biodiversity 1063 module 1,2,3 quiz

The influenza name A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 A(H3N2)-like virus, indicated that is the the ______ form of the virus.

A

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction? Select one: A. Penetration, attachment, integration, biosynthesis, maturation, release B. Endocytosis, uncoating, maturation, and release C. Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release D. Endocytosis, uncoating, maturation, and release

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

All viruses are made up of two components. These components are

a protein capsid and genetic material.

Which of the following best describes a virus?

A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

the most common flu vaccine is called a trivalent vaccine because Select one: A. it contains three different strains of inactivated viruses. B. it contains three different strains of live viruses. C. it requires three injections to be effective. D. it requires three hours to make the vaccine.

A. it contains three different strains of inactivated viruses.

Evolution is described as the change in heritable traits of a(n) __________ over a period of time. Select one: A. population B. individuals C. biosphere D. ecosystem

A. population

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called __________. Select one: A. antigenic shift B. genetic mixing C. antigenic drift D. artificial selection

A. antigenic shift

Historically, viruses have not been classified as living organisms. Which of the following characteristics of life excludes viruses from being classified as living organisms?

Ability to process energy and materials

In living organisms, the flow of information is from Select one: A. protein -> RNA -> DNA B. DNA -> RNA -> protein C. RNA -> DNA -> protein D. RNA -> protein -> DNA

B. DNA -> RNA -> protein

The SARS-CoV 2 virus enters host cells by Select one: A. exocytosis. B. by attaching to CAR receptors. C. Injected its DNA into the host cell. D. attaching to ACE2 receptors.

D. attaching to ACE2 receptors.

Which of the following is a challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine? Select one: A.The flu virus evolves rapidly. B. It takes at least 6 months to develop a vaccine. C. There are many strains of influenza. D. All of the above are correct

D. All of the above are correct

Which of the following is true concerning the evolution of COVID-19? Select one: A. It evolves quickly because it is an virus B. It has a high mutation rate because it is an RNA virus C. New strains can jump from an intermediate species to humans D. All of the above are true

D. All of the above are true

When the influenza virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract, the infected cell responds by Select one: A. posting antibodies on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the memory B cells to destroy it. B. causing mutations in the genetic material of the virus, preventing its replication and halting the spread of the virus. C. initiating an inflammation response. D. posting antigens on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroy it.

D. posting antigens on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroy it.

Which protein structures on the SARS-CoV2 virus identify host cells?

S (spike proteins)

The influenza vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with Select one: A. chemicals that end the life cycle of the virus B. antigens specific to the virus C. antibodies to help fight off the virus D. chemicals that kill the virus directly

B. antigens specific to the virus

How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells? Select one: A. "Self" cells contain a triple layer of phospholipids on their plasma membranes. B. "Self" cells contain cytokines on their cell surfaces. C. "Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). D. "Self" cells contain spikes on their outer surface.

C. "Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).

Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as the wings of bats and birds, are called ______ structures. Select one: A. acquired B. evolved C. analogous D. homologous

C. analogous

The activities of macrophages Select one: A. destroy host cells. B. are part of the specific immune system. C. are part of the general immune system. D. produce antibodies.

C. are part of the general immune system.

Which of the following statements explains the relationship between mutations and natural selection? Select one: A. A mutation in the genetic material may or may not have an effect on the protein. B. A mutation may result in the death of an organism or cell. C. A mutation may result in a variation of a trait that may be more advantageous. D. All of the answer choices correctly describe the relationship between mutations and evolution.

D. All of the answer choices correctly describe the relationship between mutations and evolution.

Which of the following best describes the action of B cells? Select one: A. B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow. B. B cells carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces. C. B cells change into plasma cells after encountering an antigen and then produce antibodies. D. All of the answer choices relate to the actions of B cells.

D. All of the answer choices relate to the actions of B cells.

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the ______ cycle.

lytic

In the influenza strain name A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 A(H3N2)-like virus, this was the ______ strain isolated in 2016 in this region.

nineteenth

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season instead of developing a universal flu vaccine? Select one: A. The vaccination does not contain enough antigens to create a lasting immune response, so boosters are required every year. B. The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains. C. You don't actually need a new vaccine each year. The pharmaceutical companies are trying to make more money.

B. The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

The immune system's role is to Select one: A. filter waste products out of the circulatory system. B. actively seek and destroy pathogens C. regulate the internal body temperature. D. increase digestive enzymes.

B. actively seek and destroy pathogens

In the early 1800s, prior to Darwin and Wallace, the common beliefs of the time were.. (Darwin's time, not current time) Select one: A. the surface of the earth is slowly changing B. that species did not change C. that the earth was 4.5 billion years old D. prokaryotes where the first living organisms

B. that species did not change

Wallace shared his ideas with Darwin, which led to the book, On the Origin of Species. Wallace contributed his biogeographical studies of the __________. Select one: A. North America B.South Pacific Islands C. Galapagos Islands D. South America

B.South Pacific Islands

One of the four categories of the innate immune system is the inflammatory system. Its role is to Select one: A. increase blood flow to the infected area. B. isolate the infection to a limited area. C. allow fluid, containing cells from the immune system, to reach the infected area. D. All the answer choices are correct.

D. All the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following cell types is not part of the nonspecific or general immune system? Select one: A. macrophages B. dendritic cells C. natural killer cells D. T lymphocytes

D. T lymphocytes

The specific immune system recognizes _______________ found on the surface of the pathogen. Select one: A. DNA B. antibodies C. lipids D. antigens

D. antigens

Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ______ structures. Select one: A. analogous B. acquired C. evolved D.homologous

D.homologous