycerate
fructose 6 phosphate to fructure 1,6 bisphosphate. glucose to glucose 6 phospate
Which of the following are epimers of glucose? (Choose all that apply) -galactose -fructose -ribose -mannose
galactose; mannose
In chymotrypsin, the histidine side chain in the active site is involved in (choose all correct) -general base -general acid -specific acid -covalent -specific base
general base general acid
Glycogen synthesis and degradation is regulated by which of the following hormones? (choose all that apply) -glucagon -oxytocin -epinephrine -insulin -testerone
glucagon, epinephrine, insulin
The following cellular conditions would favor _____ to proceed - Low ATP, High ADP, High AMP: -both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis -gluconeogensis -glycolysis -no pathway would be favored
glycolysis
Which of the following polysaccharides can help with lubrication of joints? -Heparan sulfate -agar -glycosaminoglycans -glycogen
glycosaminoglycans
Which of the following is NOT true for an enzyme that follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics? If you plot concentration of substrate versus initial velocity: -Substrate concentrations equals Km when the initial velocity equals 1/2 the maximum velocity -high concentrations of substrate allows you to determine the Km by extrapolating the y-intercept -the units of the y-axis represent a rate -an increase in substrate concentration results in an increase in initial velocity
high concentrations of substrate allow you to determine the Km by extrapolating the Y-intercept.
The amino acid substitution of Val for Glu in Hb S results in aggregation of the protein because of ________ interactions between molecules. In other words, what is the major driving force? Choose the most correct answer. -ionic -hydrophobic -disulfide -covalent
hydophobic
An increase in fatty acid hydrocarbon chain length _____ the melting point of the fatty acid and an increase in the level of unsaturation ______ the melting point of the fatty acid. -increases, does not change -decreases, decreases -increases, increases -increases, decreases
increases, decreases
Glycogen: -is made up of galactose monomers -is the main storage polysaccharide in animals -is a linear polysaccharide -is a mixture of two homopolysaccharides of glucose
is the main storage polysaccharide in animals
Which of the following statements are true about isozymes? -all the statements are incorrect -all isozymes are regulated the same -isozymes are the same enzyme that catalyzes different reactions -isozymes are different enzymes that catalyze the same reaction -all isozymes have the same protein sequence
isozymes are different enzymes that catalyze the same reaction
Which of the following statements about kcat is not true? -it always has units of reciprocal time -comparing kcat of two different reactions will not provide a comparison of their rate enhancements -it is referred to as the turnover number -it is referred to as the specificity constant
it is referred to as the specificity constant
Choose the INCORRECT statements about pH: -pH is a neutral at 7 -pH can be expresssed as -log[H+] -pH is a scale for meausring concentrations of H+ -1M NaOH in water has a pH of 14 -pH values can only exist between 1 and 14
pH values can only exist between 1 and 14
Which product of the glyoxylate cycle is most frequently shuttled into the TCA cycle of plants? -malate -citrate -succinate -oxaloacetate
succinate
Which of the following are true about membrane bilayers? (Choose all that apply) -hydrophilic fatty acid tails are packed inside -the membrane bilayer consists of two leaflets of lipid monolayers -hydrophilic head group interact with water -individual lipid units are wedge shaped
the membrane bilayer consists of two leaflets of lipid monolayer. hydrophilic head groups interact with water.
Which of the following is not an enzyme involved in an irreversible step in glycolysis? -triose phosphate isomerase -hexokinase -phosphofructokinase-1 -pyruvate kinase
triose phosphate isomerase
When a muscle is stimulated to contract aerobically, less lactic acid is formed than when it contracts anaerobically because: -muscle is metabolically less active under aerobic than anaerobic conditions -glycolysis does not occur to significant extent under aerobic conditions -under aerobic conditions most of the pyruvate generated as a result of glycolysis is oxidized by the citric acid cycle rather than reduced to lactate -under aerobic conditions in muscle, the major energy-yielding pathway is the pentose phosphate pathway, which does not produce lactate.
under aerobic conditions most of the pyruvate generated as a result of glycolysis is oxidized by the citric acid cycle rather than the reduced to lactate
