BIOD 121 Nutrition Class Module 2

What is Ulcers or Peptic ulcers?

- sores in the stomach and they can occur in the lower esophagus and small intestine. Caused by a bacteria called "H.Pylori" and you can get ulcers from medications such as a lot of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, often called "NSAID"-->erode the protective lining, mucous lining of the stomach. Also, stress, smoking, genetics, have played a role in the development of ulcers. Symptoms include burning sensation, nausea, weight loss, vomiting, and could be blood loss. Diet/lifestyle change and medical treatments help reduce ulcers.

What is ileocecal Sphincter?

-Connect small intestine to large intestine and prevent content in large intestine to flow back (reentering) to small intestine. -As undigested food cannot be absorbed in the small intestine, it must pass through the ileocecal sphincter and into the large intestine (also called the colon).

What does folds and villi helps in the small intestine?

-It helps small intestine to absorb nutrition, digestion, and trap food (villi). Fat soluble nutrients go to lymph system, while the other nutrients are absorbed in the bloodstream.

Definition of Small Intestine?

-Majority absorption and digestion of nutrients occurs (20ft long because of diameter and connect stomach and large intestine) -Named small intestine due to small diameter

What are characteristics in Active Transport ?

-Require energy form of ATP -Against a concentration gradient move low to high concentration -Some types are required to use protein carriers/ transport molecules -Includes Endocytosis, movement of large molecules into a cell (cell membrane folds around the molecules)

When nutrients are absorbed in the body.. what happens?

-can be used fuel cellular growth -fight infections - provide energy to our muscles and brain

What is Diverticulosis?

-happens when you age (normally), small pouches push out of the weak spots of the colon and we don't experience symptoms. Caused by a low fiber diet. But if you consume food and the food is stuck into the pouches then you experience infections and inflammation that occurs. And experience pain, known as diverticulitis. (intake fiber will reduce diverticulitis)

What is Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

-more common in females than males and symptoms are varied such as diarrhea, cramps, abdominal pain, or constipation. Depending on what food to eat, some food might trigger the symptoms such as gas producing food, such as alcohol, caffeine, and fat. Treatment: small meal, low fat meal, high fiber intake, probiotics and avoiding food that trigger symptoms.

What are 4 parts of large intestine?

1) Ascending colon 2) Transverse colon 3)Descending colon 4)Sigmoid

What are three key terms in esophagus?

1) Epiglottis 2)Peristalsis 3)Sphincter muscles

What are 6 diseases that occur in GI tract when Malfunction happens?

1) Heartburn 2)Constipation 3)Diarrhea 4)Diverticulosis 5)Irritable bowel Syndrome (IBS) 6)Ulcers

3 organs that associated with small intestine?

1) Liver 2)Gallbladder 3)Pancreas

Before food even enters the mouth, a cascade of events involving the nervous system and a variety of hormones are set off based on a variety of stimulus: (5 types)

1) Odor: smells stimulates a hunger response and influence its taste 2)Sound: hearing a description of the meal 3)Appearance: seeing the food 4)Cognition: thoughts about food can start the flow of saliva 5)Taste: begins as food enters your mouth and also how it feels

What are three processes the body can use to move nutrients from the GI tract into the blood/lymph system and eventually into the cells?

1) Passive Diffusion 2)Facilitated Diffusion 3)Active Transport

Stomach has 4 different types

1) Pepsin: protein digestion 2) Gastric lipase (enzyme): fat digestion 3) Gastrin (hormone): controls acid production and also mucus is also secreted to line and protect stomach from high level acidity. 4) Chyme: end product, substances that mixed with stomach acid and enzyme

Mouth has 3 sections and also what do they do?

1) Saliva: watery fluid that contains mucus and enzymes 2)Mucus: Lubricant 3)Enzymes: salivary amylase(break down starches) and lingual lipase (break down fat)

What are 5 different tastes?

1) Sweet 2) Salty 3)Bitter 4)Sour 5)Umami (meaty)

Small Intestine has 3 parts and definitions:

1)Duodenum: first portion of small intestine, wider than remaining small intestine. 2)JeJunum: middle section 3)ilium (connect small intestine to large intestine)

Gastrointestinal tract comprised with 6 different sections:

1)Mouth 2)Esophagus 3)Stomach 4)Small Intestine 5)Large Intestine 6)Rectum

Four main organs produce and secrete substances that aid in digestion but they are NOT part of GI tract:

1)Salivary Glands 2)Liver 3)Gallbladder 4)Pancreas

Stomach has ___ cup capacity and hold food around to ____ hours before getting into ______________?

4 cups capacity, 2-3 hours, small intestine

What is large intestine?

5ft long, also known as colon and wasrte management, it has little bit of vitamins, minerals are absorbed. Anything that has not digested, left over from absorption will pass into large intestine.

How does mechanical process begins?

Begins in the mouth with chewing

What is the definiton of stomach?

Chemical and mechanical digestion mixing, churning, some store and dissolve, and continue to digest particles until it's ready to move on. -Chemical digestion that began in the mouth, food particles in the stomach are mixed with gastric juice and enzymes.

What is Sphincter Muscle?

Circular muscle (valve) that open and close, located at the end of the esophagus. The function is how much food product is allowed to TRAVEL from one part of GL to another part of GL (gastrointestinal tract)

What is Pyloric Sphincter?

Controls release of chyme into small intestine and it connects stomach to the small intestine

What is Active Transport?

Energy is required to move substances in and out of the cell. Nutrients move from low to high concentration.

list chemicals that are means the body has at its disposal to further aid in breaking down food?

Enzymes, acid, bile, and mucus

During the swallowing process, food lands on a flap of tissue is called

Epiglottis

At the end of the esophagus, there is a sphincter called?

Esophageal sphincter

What is the next step of mechanical and chemical processes in the mouth?

Esophagus

What is Esophagus and what is the role of Esophagus?

Esophagus is tube connected mouth to the stomach. Role: Transport food to the stomach

Passive Transport includes?

Facilitated Diffusion and Passive Diffusion

What is Semi-Solid mass is called?

Feces (remain in rectum until muscle contraction push into anals to be expelled)

Within the colon, there are also many mucus-producing cells, the function of which is two-fold:

First, the mucus holds the feces together. Second, the secreted mucus protects the intestine from bacteria.

What is Epiglottis?

Flap that closes over trachea to prevent food to enter other wise person will be choking

Nutrition absorption occurs across the wall of?

GI tract also known as Gastrointestinal tract

What is Peristalsis?

Involuntary Muscle contraction that moves food forward

What does Liver, gallbladder and pancreas do?

Liver- Secrete biles Gallbladder- store biles (store biles until hormones signals that fat has been entered the small intestine and bile is released in duodenum through the common bile duct and then bile begins to break down fats into smaller pieces and to be mix with the water). Pancreas- release mixture of water, bicarbonate and enzyme called pancreatic juice that breaks carbohydrate, proteins and fats. Also produce insulin and glucagon

Once food enters the mouth, it begins to break down into smaller units in both _________ and ____________ processes.

Mechanical and Chemical

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

No energy is required, but a special protein carrier is required to help move substances in and out of the cells. Nutrients move from High to low concentration.

Important role of Sphincter Muscle?

Once food passes through the way to the stomach, the muscle constrict (close) and prevent back flow of the stomach content into esophagus.

What are characteristics in Passive Transport ?

Passive Transport -No ATP or Energy is required -Down a concentration gradient from High concentration to low concentration -Facilitated diffusion requires a use of a special protein carrier/ transport molecules -osmosis and simple diffusion do not require any special protein carrier/transport molecules

After mechanical process begins, ________ begins.

Peristalsis

In Large intestine, there are higher levels of good bacteria and plays a role in our health. How? Also, what are the examples of good bacteria?

Protects body from disease and also part of immune system. Good bacterias: lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria

What is Enzyme? Where are they located at?

Proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions. They are through GI tract.

What kind of Sphincter is in Small Intestine?

Pyloric Sphincter

What does enzyme catalyze chemical reactions required to do?

Required to break down food particles into smaller parts which prepares to nutrients for absorption

What is Passive Diffusion?

Substances move easily in and out of the cells without the use of energy. Nutrients move from high to low concentrations.

What is Prebiotics?

Substances that stimulate bacteria growth in large intestine. (ex: soybean, onion, etc) ->It isn't bacteria, need necessary in diet

Mucus is being secreted as well, in order to prevent?

The acid level from becoming too high and causing burning or ulcers within the stomach wall.

Important component of the mouth is?

Tongue

True of False: The expulsion of feces from the body is controlled by two anal sphincters.

True

In the small intestine, we have ______ and _____ what is the definition of it?

Villi and a lot of different folds Villi- fingerlike projections

Intrinsic factor is? (produced by stomach)

Vital glycoprotein produced in stomach, in order to absorb Vitamin B12 , intrinsic factor has to be presented

What is Gastrointestinal tract? (GI tract)

a long hollow tube that consisting of several layers of tissue that begins mouth and ends at the anus.

Mouth description (beginning of GI tract)

chemical and mechanical digestion occur. Food particles are altered to prepare them for swallowing

What is Esophageal Sphincter?

controls food as it travels from the esophagus to stomach

What is constipation? Caused? Treatment?

dry, hard, infrequent stools, often caused by very slow transit, movement in the large intestine or movement of the fecal material through the large intestine. Medications that are problematic are iron and calcium. Need to make bowel habits (stool) more regular and frequent. Treatment: increase fiber(whole grain, fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts), increase amount of water and do physical activities. ->As fiber is increased, the amount of liquids consumed should also increase. It will form bulky and soft stools. Without liquid, people might experience gas.

What is Malfunction? (Related to disease)

fail to function normally

What is probiotics?

food that contains good bacterias such as with bifidobacteria and lactobacilli like fermented milk and yogurt (improve gut health and digestion) -Microorganisms

Why does the bacteria in the colon are necessary?

for breaking down the remaining food products that enter from the small intestine as well as for breaking down some forms of fiber.

our bodies requires to work in the process

fuel to function and perform daily activities

What is absorption?

getting nutrients into the cell

Glucagon and Insulin are important hormones because

help with glucose regulation

What kind of Sphincter is in Large intestine?

ileocecal Sphincter

What is Mucosa?

intestinal wall, inner-most layer that made of absorptive cells and glands

What is Peristalsis?

involuntary muscle contractions are used to move food mixtures along the tract

Why is bile very important?

it breaks down fat into smaller pieces so it can be mixed with water well.

What is Heartburn? Caused? Treatment? What is GERD?

known as acid reflux, starts acid to come up from the stomach into the esophagus and people start to experience burning and painful sensation. Symptoms: They may have some nausea, coughing, gagging and some hoarseness If someone has heartburn several times a week, it's not just a heartburn anymore, it is called "GERD" gastro esophageal reflux disease. When GERD happens, the esophageal sphincter between the end of the esophagus and the stomach, has become very weak so it does not completely close so acid can go upto Esophagus. Treatment: Eat small meals in low fat, eat more slowly (chewing food well), avoid and limit alcohol, caffeine and wait 2 hours after a meal to lay down.

What is diarrhea?

opposite of constipation and it is watery, loose, frequent stools. Caused by disease or infections. If someone has diarrhea for a long period of time, then the person needs to drink a lot of water/ intake a lot of fluid to prevent dehydration. Also, a diet of broth, tea, toast, and low fiber food is recommended.

What is Circular and longitudinal muscles?

outer layer, function is mix and move food along the GI tract

Digestion

process of transforming food into basic nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body

Acid in the gastric juice in stomach prepares for?

protein for digestion and activates enzymes.

Circular bands of muscle are most often found where one part of the tract connects to another serving as?

serving as valves to control the flow of the food particles

Pancreatic is important because without bicarbonate..

without bicarbonate, acid level becomes too high and will destroy lining of small intestine and form ulcers.