BIOL 1010-FINAL Study Guide; Chp. 1-7

Rotating nosepiece

Allows one to change between the objective lenses.

How many neutrons do carbon-12 and carbon-13 have if they both have an atomic number of 6? A. 2 and 9 B. 6 and 7 C. 6 and 8 D. 7 and 6

B. 6 and 7.

Which of the following is an "educated guess" to explain a phenomenon? A. theory B. hypothesis C. experiment

B. hypothesis

Cell

Basic unit and building block of life that is bound by a cell membrane and has a nucleus.

Why are carnivores, such as lions, dependent on photosynthesis to survive (2)?

Because lions eat animals that eat plants. Plants are producers and the start of the food chain. Since animals cannot conduct photosynthesis like plants, they get energy from the energy in the plant they consume.

Females have ________ pairs of homologous chromosomes and males have ________ pairs of homologous chromosomes.

23;22.

In glycolysis, per glucose ______ ATP is made and _______ NADH is made.

2;2.

How many ATP are produced from the electron transport chain?

32-34 ATP.

Animal cell nuclei have how many chromosomes and chromatids?

46 chromosomes and 46 chromatids.

Animal cell nuclei have how many chromosomes and chromatids after DNA replication?

46 chromosomes and 92 chromatids.

How many haploids are produced in meiosis and are they all identical?

4;No they all are unique.

If Xenon has an atomic number of 54 and an atomic mass of 108, how many neutrons does it have?

54.

List the equation for photosynthesis, it's reactants and products.

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O --L-I-G-H-T--> C₆H₁₂O6 + 6 O₂ Reactants: 6 carbon dioxide and 6 water. Products: 1 glucose and 6 oxygen.

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6 CO₂ + 6H₂O --L-I-G-H-T--> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

Substances that are neutral have a pH level of __________.

7.

Blood has a pH of ____________.

7.4

Trans-fat

A form of unsaturated fat with the hydrogen atoms neighboring the double bond across from each other rather than on the same side of the double bond.

Tumor Surpressor Gene

A gene that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division.

Electrochemical gradient

A gradient produced by the combined forces of the electrical gradient and the chemical gradient.

System

A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements or parts that function together as a whole to accomplish a goal.

Chlorophyll absorbs _________ and ________ light but not _________, which is why ___________ is the color reflected.

Blue;red;green;green.

Photosystem (2)

A group of proteins, chlorophyll, and other pigments that are used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It's to absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy.

Gamete

A haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm or egg).

Scientific method (4)

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Adaptation

All living organisms exhibit a "fit" to their environment. Survival of the fittest.

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that take place within the cell.

Inorganic

All substances that do not have carbon and hydrogen.

Somatic cell

All the cells of a multicellular organism except the gamete-forming cells.

What are the parts of a microscope (12)?

Body tube, rotating nose piece, objective lens, stage clip, diaphragm, light source, ocular lense, arm, stage, course adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob and base.

Cofactors vs. Coenzymes

Both are "enzyme sidekicks" that can help enzymes with their jobs of building up or breaking down substrates into products. They can either bind to the substrate or the active site. Confactors: Usually metal ions. Conenzymes: Usually organic vitamins.

Which of the following is produced during alcoholic fermentation? A. lactate B. water C. CO2 D. FADH2

C. CO2

How does the double helix structure of DNA support its role in encoding the genome? A. The sugar-phosphate backbone provides a template for DNA replication. B. tRNA pairing with the template strand creates proteins encoded by the genome. C. Complementary base pairing creates a very stable structure. D. Complementary base pairing allows for easy editing of both strands of DNA.

C. Complementary base pairing creates a very stable structure.

Meiosis produces ________ daughter cells. A. two haploid B. two diploid C. four haploid D. four diploid

C. four haploid

Water moves via osmosis _________. A. throughout the cytoplasm B. from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one C. from an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area with a higher one D. from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration

C. from an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area with a higher one.

Aneuploidies are deleterious for the individual because of what phenomenon? A. X inactivation B. nondisjunction C. gene dosage D. meiotic errors

C. gene dosage

An organism's traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited ________. A. cells B. chromatids C. genes D.glands

C. genes

Which of the following is a product of the Calvin cycle? A. water B. oxygen C. glucose D. carbon dioxide

C. glucose

Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _____ and used short-term to perform work from a(n) _____ molecule. A. ATP : glucose B. an anabolic molecule : catabolic molecule C. glucose : ATP D. a catabolic molecule : anabolic molecule

C. glucose : ATP

What two products result from photosynthesis? A. water and carbon dioxide B. water and oxygen C. glucose and oxygen D. glucose and carbon dioxide

C. glucose and oxygen

The glycerol head of a phospholipid can be described as _________, while the fatty acid tails can be described as ________. A. hydrophilic; hydrophilic B. hydrophobic; hydrophilic C. hydrophilic; hydrophobic D. hydrophobic; hydrophobic

C. hydrophilic; hydrophobic

Under which of the following taxonomic levels do all animals fall? A. class B. order C. kingdom D. species

C. kingdom

Metaphase (2)

Chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell at the metaphase plate in a single file line. Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles.

Telophase (5)

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense. The nucleolus reappears and the nuclear membrane reappears. Two new nuclei form on each side and cleavage furrow forms.

Prophase II (3)

Chromosomes condense again but there is not crossing over or homologous pairs. The spindles also form.

Prophase I(3)

Chromosomes condense and line up in homologous pairs. Synapsis and crossing over which create recombinant chromosomes.

Class (2)

Class is the next level down. As mentioned earlier some classes from the phylum Chordata include mammals, reptiles, and amphibians.

The principal driving force of movement in diffusion ______________.

Concentration gradient.

Biome

Conditions that are suited to a group of communities.

Which of the following is not considered a natural science? A. biology B. physics C. astronomy D. computer Science

D. Computer science.

Biogenetics

Describe the concept of energy flow.

Quiescent

Describes a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division

Haploid

Describes a cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n).

Diploid

Describes a cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n).

Hypertonic

Describes a solution in which extracellular fluid has higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell which causes the cell to shrink (more salt than water).

Hypotonic

Describes a solution in which extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell which causes the cell to swell (more water than salt).

Hydrophilic

Describes a substance that dissolves in water; water-loving.

Hydrophobic

Describes a substance that does not dissolve in water; water-fearing.

Anabolic reactions (4)

Describes the pathway that requires a net energy input to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones. It requires energy, builds polymers and is synthesis.

What is a potential consequence of non-disjunction in meiosis?

Extra chromosomes.

Enzymes can be denatured by...(3)

Extreme pH, extreme salt environment and extreme temperature.

Calvin cycle reactions are an essential process by which plants produce lipids. T or F.

F.

In each transfer of an electron through the electron transport chain phase of oxidative phosphorylation, the electron gains energy. T or F

F.

Movement is a property of life. T or F

F.

Muscles in the human body convert kinetic energy in food to create chemical energy through movement. T or F

F.

Mutations, mistakes made during the replication of a cell's genetic material, are always caught by checkpoints in the cell cycle, killing the abnormal cell. T or F

F.

Organs are present only in animals. T or F

F.

Plasmids are small loops of genetic material that are essential for a prokaryotic cell's normal growth. T or F

F.

Plasmids are small loops of genetic material that are essential for prokaryotes cell's growth. T or F

F.

Saturated fats can dissolve in water easily. T or F

F.

The hydrogen bonds in water prevent water from absorbing an increase in energy and temperature only minimally. T or F

F.

The kingdom is the highest level in the taxonomic hierarchy. T or F

F.

The molecular structure of an enzyme changes only in an exergonic reaction. T or F

F.

The number of neutrons present determines what kinds of bonds elements will make if they are combined. T or F

F.

Triglycerides store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates. T or F

F.

Glycolysis (2)

First pathway used in the breakdown of glycose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH.

Calvin cycle has three stages. What are they?

Fixation, Reduction and Regeneration

Although the Calvin cycle happens in the chloroplast like the light-dependent reaction it occurs in the ___________ instead of the ____________.

Stroma;thylakoid.

In exocytosis, a vesicle __________ to the plasma membrane, ________, and __________ its contents to the ___________ of the cell.

Migrates;binds;releases;outside.

2n represents...

Is a diploid organism.

Contact-Dependent Signaling

Not all signaling molecules can readily diffuse from one cell to another.

Peptidoglycan

Protect and shape.

What are the extracellular matrix roles of carbohydrates (3)?

Protect, prevent and maintain.

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis.

Phylum

Is still a very broad classification but it splits kingdoms into multiple groups that share similar characteristics.

Carboxyl and Amino is found in ____________.

Proteins.

________ regulate the cell cycle checkpoints.

Proteins.

What is the purpose of the light=dependent reaction?

Is to convert solar energy into chemical carriers that will be used in the Calvin cycle.

The process of photosynthesis breaks down _____ molecules into oxygen and hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space.

water

Electrochemical gradients arise from the combined effects of concentration gradients and electrical gradients. T or F

T.

Most enzymes are proteins. T or F

T.

Plants appear green to the human eye because the pigment chlorophyll a absorbs the visible light wavelengths from either end of the visible spectrum, such as red and violet. T or F

T.

Steroids are a lipid. T or F

T.

The Citric Acid Cycle is aerobic. T or F

T.

The photosynthesis reaction is the opposite of cellular respiration. T or F

T.

Through examining the function and form of FtsZ and tubulin proteins, biologists can find evolutionary links between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. T or F

T.

When a cell replicates and divides, most of the phases of mitosis involve reproduction of the cell's genetic material. T or F

T.

Telophase II (3)

The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense. Nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes and the two cells divide into 4 haploids.

Chiasma/Chiasmata (pl)

The structure that forms at the crossover points after genetic material is exchanged.

Dehydration synthesis leads to the formation of...(2)

Water and polymers.

Aquaporins

Water channel proteins.

Chlorophyll a absorbs...

Wavelength from either end of light spectrum (green is reflected).

Reduction

When ATP and NADPH use their stored energy to convert the three-carbon compound, 3-PGA, into another three-carbon compound called G3P.

Fixation (2)

When RuBisCO catalyzes a reaction between CO2 and RuBP. This forms a six-ring carbon compound that is immediately converted into two three-ring compounds.

Regeneration

When a G3P molecules leaves the Calvin cycle to contribute to the formation of the carbohydrate molecule, which is commonly glucose.

Isotonic

When the concentration of two solutions is the same or equilibrium.

Haploid cells contain how many sets of chromosomes?

1.

How many glucose molecules are produced per 1 turn complete of the Calvin cycle?

1.

What are the four nitrogenous bases of RNA?

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine.

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain? A. 23 B. 46 C. 92 D. 108

B. 46

List the three domains.

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota.

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of ________.

Eukaryotic cells.

Rule of octet

Every element except H and He want to have 8 electrons in their outer energy level.

Exocytosis

Expelling substances and waste particles.

Glycolysis has three stages. What are they?

Investment, Cleavage and Energy harvest.

Chromosomes condense during what phase of mitosis?

Prophase.

Disaccharide

Two sugar monomers that are linked together by a peptide bond.

The unique variation of gametes formed after meiosis results in more ________.

Variety.

Thylakoids can also be known as what?

"Teeny tiny pigment pancakes."

Enzymes usually end in ___________ but sugars usually end in ___________.

-ase;-ose.

Anaphase II

.The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and move toward opposite poles again.

Acids are substances with a pH from ___________ to ____________.

0;6.

Photosystem 1 Process (6)

1. After the energy is used in the Electron Transport Chain, the electron is accepted by a pigment molecule. 2. Energy from electrons fuels proton pumps in the membrane that move the H ions against their concentration gradient from the stroma to the thylakoid space. 3. The electron transport chain moves H ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. 4. Splitting of water adds more H ions into the lumen. 5. NADP+ removes H ions from the stroma to reduce to NADPH. 6. High concentration of H ions in thylakoid lumen + low concentration in the stroma creates electrochemical gradient to create ATP.

Carbon fixation process (4)

1. CO2 + RuBP are catalyzed by RuBisCO to form 6-carbon compound. 2. Immediately transformed into two 3-carbon compounds 3. Requires: 12 ATP & 12 NADPH. 4. CO2 is "fixed" from inorganic to organic

Chemiosmosis (4)

1. H+ ions diffuse through inner membrane through ATP synthase. 2. The concentration of H ions creates an electrochemical gradient or potential voltage across the membrane. ·3. This force provides the energy needed for the ATP synthase to catalyze synthesis of ATP from ADP + phosphate (32-34 ATP). 4. Electrons are used to reduce O molecules to O ions which attract H ions and form water.

What are the process of a light dependent reaction?

1. Happens with light. 2. H₂O is split and chemical reaction occurs in the thylakoids. 3. Chemical energy is produced with oxygen (ATP and NADPH)

What is the process of the Calvin Cycle?

1. Inorganic carbon dioxide is transformed or "fixed" into a more organic useable form with the help of an enzyme. 2. ATP from the light dependent reaction helps supply energy and the NADPH helps in reducing power. 3. ATP, NADH and fixed CO2 finally make a product converted into glucose.

Explain the fermentation process (4)

1. NADH cannot be oxidized (lose electrons) for the electron transport chain to become NAD+ 2. NAD+ needs to be regenerated so another process it added. 3. Two types of fermentation could happen: alcoholic or lactic acid. 4a. In alcoholic fermentation (yeast) the 2 pyruvate from glycolysis makes CO2 and 2 ethenol. 4b. In lactic acid fermentation (in muscle cells) when your blood can give more oxygen for demand and the 2 pyruvate makes 2 lactate.

Regeneration process (2)

1. One G3P leaves the Calvin Cycle to contribute to the formation of carbohydrates (usually glucose) 2. The other G3P is used to regenerate RuBP

Photosystem 2 Process (7)

1. Pigment molecule absorbs a photon. 2. Photon travels until it reaches chlorophyll. 3. An electron in the chlorophyll becomes energized by the photon and breaks away from chlorophyll. 4. To replace the electron, a water molecule is split releasing oxygen as a byproduct 5. The electron from water replaces the lost one in chlorophyll. 6. This process allows chlorophyll to respond to more photons. 7. The energized electron is transferred to the electron transport chain where it is used to create the electrochemical gradient.

Explain the process of glycolysis (7).

1. Takes place in the cytoplasm and anaerobic. 2. Using energy from 2 ATP molecules, 6 carbon is split into 2 three carbon molecules, called Glyceradlehyde-3-Phosphate. 3. Each of the 3 carbon molecules' bonds are broken so NAD+ picks up electrons and hydrogen ions to become NADH. 4. The energy released is use to attach phosphate groups to both 3 carbon molecules. 5. Phosphate groups are transferred to ADP and are removed. 6. The ADP then becomes ATP and more reactions take place to rearrange the molecules. 7. 2 pyruvate is generated, 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

How many amino acids are there and how many of them are essential?

20 amino acids in total but only 9 of them are essential.

In human, Downs syndrome is related to trisomy in chromosome _______.

21.

Explain the process the the Citric Cycle (7).

1. Takes place in the mitochondria and aerobic. 2. The 2 pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into 2 Acetyl CoA through the mitochondrial matrix and 2 CO₂ is released. 3. Electrons from pyruvate are transferred to NADH which becomes NAD+ 4. The 2 carbon Acetyl CoA attaches to the 4 carbon oxaloacetate to form citrate. 5. The 6 carbon molecule (citrate) goes through multiple biochemical changes to a 4 carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) where bonds form and break. 6. NAD+ carries electrons away which form NADH and FADH carries electrons away too. 7. Produces ATP, 2 CO₂, 3 NADH and FADH₂.

Electron transport chain process (4)

1. The electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through 4 protein complexes and lose their energy. 2. This energy is used to pump H ions from mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane system. 3. At the 4th protein complex, electrons are accepted by terminal acceptor oxygen. 4. Oxygen (with the extra electrons) bonds with 2 H ions to form water.

Reduction process (3)

1. The two 3-carbon compounds (3-PGA) gain electrons. 2. This forms 2 G3Ps, ADP, and NADP+. 3. Requires 6 ATP

Glycolysis has how many steps?

10.

What are the products of the Citric Acid Cycle (3)?

2 ATPs, 3 NADH, FADH2.

What are the products of glycolysis (3)?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH.

Diploid cells contain how many sets of chromosomes?

2.

How many G3P molecules does it take to create one glucose molecule?

2.

How many net ATP are produced during lactic acid fermentation?

2.

How many total ATP is produced in glycolysis?

2.

The zygote formed has how many sets of chromosomes?

2.

Everyone has _______ pairs of autosomes.

22.

Citric acid cycle has how many steps?

8.

The citric acid cycle contains how many steps?

8.

The current taxonomic system has _______ levels in its hierarchy.

8.

Bases are substances with a pH from ___________ to ____________.

8;14.

Nucleic acid

A biological macromolecule that carries the genetic information of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell

Sodium/Potassium pump

A carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell.

G₀ Phase (2)

A cell-cycle phase distinct from the G₁ phase of interphase. The cell in G₀ is not preparing to divide.

Deletion

A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed.

Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle (3)

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration.

NADH

A coenzyme and it has the ability to transfer electrons, which will be very useful in making even more ATP later on.

Cri-du-chat syndrome

A condition associated with nervous system abnormalities and identifiable physical features that results from a deletion of most of the small arm of chromosome 5.

Down syndrome

A condition caused by three copies of chromosome 21.

Cleavage furrow

A constriction formed by the actin ring during animal-cell cytokinesis that leads to cytoplasmic division.

Phylogenetic tree

A diagram created by Carl Woose to show the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both.

Thylakoids

A disc-shaped membranous structure inside a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place using chlorophyll embedded in the membranes.

Photon

A distinct quantity or "packet" of light energy.

Physical science

A field of science, such as astronomy, physics or chemistry, that studies nonliving matter.

Life science

A field of science, such as biology, that studies living things.

Descriptive science

A form of science that aims to observe, explore and find things out.

Hypothesis-based science

A form of science that begins with a specific explanation that has been tested.

Applied science

A form of science that solves real-world problems.

Alternation of generations (2)

A life-cycle type in which the diploid and haploid stages alternate. It has two stages (haploid and diploid) that are apparent to one degree or another depending on the group.

Diploid-dominant

A life-cycle type in which the multicellular diploid stage is prevalent

Haploid-dominant

A life-cycle type in which the multicellular haploid stage is prevalent.

Fluid mosaic model

A model of the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components, including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and glycolipids, resulting in a fluid rather than static character.

Pigments

A molecule that is capable of absorbing light energy.

Sporophyte

A multicellular diploid life-cycle stage that produces spores.

Gametophyte

A multicellular haploid life-cycle stage that produces gametes.

Oncogene

A mutated version of a proto-oncogene, which allows for uncontrolled progression of the cell cycle, or uncontrolled cell reproduction.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm that provide support and strcucture.

Proto-oncogene

A normal gene that controls cell division by regulating the cell cycle that becomes an oncogene if it is mutated.

Meiosis

A nuclear division process that results in four haploid cells.

Reduction division

A nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei each having one-half as many chromosome sets as the parental nucleus; meiosis I is a reduction division.

Centriole

A paired rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome.

Interkinesis (3)

A period of rest that may occur between meiosis I and meiosis II; there is no replication of DNA during interkinesis. Basically a brief interphase.

Chlorophyll a (3)

A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions. It's the form of chlorophyll that absorbs violet-blue and red light. I reflects the green color.

Facilitated Transport

A process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins.

Kinetochore

A protein structure in the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase.

Beta oxidation

A reaction that converts fatty acids to acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs cycle.

Germ cell

A specialized cell that produces gametes, such as eggs or sperm.

Granum/Grana (pl)

A stack of thylakoids located inside a chloroplast.

Cell plate (2)

A structure formed during plant-cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles fusing at the metaphase plate. Will ultimately lead to formation of a cell wall to separate the two daughter cells.

Solvent

A substance capable of dissolving another substance.

Domain (2)

A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Entropy

A thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system.

FtsZ

A tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z).

Binary Fission

A type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells in prokaryotes.

Facilitated diffusion

A type of passive transport that requires a carrier molecule or protein for large polar molecules to pass through.

Septum (2)

A wall formed between bacterial daughter cells as a precursor to cell separation. Formed between the nucleoids from the periphery toward the center of the cell.

Van der Waal's interaction

A weak attraction or interaction between molecules caused by slightly positively charged or slightly negatively charged atoms

Scientific theory

A well tested and verified explanation for a set of observation or phenomena.

Which of the following is not an example of an energy transformation? A. Heating up dinner in a microwave B. Solar panels at work C. Formation of static electricity D. None of the above

A. Heating up dinner in a microwave

An isotope of sodium (Na) has a mass number of 22. How many neutrons does it have? A. 11 B. 12 C. 22 D. 44

A. 11

How many protons does a neutral carbon atom contain? A. 6 B. 4 C. 2 D. 8

A. 6

The energy currency used by cells is _____. A. ATP B. ADP C. AMP D. adenosine

A. ATP

Which of the following is a product of the light-dependent reactions? A. ATP B. carbon dioxide C. water D. glucose

A. ATP

Describe why eukaryotic cells being compartmentalized can make their metabolism more complex? A. Different chemical reactions can occur in isolation of each other. B. Different chemical reactions can occur together more frequently. C. Only compartmentalized cells perform complex processes such as photosynthesis. D. Eukaryotic cells are not compartmentalized.

A. Different chemical reactions can occur in isolation of each other.

Which of the following is true of an endergonic reaction? A. Endergonic reactions require an energy input. B. Endergonic and exergonic reactions are the same. C. Endergonic reactions happen before exergonic reactions can begin. D. Endergonic reactions release energy.

A. Endergonic reactions require an energy input.

Magnesium has an atomic number of 12. Which of the following statements is true of a neutral magnesium atom? A. It has 12 protons, 12 electrons, and 12 neutrons. B. It has 12 protons, 12 electrons, and six neutrons. C. It has six protons, six electrons, and no neutrons. D. It has six protons, six electrons, and six neutrons.

A. It has 12 protons, 12 electrons, and 12 neutrons.

What happens to the glucose molecule during glycolysis? A. It is converted to two pyruvate molecules. B. It is converted to water. C. It is converted to acetyl CoA. D. It is converted to CO2.

A. It is converted to two pyruvate molecules.

The genotype XXY corresponds to: A. Klinefelter syndrome B. Turner syndrome C. Triplo-X D. Jacob syndrome

A. Klinefelter syndrome

Which of the following is produced during oxidative phosphorylation? A. NADH B. water C. FADH2 D. carbon dioxide

A. NADH

Which of the following is not true about enzymes? A. They are consumed by the reactions they catalyze. B. They are usually made of amino acids. C. They lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. D. Each one is specific to the particular substrate(s) to which it binds.

A. They are consumed by the reactions they catalyze.

Which of the following statements about thylakoids in eukaryotes is correct? A. Thylakoids are assembled into stacks. B. Thylakoids contain chromatin. C. The space surrounding thylakoids is called matrix. D. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes.

A. Thylakoids are assembled into stacks.

Abnormalities in the number of X chromosomes tend to be milder than the same abnormalities in autosomes because of which of the following? A. X inactivation B. deletions C. synapsis D. nonhomologous recombination

A. X inactivation

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental characteristic of life? A. ability to communicate with other members of the same life form B. ability to regulate the internal environment of the life form C. ability to utilize energy derived from the external environment

A. ability to communicate with other members of the same life form

We call a molecules that binds up excess hydrogen ions in a solution a(n) ______________. A. acid B. isotope C. base D. donator

A. acid.

If a solute is moving against its concentration gradient, which of the following it is using? A. active transport B. diffusion C. osmosis D. passive transport

A. active transport

Viruses are not considered living because they __________. A. are not made of cells B. lack cell nuclei C. do not contain DNA or RNA D. cannot reproduce

A. are not made of cells

Which of the following molecules are often made of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon only? A. carbohydrates B. hydrocarbons C. organic molecules D. all of the above

A. carbohydrates

The following chemical reactants produce the ester ethyl ethanoate (C2H6O): C2H6O + CH3COOH = C4H8O What type of reaction occurs to make ethyl ethanoate? A. condensation B. hydrolysis C. combustion D. acid-base reaction

A. condensation

The attempt to disprove a hypothesis is accomplished by which of the following tasks? A. conducting experiments B. analyzing data C. making initial observations D. proposing a theory

A. conducting experiments.

Which of the following is a type of microscope? A. dissecting B. convex C. UV light D. scanning proton

A. dissecting.

A cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles is referred to as which of the following? A. eukaryote B. bacteria C. prokaryote D. fungi

A. eukaryote

Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond? A. hydrogen bond B. ionic bond C. covalent bond D. polar covalent bond

A. hydrogen bond.

A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a ________. A. hypothesis B. variable C. theory D. control

A. hypothesis

A suggested explanation of how an event occurs, which can be tested, is referred to as which of the following? A. hypothesis B. scientific law C. guess D. theory

A. hypothesis

The G1 checkpoint is used to determine which of the following? A. if adequate reserves and cell size have been reached B. if sister chromatids are attached to spindle microtubules properly C. if the chromosomes have lined up at the metaphase plate D. if DNA replication has finished

A. if adequate reserves and cell size have been reached.

A person notices that her houseplants that are regularly exposed to music grow more than those in rooms without music. As a result, she determines that plants grow better when exposed to music. This example most closely resembles which type of reasoning? A. inductive reasoning B. deductive reasoning C. neither, because no hypothesis was made D. both inductive and deductive reasoning

A. inductive reasoning.

The longest phase of the cell cycle is _________. A. interphase B. S-phase C. g1-phase D. metaphase

A. interphase

A typical prokaryotic cell __________________ compared to a eukaryotic cell. A. is smaller in size by a factor of 100 B. is similar in size C. is smaller in size by a factor of one million D. is larger in size by a factor of 10

A. is smaller in size by a factor of 100.

Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles? A. lactic acid fermentation B. alcohol fermentation C. mixed acid fermentation D. propionic fermentation

A. lactic acid fermentation

All the chemical reactions that take place inside a human body are collectively referred to as which of the following? A. metabolism B. catabolism C. bioenergetics D. anabolism

A. metabolism

Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system? A. mitochondrion B. Golgi apparatus C. endoplasmic reticulum D. lysosome

A. mitochondrion.

What types of cells can perform glycolysis? A. most prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells B. plants C. animals D. bacteria

A. most prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

In humans, a pair of homologous chromosomes consist of... A. one chromosome from mom and one from dad B. two chromosomes from mom and two from dad C. 22 chromosomes from mom and 22 from dad D. 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 from dad

A. one chromosome from mom and one from dad

The individual chromosomes become visible with a light microscope during which stage of mitosis? A. prophase B. prometaphase C. metaphase D. anaphase

A. prophase

Plants bending toward the sun early in the morning is an example of which property of life? A. response to a stimulus B. evolution and adaptation C. homeostasis D. growth and development

A. response to a stimulus

Which of the following organelles can be found in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes? A. ribosomes and cell membrane B. capsule C. ribosomes D. cell membrane

A. ribosomes and cell membrane

Which of the following is an example of potential energy? A. sitting on a couch B. doing jumping jacks C. riding a bicycle downhill D. swinging on a rope swing

A. sitting on a couch

Which of the following is not a functional group that can bond with carbon? A. sodium B. hydroxyl C. phosphate D. carbonyl

A. sodium

Under which of the following taxonomic levels does E. coli fall? A. species B. order C. class D. kingdom

A. species.

Plants produce oxygen when they photosynthesize. Where does the oxygen come from? A. splitting water molecules B. ATP synthesis C. the electron transport chain D. chlorophyll

A. splitting water molecules

Plants produce oxygen when they photosynthesize. Where does the oxygen come from? A. splitting water molecules B. ATP synthesis C. chlorophyll D. the electron transport chain

A. splitting water molecules.

Chemical energy is the energy of which of the following? A. the bonds that hold a molecule together B. motion of a sprinter C. heat from a fireplace D. electricity used to run a blender

A. the bonds that hold a molecule together.

Which statement correctly describes carbon fixation? A. the conversion of CO2 to an organic compound B. the use of RuBisCO to form 3-PGA C. the production of carbohydrate molecules from G3P D. the formation of RuBP from G3P molecules E. the use of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2

A. the conversion of CO2 to an organic compound

Phospholipids are important components of __________. A. the plasma membrane of cells B. the ring structure of steroids C. the waxy covering on leaves D. the double bond in hydrocarbon chains

A. the plasma membrane of cells.

When scientific experiments are conducted repeatedly and all support the same hypothesis, the conclusions of the experiment could then be known as which of the following? A. a theory B. a hypothesis C. a dependent variable D. a control

A. theory.

An example of incomplete dominance is __________. A. wavy hair B. ABO blood group C. Rh factor D. all of the above

A. wavy hair

What are the components of an ATP molecule (3)?

Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

What does ATP become when one of its phosphate is broken for energy?

ADP or Adenosine Diphosphate.

What are the two carriers of energy in a light-dependent reaction?

ATP and NADPH.

What does the energy from the sun get converted into during the light-dependent reactions?

ATP and NADPH.

Plants use photosynthesis to create...

ATP energy.

________ is produced during the Citric Acid Cycle.

ATP.

The cholesterol synthesized by cells uses which component of the glycolytic pathway as a starting point?

Acetyl CoA.

What are the two main types of cell transport?

Active (against the concentration gradient) and passive.

A mutation occurs where adenine replaces cytosine. What impact will this have on the DNA structure (3)?

Adenine is larger than cytosine and won't be able to base pair correctly with guanine on the opposing strand. This makes the DNA bulge and the DNA repair enzymes might recognize the bulge and replace the incorrect nucleotide.

What does ATP stand for and what is it composed of (3)?

Adenosine triphosphate and is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate.

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate.

Diaphragm

Adjusts the amount of light that hits the slide from the light source.

Trisonomy 21

Also known as Down's syndrome, caused by a missing chromosome that got lost during cell division.

Chlorophyll b (2)

An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a. It's the form of chlorophyll that absorbs blue and red-orange light and carotenoids.

RuBisCO

An enzyme that converts inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle.

Aneuploid

An individual with an error in chromosome number; includes deletions and duplications of chromosome segments.

Polyploid

An individual with an incorrect number of chromosome sets.

Euploid

An individual with the appropriate number of chromosomes for their species.

Non-competitive inhibition

An inhibitor molecule binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site (allosteric site).

Radioactive isotope

An isotope that spontaneously emits particles or energy to form a more stable element.

Heterotrophs

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.

Monosomy

An otherwise diploid genotype in which one chromosome is missing.

Trisomy

An otherwise diploid genotype in which one entire chromosome is duplicated.

Homologous pairs separate during which phase of meiosis?

Anaphase I.

Chitin (2)

Animal coverings, polysaccharide with nitrogen attached to the glucose backbone.

Glycogen

Animal storage (muscle and liver)

Cofactors (3)

Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis. They are inorganic ions. Ex: iron or magnesium-usually metal ions

Autosome

Any of the non-sex chromosomes.

Enzyme (2)

Are biological chemical catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy and ends in -ase. Ex: Lactase (enzyme) breaks down lactose (substrate/disaccharide) for out body to digest easier

Thylakoid membrane (2)

Are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Ecosystem

Area of environment where one or more communities can thrive and flourish.

List the hierarchy of life (13).

Atoms > Molecule > Organelles > Cells > Tissue > Organs > Organ systems > Organism > Populations > Communities > Ecosystem > Biome > Biosphere.

How many glucose molecules are produced during 6 complete turns of the Calvin cycle? A. 1 B. 6 C. 3 D. 2

B. 1

If a muscle cell of a typical organism has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in a gamete of that same organism? A. 64 B. 16 C. 8 D. 32

B. 16

If a muscle cell of a typical organism has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in a gamete of that same organism? A. 8 B. 16 C. 32 D. 64

B. 16

Which of the following is a product of lactic acid fermentation? A. water B. ATP C. alcohol D. yeast

B. ATP.

Why are humans unable to digest cellulose? A. Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by α 1-4 glycosidic linkages. B. Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by β 1-4 glycosidic linkages. C. Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by α 1-6 glycosidic linkages. D. Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by α 1-5 glycosidic linkages.

B. Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by β 1-4 glycosidic linkages.

Which of the following statements is false? A. Tissues exist within organs which exist within organ systems. B. Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems. C. Organelles exist within cells which exist within tissues. D. Communities exist within ecosystems which exist in the biosphere.

B. Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems.

Which of the following is a property of all living organisms? A. Grow and develop based on inherited proteins. B. Consist of at least one cell. C. Use the sun to fuel cellular respiration. D. Regulate a constant internal body temperature.

B. Consist of one cell.

What is the molecule that leaves the Calvin cycle to be converted into glucose? A. ADP B. G3P C. RuBP D. 3-PGA

B. G3P

A typical bacterial cell is approximately the same size as which of the following? A. a protein B. a mitochondrion C. a plant cell D. a frog egg

B. Mitochondria

Which of the following is true of facilitated transport? A. Energy must be used. B. No energy is used during facilitated transport. C. Solutes move up their concentration gradient. D. Solutes move through the membrane unassisted.

B. No energy is used during facilitated transport.`

Chromosomes are duplicated during what portion of the cell cycle? A. G1 phase B. S phase C. prophase D. prometaphase

B. S phase

What would happen to a cell if it failed to complete meiosis I? A. Cells do not undergo meiosis II. B. The cell would have the incorrect number of chromosomes to function properly. C. Crossing over would not occur. D. Independent assortment would not occur.

B. The cell would have the incorrect number of chromosomes to function properly.

What do the electrons added to NAD+ do? A. They become part of a fermentation pathway. B. They go to another pathway for ATP production. C. They energize the entry of the acetyl group into the citric acid cycle. D. They are converted into NADP.

B. They go to another pathway for ATP production.

Which statement about thylakoids in eukaryotes is not correct? A. Thylakoids are assembled into stacks. B. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes. C. The space surrounding thylakoids is called stroma. D. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll.

B. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes.

A scientist wants to conduct an experiment to see if plants will grow to different heights based on the type of fertilizer used. If the scientist fertilizes one group of plants and does not fertilize another group, but provides all of the plants with the same amount of water every day, the water would represent which of the following? A. a dependent variable B. a control C. an independent variable D. a placebo

B. a control

The scientific method is basically... A. an adaptable, fluid process of testing hypotheses B. a systematic approach with defined steps C. a creative formulation of assumptions about the world

B. a systematic approach with defined steps

The cholesterol synthesized by cells uses which component of the glycolytic pathway as a starting point? A. glucose B. acetyl CoA C. pyruvate D. carbon dioxide

B. acetyl CoA.

Which of the following statements is true about acids and bases? A. acids and bases cannot mix together B. acids and bases neutralize each other C. acids can change the pH of a solution but bases cannot D. acids donate hydroxide ions and bases donate hydrogen

B. acids and bases neutralize each other

Vesicles are used for transport during which of the following? A. exocytosis only B. both endocytosis and exocytosis C. endocytosis only D. phagocytosis only

B. both endocytosis and exocytosis

Which of the following is a product of alcoholic fermentation? A. lactate B. carbon dioxide C. water D. oxygen

B. carbon dioxide

Which of the following is a product of alcoholic fermentation? A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide C. lactate D. water

B. carbon dioxide.

Plant cell walls contain which of the following abundance? A. starch B. cellulose C. glycogen D. lactose

B. cellulose

Where in the eukaryotic cells does photosynthesis occur? A. mitochondrion B. chloroplast C. Golgi body D. ribosome

B. chloroplast.

Which of the following types of microscopes would be most appropriate for viewing the anatomy of a whole organism? A. light microscope B. dissecting microscope C. transmission electron microscope D. scanning electron microscope

B. dissecting microscope

What is the energy of a photon first used to do in photosynthesis? A. split a water molecule B. energize an electron C. produce ATP D. synthesize glucose

B. energize an electron

If an organism has the appropriate number of chromosomes within their cells, they are referred to as which of the following? A. trisomy B. euploid C. polyploid D. aneuploid

B. euploid.

The process by which new species are created from old species is achieved through which of the following? A. mutations B. evolution C. thermoregulation D. energy consumption

B. evolution.

Which event leads to a diploid cell in a life cycle? A. meiosis B. fertilization C. alternation of generations D. mutation

B. fertilization

A mutation forms during a person's lifetime. That person could pass the mutation to his/her offspring if it is located in a __________. A. skin cell B. gamete C. liver cell D. blood cell E. All of above

B. gamete

Human sex cells are also referred to as which of the following? A. body cells B. gametes C. diploid cells D. somatic cells

B. gametes

Aneuploidies are deleterious for the individual because of what phenomenon? A. nondisjunction B. gene dosage C. meiotic errors D. X inactivation

B. gene dosage

Which of the following are changes to the nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein? A. tumor suppressor genes B. gene mutations C. proto-oncogenes D. negative regulators

B. gene mutations

An organism's traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited ________. A. cells B. genes C. proteins D. chromatids

B. genes

What two products result from photosynthesis? A. glucose and carbon dioxide B. glucose and oxygen C. water and oxygen D. water and carbon dioxide

B. glucose and oxygen.

Which portion of a phospholipid is hydrophilic? A. fatty acid tails B. glycerol heads C. The entire phospholipid is hydrophilic. D. None of the phospholipid is hydrophilic.

B. glycerol heads

Lactose is a disaccaride formed by the formation of a __________ bond between glucose and __________. A. glycosidic;lactose B. glycosidic;galactose C. hydrogen;sucrose D. hydrogen;fructose

B. glycosidic;galactose.

In an acidic solution, the concentration of hydrogen ions is _________ hydroxide ions. A. less than B. greater than C. equal to D. cannot be determined

B. great than.

Which color(s) of light does chlorophyll a reflect? A. red and blue B. green C. red D. blue

B. green.

Which of the following must an organism do in order to be living? A. cellular respiration B. grow and reproduce C. photosynthesis D. meiosis

B. grow and repoduce

A cell that has only one set of chromosomes, and thus, one set of genes is said to be what? A. monoploid B. haploid C. polyploid D. diploid

B. haploid

The G2 checkpoint is used to determine which of the following? A. if sister chromatids are attached to spindle microtubules properly B. if DNA replication has finished C. if the chromosomes have lined up at the metaphase plate D. if the chromosomes have finished condensing

B. if DNA replication has finished

The M checkpoint is used to determine which of the following? A. if adequate reserves and cell size have been reached B. if sister chromatids are attached to spindle microtubules properly C. if DNA replication has finished D. if the chromosomes have lined up at the metaphase plate

B. if sister chromatids are attached to spindle microtubules properly.

Which of the following are part of the endomembrane system? A. vacuoles and vesicles B. lysosomes and Golgi apparatus C. vesicles and mitochondria D. nuclear envelope and peroxisomes

B. lysosomes and Golgi apparatus

If the p53 gene is damaged, a cell can behave as though there are which of the following? A. proto-oncogene mutations. B. no mutations C. apoptotic mutations D. more mutations

B. no mutations

When chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, what is this called? A. deletion B. non-disjunction C. translocation D. inversion

B. non-disjunction.

Which of the following is the measure of the tonicity of a solution? A. osmosis B. osmotic concentration C. diffusion D. active transport

B. osmotic concentration.

The last step of aerobic respiration is referred to as which of the following? A. the citric acid cycle B. oxidative phosphorylation C. the Krebs Cycle D. the Calvin Cycle

B. oxidative phosphorylation

Simple, single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus are referred to as which of the following? A. fungi B. prokaryote C. eukaryote D. bacteria

B. prokaryote

Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? A. nucleus B. ribosome C. vacuole D. mitochondrion

B. ribsome.

The α-helix and the β-pleated sheet are part of which protein structure? A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. quaternary

B. secondary

Water is capable of dissolving many substances including salt and sugar. Water can be described as which of the following? A. solution B. solvent C. solute D. ionic compound

B. solvent

Gametes are also called which of the following? A. diploid cells B. sperm and egg cells C. body cells D. somatic cells

B. sperm and egg cells.

Which of the following is involved in the process of photosynthesis? A. ribosomes B. stroma C. mitochondria D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B. stroma

Reproduction always involves which of the following? A. creation of genetically identical cells B. the use of DNA as a basis for cellular reproduction C. creation of a minimum four cells per round of cell division D. the use of RNA as a basis for cellular reproduction

B. the use of DNA as a basis for cellular reproduction.

Which of the following is a function of proteins in the plasma membrane? A. lipid synthesis B. transport C. glycolysis D. protein synthesis

B. transport

When amino acids are broken down for energy, ammonia is created, which is converted into _____ and excreted in urine. A. uranium B. urea C. phosphatase D. ammonium

B. urea

Which of the following is a reactant used in the light-dependent reactions? A. carbon dioxide B. water C. glucose D. oxygen

B. water

Chcolesterol can be used as an energy source for the body; where else can it be used? A. within the nucleus to provide protection for the DNA B. within cell membranes to provide flexibility C. within the nucleus to provide protection for the RNA D. within ribosomes to assist in protein production

B. within cell membranes to provide flexibility.

Cholesterol can be used as an energy source for the body; where else can it be used? A. within the nucleus to provide protection for the DNA B. within cell membranes to provide flexibility C. within the nucleus to provide protection for the RNA D. within ribosomes to assist in protein production

B. within cell membranes to provide flexibility.

An enzyme is also referred to as...

Biological catalyst.

Catabolic reactions (4)

Break down complex chemicals into simpler ones. It produces energy, polymers are broken down and is degradation.

Hydrolysis (3)

Breaking apart, produces monomers and water is added.

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy.

Dehydration (3)

Building, produces polymers, by product is water.

Which of the following indicates the pH scale range? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A. 7-14 B. 1-7 C. 0-14 D. 1-10

C. 0-14

The pH of lemon juice is about 2.0, whereas tomato juice's pH is about 4.0. Approximately how much of an increase in hydrogen ion concentration is there between tomato juice and lemon juice? A. 2 times B. 10 times C. 100 times D. 1000 times

C. 100 times.

An example of a codominant trait is... A. Rh factor B. wavy hair C. ABO blood type D. height

C. ABO blood type

The energy that powers the Calvin cycle comes from which of the following? A. ADP NADP+ B. CO2 C. ATP and NADPH D. G3P

C. ATP and NADPH

What enzyme is required to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation? A. glucase B. pepsin C. ATP synthase D. acetylcholinesterase

C. ATP synthase

________ are changes to the nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. A. Proto-oncogenes B. Tumor suppressor genes C. Gene mutations D. Negative regulators

C. Gene mutations

The genotype XXY corresponds to which of the following? A. Triplo-X B. Jacob syndrome C. Klinefelter syndrome D. Turner syndrome

C. Klinefelter syndrome.

What property of the phospholipid bilayer allows proteins to move laterally in the membrane? A. Phospholipids are attracted to each other by opposite charges. B. the cholesterol within the membrane C. Phospholipid molecules are not covalently bonded to each other. D. Proteins attract each other with opposite charges.

C. Phospholipid molecules are not covalently bonded to each other.

Which of the following is true regarding diffusion? A. The colder the temperature, the faster diffusion will occur. B. The fewer solute particles in a solution, the faster diffusion will occur. C. The less dense a solvent is, the faster diffusion will occur. D. The larger the solute, the faster diffusion will occur.

C. The less dense a solvent is, the faster diffusion will occur.

What do the electrons added to NAD+ do? A. They energize the entry of the acetyl group into the citric acid cycle. B. They become part of a fermentation pathway. C. They go to another pathway for ATP production. D. They are converted into NADP.

C. They go to another pathway for ATP production.

Using a pH meter, you find the pH of an unknown solution to be 8.0. How would you describe this solution? A. weakly acidic B. strongly acidic C. weakly basic D. strongly basic

C. Weakly basic.

A karyotype is... A. a diagram depicting the inheritance pattern of disease allele within a family B. a chart showing your detailed genetic makeup C. a figure that presents all chromosomes in a cell D. an individual's blood type

C. a figure that presents all chromosomes in a cell

he alteration of the DNA sequence of gene will most often result in which of the following? A. less functional or non-functional lipids B. a normal protein C. a less functional or non-functional protein D. normal lipids

C. a less functional or non-functional protein

What is necessary for a cell to pass the G2 checkpoint? A. cell has reached a sufficient size B. an adequate stockpile of nucleotides C. accurate and complete DNA replication D. proper attachment of mitotic spindle fibers to kinetochores

C. accurate and complete DNA replication.

The monomers that make up proteins are called _________. A. nucleotides B. disaccharides C. amino acids D. chaperones

C. amino acids

During anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is which of the following? A. oxygen B. glucose C. an inorganic molecule D. water

C. an inorganic molecule

During anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is which of the following? A. water B. oxygen C. an inorganic molecule D. glucose

C. an inorganic molecule.

Separation of the sister chromatids is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis? A. prometaphase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase

C. anaphase

Separation of the sister chromatids is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis? A. metaphase B. prometaphase C. anaphase D. telophase

C. anaphase.

Uncontrolled cell division can be referred to as which of the following? A. diabetes B. atherosclerosis C. cancer D. mitosis

C. cancer

The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of "living" is the ________. A. organ B. organelle C. cell D. macromolecule

C. cell

Which molecule absorbs the energy of a photon in photosynthesis? A. ATP B. glucose C. chlorophyll D. water

C. chlorophyll

The principal force driving movement in diffusion is __________. A. temperature B. particle size C. concentration gradient D. membrane surface area

C. concentration gradient.

Which of the following would a scientist use during the entire process of conducting an experiment? A. descriptive reasoning and deductive reasoning B. descriptive reasoning and inductive reasoning C. deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning D. only deductive reasoning

C. deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning

From where do heterotrophs directly get their energy? A. sun B. the sun and eating other organisms C. eating other organisms D. simple chemicals in the environment.

C. eating other organisms

From where does a heterotroph directly obtain its energy? A. the sun B. the sun and eating other organisms C. eating other organisms D. simple chemicals in the environment

C. eating other organisms.

If particles are being engulfed and brought inside of a cell, what is happening? A. exocytosis B. osmosis C. endocytosis D. diffusion

C. endocytosis

Which of the following is a component of the endomembrane system? A. cell wall B. chloroplasts C. endoplasmic reticulum D. mitochondrion

C. endoplasmic reticulum

If a reaction releases free energy it is termed which of the following? A. endergonic reaction B. bioenergetic reaction C. exergonic reaction D. metabolic reaction

C. exergonic reaction.

When a substance is released from a cell into the extracellular environment, what is happening? A. pinocytosis B. receptor-mediated endocytosis C. exocytosis D. phagocytosis

C. exocytosis

Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles? A. mixed acid fermentation B. propionic fermentation C. lactic acid fermentation D. alcohol fermentation

C. lactic acid fermentation

If a human body has an insufficient supply of oxygen, the skeletal muscle cells may switch from cellular respiration to which of the following? A. metabolism B. photosynthesis C. lactic acid fermentation D. alcoholic fermentation

C. lactic acid fermentation.

The part of meiosis that is similar to mitosis is ________. A. meiosis I B. anaphase I C. meiosis II D. interkinesis

C. meiosis II

Which of the following is common to all living things? A. being able to make food from sunlight B. being able to consume other organisms for food C. metabolism D. none of the above

C. metabolism

Which eukaryotic cell-cycle event is missing in binary fission? A. cell growth B. DNA duplication C. mitosis D. cytokinesis

C. mitosis.

During active transport, the solutes in the solution can be described as... A. moving from high concentration to low concentration. B. moving down their concentration gradient. C. moving from low concentration to high concentration. D. moving toward equilibrium.

C. moving from low concentration to high concentration.

Select the answer that placed the scientific method in proper order. A. question, experiment, hypothesize, a question, analyze, predict communicate B. hypothesize, question, predict, experiment, observe, analyze, communicate C. observe, question, hypothesize, predict, experiment, analyze, communicate

C. observe, question, hypothesize, predict, experiment, analyze, communicate

Which of the following molecules may contain atoms other than hydrogen, oxygen or carbon? A. carbohydrates B. hydrocarbons C. organic molecules D. all of the above

C. organic molecules

Which of the following can be used as an energy source inside a human body? A. water B. carbon dioxide C. proteins D. oxygen

C. proteins.

A gene that codes for a positive cell cycle regulator is called a(n) ________. A. kinase inhibitor B. tumor suppressor gene C. proto-oncogene D. oncogene

C. proto-oncogene

LDL cholesterol is brought inside of a cell by using which of the following? A. phagocytosis B. exocytosis C. receptor-mediated endocytosis D. pinocytosis

C. receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which of the following can describe the plasma membrane? A. selectively impermeable B. semi-impermeable C. selectively permeable D. semi-permeable

C. selectively permeable

Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is electron configuration. A. shells 1 and 2 are full, and shell 3 has nine electrons B. shells 1 and 2 are full, and shell 3 has nine electrons C. shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has one electron D. shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and no other electrons are present

C. shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has one electron

Where in plant cells does the Calvin cycle take place? A. thylakoid membrane B. thylakoid space C. stroma D. granum

C. stroma.

The ________ of liquid water is created through the property of cohesion. A. heat capacity B. adhesion C. surface tension Correct D. temperature regulation

C. surface tension

In a hypotonic environment, a plant cell will do which of the following? A. shrink B. cannot be determined C. swell D. stay the same size

C. swell

Mad cow disease is an infectious disease where one misfolded protein causes all other copies of the protein to begin misfolding. This is an example of a disease impacting ____________ structure. A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. quaternary

C. tertiary

Beta oxidation is ________. A. the breakdown of sugars B. the assembly of sugars C. the breakdown of fatty acids D. the removal of amino groups from amino acids

C. the breakdown of fatty acids.

Chemiosmosis involves... A. the movement of electrons across the cell membrane B. the movement of hydrogen atoms across a mitochondrial membrane C. the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane D. the movement of glucose through the cell membrane

C. the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane

Chemiosmosis involves which of the following? A. the movement of hydroxide ions across the cell membrane B. the movement of electrons and protons across the cell membrane C. the movement of hydrogen ions across the cell membrane D. the movement of electrons across the cell membrane

C. the movement of hydrogen ions across the cell membrane.

Which type of microscope can be used to view cellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi? A. dissecting microscope B. light microscope C. transmission electron microscope D. scanning electron microscope

C. transmission electron microscope

A diploid cell has ________ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell. A. one-fourth B. one-half C. twice D. four times

C. twice

Closed system

Cannot exchange energy with its surrounding.

Lysosomes

Called "suicide sacs" and is membrane-enclosed organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes.

G₁ phase (6)

Called the first gap and the restriction point. A cell-cycle phase. It's the first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis. The cell is accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal DNA. Determines whether all conditions are favorable for cell division to proceed and checks for damage to the genomic DNA.

Lipids (3)

Can be a form of cell energy, be building blocks for hormones, or can provide insulation from the environment.

Inhibitor

Can modify the enzyme shape.

The Calvin cycle must happen six times to create one ______ molecule.

Carbohydrate.

Hydroxyl is found in _____________.

Carbohydrates.

What are the four elements that make up 98% of the body and which one out of the four is the most abundant?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Oxygen is the most abundant.

What are some other pigments that absorb lights in plants besides chlorophyll (3)?

Carotenes, anthocyanins and xanthophyll.

Enzymes are _______________ that can be used ___________ with subtrates.

Catalyst;repeatly.

What do plant cells have that animal cells do not (4)?

Cell wall, chloroplasts, other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole.

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from that in animals because plant cells have a ______.

Cell wall.

Phagocytosis (2)

Cellular eating; a type of endocytosis whereby a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm.

Energy processing (2)

Cellular respiration is with the mitochondria. Photosynthesis is with the chloroplasts.

Are centrioles present in centrosome of eukaryotic species and in what organisms?

Centrioles are not present in the centrosomes of many eukaryotic species. Such as plants and most fungi.

The centrosome consists of a pair of rod-like _______________ at right angles to each other.

Centrioles.

Anaphase (3)

Centromeres split in two. The chromosomes separate (two sister chromatids) and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers.

What do animal cells have that plant cells do not (2)?

Centrosome and lysosomes.

∆G

Change in free energy.

Duplication

Change to a chromosome in which part of the chromosome is repeated.

A photon of light energy travels until it reaches a molecule of ____________.

Chlorophyll.

Which molecule absorbs the energy of a photon in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll is found in the ____________ in plant cells.

Chloroplast.

Autotrophic eukaryotes, such as plants, convert sunlight into carbohydrates in organelles called ______.

Chloroplasts.

Where does the process of photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplasts.

Which two lipids are connected to the glucose pathway?

Cholesterol and triglycerides.

FADH₂

Coenzyme that helps in the electron transfer to make ATP.

What are the two types of activation enzyme?

Cofactors and Conenzymes.

______ is the quality of water that causes it to "crawl" up a straw, or allows it to flow up through a plant's body.

Cohesion.

What are the types of inhibition in enzymes?

Competitive and allosteric.

Cdk stands for what and is a ___________.

Complex of cyclin and kinase;proto-oncogene.

Organic

Contain both hydrogen and carbon.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell.

Inversion and translocation is a __________ __________ error.

Crossing;over.

After the ___________ event in meiosis I, the recombinant sister chromatid is genetically _______ to its parents.

Crossover;idenctical.

Where does glycolysis take place?

Cytoplasm.

Lactic acid is also...

C₃H₆O₃

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ---> 6CO₂ + 6H₂0 + ATP energy

In humans, the homologous chromosomes are which of the following chromosomes? A. 3-22 B. 1-23 C. 1-14 D. 1-22

D. 1-22

Which of the following is correct? A. All living things are composed of multiple cells. B. Living organisms do not have to be composed of cells. C. Organelles are the basic unit of life. D. All cells arise from existing cells.

D. All cells arise from existing cells.

Cell cycle checkpoints detect and control... A. mistakes in DNA replication B. signals that promote cell division C. proper chromosome alignment D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Sister chromatids are... A. duplicated chromosomes B. identical copies C. made during S phase D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which type of life cycle has both a haploid and diploid multicellular stage? A. a sexual life cycle B. diploid dominant C. haploid dominant D. Alternation of generations

D. Alternation of generations.

Which of the following is true about enzymes? A. They are consumed by the reactions they catalyze. B. They are usually made of lipids. C. They raise the activation energy of chemical reactions. D. Each one is specific to the particular substrate(s) to which it binds.

D. Each one is specific to the particular substrate(s) to which it binds.

The type of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion is called _________. A. deductive reasoning B. the scientific method C. hypothesis-based science D. inductive reasoning

D. Inductive reasoning.

Which of the following could be considered a product of the Calvin cycle, but a reactant in the light dependent reactions?

D. NADP+

A scientist discovers a putative new life form and notes that the creature's body is bilaterally symmetrical and it has a basic nervous system and circulatory system. Consequently this satisfies the criteria for defining life in which of the following categories? A. Energy processing B. Growth and Development C. Homeostasis D. Order

D. Order

Normally, when cellular damage has occurred, a fully functional p53 gene will do which of the following? A. Divide slower creating fewer cells. B. Divide like normal. C. Divide faster creating more cells. D. Pause in the cell cycle until the damage is repaired.

D. Pause in the cell cycle until the damage is repaired.

Chromosomes are duplicated during what portion of the cell cycle? A. prometaphase B. prophase C. G1 phase D. S phase

D. S phase

What is a likely evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? A. Sexual reproduction involves fewer steps. B. Sexual reproduction is more cost-effective. C. The chance of using up resources in a given environment are less. D. Sexual reproduction results in greater variation in the offspring.

D. Sexual reproduction results in greater variation in the offspring.

Why do charged molecules have difficulty crossing a phospholipid bilayer? A. They are too big. B. They do not have difficulty crossing the bilayer. C. They are too nonpolar. D. They are too polar.

D. They are too polar.

Which of the following statements is not true? A. Water is polar. B. Water stabilizes temperature. C. Water is essential for life. D. Water is the most abundant atom in Earth's atmosphere.

D. Water is the most abundant atom in Earth's atmosphere.

Abnormalities in the number of X chromosomes tend to be milder than the same abnormalities in autosomes because of ________. A. deletions B. nonhomologous recombination C. synapsis D. X inactivation

D. X inactivation.

What is necessary for a cell to pass the G2 checkpoint? A. an adequate stockpile of nucleotides B. proper attachment of mitotic spindle fibers to kinetochores C. cell has reached a sufficient size D. accurate and complete DNA replication

D. accurate and complete DNA replication

An example of a monosaccharide is ________. A. fructose B. glucose C. galactose D. all of the above

D. all of the above.

Which type of life cycle has both a haploid and diploid multicellular stage? A. an asexual life cycle B. diploid-dominant C. haploid-dominant D. alternation of generations

D. alternation of generations.

During fermentation, what type of molecule is used to regenerate NAD+ from NADH? A. oxygen B. an inorganic molecule C. water D. an organic molecule

D. an organic molecule.

At which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated from each other? A. prophase I B. prophase II C. anaphase I D. anaphase II

D. anaphase II

Where in a phylogenetic tree would you expect to find the organism that had evolved most recently? A. at the base B. within the branches C. at the nodes D. at branch tips

D. at branch tips

Why are theories stronger and more reliable than hypotheses? A. because they have a placebo group B. because they have a control group C. because we believe in them more D. because they are based on many experimentally tested hypotheses

D. because they are based on many experimentally tested hypotheses.

Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most complex to the least complex level? A. organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population. B. organ, organism, tissue, organelle, molecule. C. organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ. D. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism.

D. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism.

Which of the following types of bonds require electrons to be shared between atoms? A. ionic only B. non-polar covalent only C. polar covalent only D. both polar and non-polar covalent

D. both polar and non-polar covalent.

Which of the following can be found inside of a plant cell but not an animal cell? A. mitochondria B. ribosome C. Golgi apparatus D. chloroplast

D. chloroplast

. Active transport must function continuously because __________. A. plasma membranes wear out B. cells must be in constant motion C. facilitated transport opposes active transport D. diffusion is constantly moving the solutes in the other direction

D. diffusion is constantly moving the solutes in the other direction.

The tails of the phospholipids of the plasma membrane are composed of _____ and are _______? A. phosphate groups; hydrophobic B. fatty acid groups; hydrophilic C. phosphate groups; hydrophilic D. fatty acid groups; hydrophobic

D. fatty acid groups; hydrophobic.

How many daughter cells does meiosis produce? A. two haploid B. four diploid C. two diploid D. four haploid

D. four haploid

Which of the following indicates how water moves via osmosis? A. from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration B. throughout the cytoplasm C. from an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area with a higher one D. from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one

D. from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one.

When excess glucose is present in the human body, it gets stored as which of the following? A. proteins B. glucagon C. fatty acids D. glycogen

D. glycogen.

Which of the following is known for having a diploid-dominant life cycle? A. fungi B. bacteria C. plants D. humans

D. humans

The inside of a phospholipid bilayer is known as being... A. hypotonic. B. hydrophilic. C. isotonic. D. hydrophobic.

D. hydrophobic

Atoms that vary in the number of neutrons found in their nuclei are called ___________. A. ions B. neutrons C. neutral atoms D. isotopes

D. isotopes

Which of the following is a view of an individual's chromosome make up that allows a scientist to view number, appearance, and banding patterns? A. cladogram B. chromosomal map C. homologram D. karyogram

D. karyogram

Which of the following is exclusively associated with prokaryotes? A. cell membrane B. cell wall C. ribosome D. nucleoid region

D. nucleoid region

Metabolic pathways are considered what type of system? A. closed B. open and closed C. neither open nor closed D. open

D. open

What are the membrane-bound sacs that are located within a eukaryotic cell and perform specialized functions called? A. atoms B. proteins C. lipids D. organelles

D. organelles

The main difference between facilitated transport and osmosis is that... A. facilitated transport requires energy while osmosis does not. B. osmosis requires a transport protein while facilitated transport does not. C. facilitated transports the passive transport of water, while osmosis moves solute particles. D. osmosis is the diffusion of water while, facilitated transport moves solute particles.

D. osmosis is the diffusion of water while, facilitated transport moves solute particles.

Half of all human tumor cells have been discovered to contain a mutation in the which of the following genes? A. p47 B. p34 C. p21 D. p53

D. p53

Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane? A. glycogen B. vesicles C. ribosomes D. phospholipids

D. phospholipids

Which of these do all prokaryotes and eukaryotes share? A. nuclear envelope B. cell walls C. organelles D. plasma membrane

D. plasma membrane

Which of the following types of solutes will dissolve readily in water? A. hydrophobic solutes B. non-polar solutes C. solutes do not dissolve in water D. polar solutes

D. polar solutes.

Cellulose and starch are examples of ________. A. monosaccharides B. disaccharides C. lipids D. polysaccharides

D. polysaccharides.

he disease called sickle-cell anemia is caused by a change in a single amino acid residue in the hemoglobin protein, resulting in a distortion of the protein's shape at which levels? A. primary and quaternary B. secondary and tertiary C. tertiary and quaternary D. primary and secondary

D. primary and secondary

Where does crossing over occur in meiosis? A. metaphase I B. telophase I C. anaphase I D. prophase I

D. prophase I

Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure? A. cholesterol B. phospholipid C. carbohydrate D. protein

D. protein

The glucose that enters the glycolysis pathway is split into two molecules of _________. A. ATP B. phosphate C. NADH D. pyruvate

D. pyruvate

FtsZ proteins direct the formation of a ________ that will eventually form the new cell walls of the daughter cells. A. contractile ring B. cell plate C. cytoskeleton D. septum

D. septum.

What do scientists use when viewing a specimen through a light microscope, to distinguish the individual components of cells? A. a beam of electrons B. high temperatures C. radioactive isotopes D. special stains

D. special stains

Which of the following is the least inclusive level in the taxonomical hierarchy? A. phylum B. genus C. kingdom D. species

D. species.

Which of the following is one form of long-term energy store in animals? A. waxes B. cholesterol C. steroids D. triglycerides

D. triglycerides.

A cell that is said to be diploid has which of the following? A. one set of chromosomes B. is missing one or more chromosomes C. an abnormal set of chromosomes D. two sets of chromosomes

D. two sets of chromosomes

"All living things are made up of one or more cells" is a component of the A. law of cellular activity. B. law of anatomical reasoning. C. theory of molecular biology. D. unified cell theory.

D. unified cell theory

Chromatin

DNA.

Phosphate is found in ____________ and _____________.

DNA;ATP.

The Calvin cycle is the ____________ reaction.

Dark.

When acids are added to a solution the pH should ____________.

Decrease.

Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning

Deductive: A form of logical thinking that uses one or more statements to form a logical conclusion. Inductive: Uses related observations to produce a general conclusion.

To build a polymer from monomers you would use what type of reaction? A. hydrogen bonding B. hydrolysis C. dehydration synthesis D. ionic bonding

Dehydration synthesis.

What are the types of chromosome breakage or structure abnormalities (4)?

Deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation.

What are three things about DNA?

Deoxyribose sugar, never leaves the nucleus, and is double stranded.

A nucleotide of DNA may contain what groups?

Deoxyribosome, thymine and a phosphate group.

Recombinant

Describing something composed of genetic material from two sources, such as a chromosome with both maternal and paternal segments of DNA.

Traits

Different forms of a characteristic.

A hippopotamus is an example of an animal that spends most of its life in the _______ -dominant life stage.

Diploid

Diploid vs. Haploid

Diploid: Human cells having 2 copies of each chromosomes. Haploid: Human cells with only 1 copy (half the DNA).

List the order of life or the Hierarchical Organization of Taxonomy from highest to lowest (8).

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

In G1 the the cell makes ____________ necessary for S phase and some ___________.

Enzymes;organelles.

The NADH and FADH₂ from the Citric Acid cycle are ______________ ____________ which can be used next in the _____________ _____________ __________.

Electron;carriers;electron;transport;chain.

oxidative phosphorylation is the _____________ _______________ ____________ + ______________.

Electron;transport;chain;chemiosmosis.

What are the components of the endomembrane system (6)?

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, cell membrane, nuclear envelope and lysosomes.

What is the energy of a photon first used to do in photosynthesis?

Energize an electron.

Open system

Energy can be exchanged with its surroundings (stove top).

GTP (guanosine triphosphate) provides _____ to both FtsZ and tubulin in the assembly and disassembly of complex cell structures.

Energy.

List the protein functions (7).

Enzyme, Catalysis, Defense, Transport, Support, Motion, Regulation, Storage.

Abnormalities in the number of chromosomes, known as nondisjunction, are more common in younger parents. T or F

False.

The nuclei resulting from a mitotic division are genetically different from the original. T or F

False.

What process makes bread dough rise? A. the Calvin cycle B. fermentation C. oxidative phosphorylation D. glycolysis

Fermentation.

Fructose (2)

Fruit sugar, ring forms.

Which protein assists during binary fission?

FtsZ.

Regulation

Functions such as transport of nutrients, response to stimuli, and coding environmental stresses.

What order does the cell cycle occur?

G0 ---> G1 ---> S ---> G2 --->M

Which phase is the longest phase in the cell cycle?

G1

Parts of Interphase in order

G1, S and G2 phase.

Checkpoints in the cell cycle

G1, S, G2 and M.

What is the molecule that leaves the Calvin cycle to be converted into glucose?

G3P.

NAD+ is reduced to NADH when it ___________ electrons.

Gained.

The p53 protein activates other ____________ whose products __________ the cell cycle (allowing time for DNA repair).

Genes;halts.

Mendeleev

Given credit for the current periodic table.

Sucrose

Glucose and fructose.

Lactose (2)

Glucose and galactose.

Maltose (2)

Glucose and glucose.

What are three types of monosaccharides?

Glucose, galactose and fructose.

Photosynthesis makes ______________ but cellular respiration ____________ glucose.

Glucose;breaks.

When excess glucose is present in the human body, it gets stored as which of the following?

Glycogen.

While glucose is an efficient source of short-term energy, _______ is stored in the liver and muscle in case blood sugar levels drop.

Glycogen.

What are the three steps of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain.

For Anaerobes, ATP product stops at the end of which process?

Glycolysis.

Gram positive vs. Gram negative

Gram positive: Has a thick single layered peptidoglycan cell wall than retains a violet dye from the Gram stain. Gram negative: Appear pink after staining capsule.

Alkali metals

Group 1 and has one electron in its outer energy level.

Inert gases

Group 18 or VIII and has a complete outer shell.

Alkaline earth metals

Group II and has two electrons in outer energy level.

Halogens

Group VII or 17 and has 7 electrons in its outer energy level.

Tissue

Group of cells with a specialized function.

Population

Group of organisms which belong to the same species.

Organ

Group of tissues with specialized function.

Cilia

Hair-like projections.

Nuclei created through the process of meiosis contain _____ the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Half.

One main difference between mitosis and meiosis is the creation of a ____ cell.

Haploid.

Sex cells are __________ with ______ set of chromosomes; somatic cells are _________ with _______ sets of chromosomes.

Haploid;1;diploid;2.

Sex cells can be described as _______, while somatic cells can be described as _______.

Haploid;diploid.

Prokaryotic cell

Has no membrane bound nucleus.

Water movea via osmosis __________.

High to low.

Passive transport from goes from ___________ concentration to __________ concentration.

High;low.

Active transport from___________ concentration to ____________ concentration requires....

High;low;Requires energy against the gradient.

Stage clips

Hold the slide in place.

Wavelength (2)

Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves. The distance between consecutive points of a wave.

To release the energy from an ATP molecule by removing a phosphate bond occurs via what process?

Hydrolysis.

What function groups can bond with carbon (3)?

Hydroxyl, phosphate and carbonyl.

Where do light-dependent reactions begin?

In a group of molecules and proteins called photosystem.

Cytokinesis in animal(3) vs. plant cells(6)

In animal cells: 1. A contractile ring composed of actin filaments forms just inside the plasma membrane at the former metaphase plate. 2. The actin filaments pull the equator of the cell inward, forming a fissure. This fissure, or "crack," is called the cleavage furrow. 3. The furrow deepens as the actin ring contracts, and eventually the membrane and cell are cleaved in two In plant cells: 1. A cleavage furrow is not possible because of the rigid cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane. 2. The membrane cannot pinch inward because of the cell wall. 3. Instead, a cell plate forms between the two nuclei. 4. It is made by the Golgi apparatus, which supplies the new plasma membrane. 5. A new cell wall then grows as cellulose and other materials are lad down. 6. Typically, cytoplasm is divided evenly between daughter cells in both plant and animal cells.

Cellulose

In cell walls.

Where do the light-dependent reactions exit?

In the membranes of thylakoids.

Where does fatty acid breakdown take place?

In the mitochondrial matrix.

Evolutionary scientists believe that the chromosome 18 _____ led to the emergence of early humans, in which a long stretch of DNA was duplicated on chromosome 18, then reinserted in the opposite direction.

Inversion.

The Calvin cycle takes place where?

In the stroma of the chloroplast.

Light dependent reactions take place where?

In the thylakoid membrane.

When bases are added to a solution the pH should ____________.

Increase.

Independent vs. Dependent variable

Independent: Variable that is changed or controlled in an experiment to test the dependent variable and graphed on the x-axis. Dependent: Variable that is being tested in an experiment and graphed on the y-axis.

Allosteric inhibitor

Indirectly induces a conformational change to the active site.

Organism

Individual living entities.

Negative regulators and example

Inhibit cell cycle. Ex: p53

Competitive inhibition

Inhibitor molecule competes with the substrate for binding to the active site.

The electron transport chain is present in multiple copies in where in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Inner mitochondrial membrane for eukaryotes. In the plasma membrane of prokaryotes.

Endergonic reactions require the ______ of energy, while exergonic reactions ______ energy.

Input;release.

What process happens after meiosis I before the start of meiosis II?

Interkineisis.

NADPH helps reducing power in the Calvin cycle. What does that mean?

It adds high energy electrons to the process

If the number of protons in an atom changes what happens?

It becomes a different element.

What property of carbon makes it essential for organic life (3)?

It can form up to four covalent bonds between atoms or molecules, they can be polar or non-polar and this allows the formation of long carbon molecule chains which can form proteins and DNA.

What does it mean if an enzyme is denatured and why can this happen (2)?

It cannot work properly because it will become distorted if it's put out of its environment and ideal conditions. Most enzymes thrive in a certain environment with specific pH or temperature. Ex: An enzyme in your stomach lives in an acidic environment specific to your stomach. If the conditions were to change the enzyme could become denatured without it's ideal conditions which would make it obsolete.

What happens to water during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

It is split into oxygen, electrons, and H+ ions.

If a mutation occurs in a somatic cell that leads to a non-functional protein, what will happen to that somatic cell?

It will prevent the cell from completing the cell cycle.

Body tube

Keeps the two sets of lens a distance apart.

What are the most known sex chromosome abnormalities (4) and the abnormal chromosome "pairs" for each?

Klinefelter (m), Trisomy X (m), Jacob's Syndrome (m), Turner syndrome (f). Klinefelter ---> XXY Trisomy X ---> XXX Jacob's Syndrome ---> XYY Turner syndrome ---> XO

In glycolysis if it stays anaerobic, it produces...(2)

Lactic acid fermentation (lactase dehydrogenase) or alcoholic fermentation to produce ethanol.

Lactic Acid Fermentation (2)

Lactic acid fermentation converts the 3-carbon pyruvate to the 3-carbon lactic acid (C3H6O3) and regenerates NAD+ in the process. Allowing glycolysis to continue to make ATP in low-oxygen conditions.

Lactase dehydrogenase is also known as...

Lactic acid fermentation.

Which fermentation method can occur in animal skeletal muscles?

Lactic acid fermentation.

______ fermentation is what causes mammalian skeletal muscles to fatigue.

Lactic acid.

Microtubules (3)

Largest of the cytoskeletal elements, cellular movement, organization to the cytoplasm, and responsible for moving material within the cell itself.

On a hot, dry day, plants close their stomata to conserve water. What impact will this have on photosynthesis (2)?

Levels of carbon dioxide (a reactant) will fall, and the levels of oxygen (a product) will rise. A s a result, the rate of photosynthesis will slow down.

Kingdom (2)

Life was separated into five or six kingdoms. These included kingdoms such as animals, plants, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria.

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

Light-dependent and Calvin cycle.

What are the two reactions that occur in the chloroplast for photosynthesis?

Light-dependent and light-independent.

The Calvin cycle is the same thing as the...

Light-independent reaction.

Carriers that move energy from the ____________ ____________ reactions to the _________ ___________ reactions can be thought of as "_________" because they bring energy.

Light;dependent;calvin;cycle;full.

Prokaryotic DNA is shaped like a loop, while eukaryotic DNA strands are ______.

Linear.

Cholesterol is a ____ synthesized in the liver.

Lipid.

Carbonyl is found in __________.

Lipids.

Unsaturated fats are...(3)

Liquid at room temperature, have at least one double bond between carbon, have lost hydrogens and are derived from plants,

Flagella

Long whip like projections.

Endocrine signaling (2)

Long-lived hormones enter the circulatory system and are carried to target cells some distance away (hormones).

Proteins (2)

Made from amino acids and can serve in transport, storage, or membranes; can also be toxins or enzymes.

What is the most important part of microscopy?

Magnification.

Protmetaphase I

Main event is the attachment of the spindle fiber microtubules to the kinetochore proteins at the centromeres.

List the parts of the scientific method in order (6).

Make an observation, Ask a question, Form a hypothesis, Make a prediction, Test the prediction, and Iterate.

What are the types of disaccharides (3)?

Maltose, sucrose and lactose.

Cell cycle checkpoints (2)

Mechanisms that monitor the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell cycle stages. Regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk's).

What are the two stages of meiosis?

Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

Nondisjunction can occur in ___________ and ___________.

Meiosis I;Meiosis II.

Which part of meiosis is similar to mitosis?

Meiosis II

The first forms of life on Earth were ___________.

Microorganisms.

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle take place?

Mitochondria.

In which of the following do the events of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotes?

Mitochondrial matrix.

Mitosis (6) vs. Meiosis (6)

Mitosis: Usually done for growth and repair all over the body. - Singular nuclear division - Two identical nuclei are formed which usually make 2 new cells - Two diploid daughter cells are produced - Asexual reproduction - Somatic cells -Contains the same amount of chromosomes as the original parent cell -------------------------------------------------------- Meiosis: Used to make new genetically variant individuals and only can be done by diploid-dominant organisms. -Two nuclear divisions - 4 unique nuclei are formed which usually make 4 new cells - 4 haploid cells are produced - Sexual Reproduction - Sex cells or gametes -Contains half as many chromosomes as the original parents

What are some branches of biology (9)?

Molecular biology, Microbiology, Neurobiology, Biotechnologists, Physiologists, Paleontology, Forensic biology, Zoology and Botany.

Direct contact

Molecules on the plasma membrane of one cell contact the receptor molecules on an adjacent cell (lungs).

Simple Diffusion

Molecules simply diffuse

Aerobic cellular respiration can make ___________ ATP than fermentation.

More.

Shorter wavelengths carry more ___________ and longer wavelengths carry ___________ energy.

More;less.

Atom

Most basic and fundamental unit of matter that consists of protons, neutrons and electrons.

Intermediate filaments

Most durable.

Molecule

Most fundamental and stable components of matter.

What types of cells can perform glycolysis?

Most prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Bulk Transport

Move substances more rapidly because they move together.

Osmosis

Movement of water across the membrane from high to low.

Sensitivity and Stimuli Response

Movement toward a stimulus is considered a positive response, movement away from a stimulus is considered a negative response.

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Moves the stage up and down very quickly.

Fine Adjustment Knob

Moves the stage up and down very slowly.

Which electron carriers are involved in oxidative phosphorylation (2)?

NADH and FADH₂

Anions

Negatively charged particles.

Is a virus considered living (3)?

No, because even though it has DNA and RNA, it cannot reproduce without a host cell and has no cellular structure. It is an intracellular parasite.

Does the Calvin cycle happen in the dark, in the chloroplast and at the same time as the light dependent reaction?

No, the name is misleading. Yes, it occurs in the chloroplast as well. Yes, because it uses the products of the light dependent reaction to start the next process.

Do all plant cells contain starch?

No.

In the G0 phase, are the cells preparing to divide?

No.

Genes

Nucleotide segments and the functional units of chromosomes.

Building blocks of nucleic acids are what?

Nucleotides.

List the parts of a cell (17)

Nucleus, Chromatin, Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Intermediate filaments, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Cytoskeleton, Microfilaments, Microtubules, Centrioles, Cilia and Flagella.

Atomic mass

Number of protons and neutrons.

Atomic number

Number of protons.

M phase (3)

Occurs near the end of the metaphase stage of mitosis. Known as the spindle checkpoint. Determines if all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules.

Nondisjunction (2)

Occurs when the pairs of homologous chromosomes fail to completely separate and migrate to separate poles during the first cell division of meiosis.

How do you calculate total magnification of microscope?

Ocular lens times objective lens being used.

PMAT occurs ______ in mitosis but ________ in meiosis.

Once;twice.

When proto-concogenes are mutated what do they become?

Oncogenes.

Reproduction (2)

One celled organisms reproduce by binary fission, budding, or cloning. Multicellular organisms reproduce by asexual or sexual reproduction.

Animal cells that are produced during meiosis have ________ ________ of chromosomes and are referred to as ______.

One sets;haploid.

What are the two different forms of starch?

One umbranched (amylose) and one branched (amylopectin).

Centrioles

Only in animal cells (some protest) for mitotic division.

Glucose (2)

Only one brain can use, ring forms.

List the characteristics of life (9).

Order, Response, Reproduction, Adaptation, Growth and development, Regulation, Homeostasis, and Energy processing.

Golgi Apparatus is an ___________.

Organelle.

In G2 the rest of the __________ are made.

Organelles.

Multicellular organism

Organism made up of many cells.

Order

Organisms are highly organized. Even cells perform specialized functions.

Growth and Development

Organisms grow and develop according to specific instructions coded for their genes.

Autotrophs

Organisms that are able to make their own food.

Centrioles help to do what?

Organize cell division.

Valence electrons

Outer shell electrons.

The last step of aerobic respiration is referred to as what?

Oxidative phosphorylation.

Lose Electrons = __________ and Gain Electrons = __________.

Oxidized; reduced.

_____ is an essential element in the electron transport chain and aerobic respiration.

Oxygen

What is the final electron receptor in oxidative phosphorylation?

Oxygen.

Golgi apparatus

Packaging cellular secretions.

Galactose

Part of milk sugars.

What is the process that helps to ensure that a scientist's research is original, significant, logical and thorough?

Peer review.

The process by which scientists have their research assessed and evaluated by their colleagues before publication is known as _______.

Peer-reviewed article/journal.

How are proteins denatured (3)?

Ph, temperature, and ionic concentrations.

When energy-depleted elements associated with a __________ are accepted by an organic molecule, the process is called _____________ and the end product of glycolysis is ____________.

Photon;fermentation;ATP.

What components from the photosynthesis equation were from the light-dependent and Calvin cycle reaction?

Photosynthesis equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂0 --L-I-G-H-T-->6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ Components from light-dependent reaction: -6O₂ , H₂0 and light. Components from light-independent/Calvin Cycle reaction: -6CO₂ and C₆H₁₂O₆

Explain the reciprocal nature of the net chemical reactions for photosynthesis and respiration (3).

Photosynthesis takes the energy of sunlight and combines water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen as a waste product. The reactions of cellular respiration take sugar and consume oxygen to break it down into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy. Thus, the reactants of photosynthesis are the products of respiration and vice versa.

Chlorphyll is a ___________ in plants used for photosynthesis.

Pigment.

List the three variations of endocytosis.

Pinocystosis, receptor meditated endocytosis and phagocytosis.

Starch

Plant storage.

All single cells have...(5)

Plasma, Membranes, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, and DNA.

What are the two types of protein regulators in the cell cycle?

Positive and negative regulators.

Cations

Positively charged particles.

When the molecules in food are broken down during digestion, it releases the inherent _____ within their chemical bonds.

Potential energy.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell.

Chloroplast

Powerhouse of the plant cell.

Sexual Reproduction

Process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism.

Fermentation

Process by which cells make ATP without the presence of oxygen to continue glycolysis.

Photosynthesis (2)

Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches. It takes place in the leaves with chlorophyll.

What are the parts of mitosis (5)?

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Cellular Respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen (glycolysis).

ATP synthase

Produced from the electron transport chain. It combines a phosphate with ADP to create ATP at the end of cellular respiration in the mitchondria.

Plants are the __________ in the food chain.

Producers.

Lactic acid

Product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells.

Positive change (2)

Products have more free energy than the reactants. Ex: Endergonic is spontaneous

Not all _____________ cells can do photosynthesis.

Prokaryotes.

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Prokaryotes: Single celled organisms that lack organelles bounded membrane and don't have a nucleus. Eukaryotes: They do have the organelles surrounded by membrane and a nucleus surround by membranes.

DNA in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes: The genome is composed of a single, double-stranded DNA molecule in the form of a loop or circle. Eukaryotes: The genome comprises several double-stranded, linear DNA molecules bound with proteins to form complexes called chromosomes.

Where does photosynthesis take place in prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms and cyanobacteria?

Prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms have infoldings of the plasma membrane for chlorophyll attachment and photosynthesis.

What is not an extracellular matrix role of carbohydrates?

Provide.

Endocytosis

Putting in of lipids and proteins from the cell membrane.

Receptor mediated endocytosis (2)

Requires a carrier molecule moves from low to high; the uptake of specific molecules based on a cell's receptor proteins.

Cellulose is rigid and has a high tensile strength because every other glucose monomer is flipped over and packed tightly as extended long chains. T or F

T.

What are the three types of tumor suppressor genes?

RB1, p21 and p53.

What are the reactants (3) and products (4) of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

Reactants: Carbon dioxide, NADPH and ATP. Products: ADP, phosphate, NADP+ and glucose.

What are the reactants (5) and products (3) of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

Reactants: Light, water, NADP+, ADP and phosphate. Products: NADPH, ATP and oxygen.

Meiosis is known as a ___________ division and PMAT occurs ________.

Reduction;twice.

Centromere

Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach.

Peroxisomes

Remove peroxide and formaldehyde.

Deletion and duplication is a _________ error.

Replication.

n represents...

Represents a single set of chromosomes.

Microfilaments (3)

Responsible for cellular movements such as contraction, crawling, pinching and formation of cellular extensions.

What are three things about RNA?

Ribose sugar, has 3 forms and is single stranded.

RuBisCo (2)

Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate). It catalyzes the fixative reaction

Isotopes

Same number of protons, increase in the number of neutrons and the mass number changes.

Basic science

Science that seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short term application of that knowledge.

Cytokinesis (2)

Second part of after the mitotic phase during which cell division is completed by the physical separation of the cytoplasmic into two daughter cells. Two daughter cells are formed completely identical to the original parent cell.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Series of canals, tubes and sacs for protein synthesis.

Synaptic signaling

Short-lived neurotransmitters are released by neurons into the gap, called a synapse, between nerves and target cells.

Paracrine signaling

Short-lived signal molecules are released into the extracellular fluid and influence neighboring cells (neurotransmitters).

List the types of passive transport (3).

Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion and osmosis.

Archea Domain

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus and usually live in extreme environments (extremophiles).

Bacteria Domain

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus.

Monosaccharides

Six carbon sugars.

List the types of active transport (3).

Sodium-potassium pump, exocytosis and endocytosis.

Saturated fats are...(4)

Solid at room temperature, have hydrogens all around the carbons, have single bonds between the carbon and are derived from animals.

What types of cells are divided in mitosis and how many chromosomes do each of the 2 daughter cells have?

Somatic;46.

______ cells are made during mitosis, but _______ cells are made during meiosis.

Somatic;haploid.

Investment

Some ATP energy is used to start the process of glucose oxidation at the beginning of the cycle.

What are the characteristics of facilitated diffusion (3)?

Specific, passive and saturates.

DNA and RNA are macromolecules. T or F

T.

The M checkpoint is also known as the _____ checkpoint because of where the sister chromatids are attached.

Spindle

Types of polysaccharides (4)

Starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

States that every energy transfer involves some loss of energy in an unusable form (usually heat).

Positive regulators and example

Stimulate the cell cycle Ex: Cdk and Cyclin.

Potential energy

Stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Stores calcium.

Each citric acid cycle will produce two carbon dioxide molecules and one ATP molecule. T or F

T.

Thermodynamics

Study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter.

Organelle

Sub-unit of a cell and is a membrane bound compartment within it.

Photosynthesis requires ____________ , __________ ___________ , and ___________.

Sunlight; carbon dioxide; water.

Base

Supports the microscope.

Everything outside to that matter is the _________.

Surroundings.

ATP is a type of nucleic acid. T or F

T.

Where does electron transport take place?

Takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria.

Tonicity

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

Homeostasis (4)

The ability of an organisms to maintain constant internal condition. Negative feedback is the normal response, which stops the initial response. Positive feedback increases the initial response. This could be deadly except in certain situation.

Energy

The ability to do work.

Acetyl- coenzyme A

The acetylated form of coenzyme A. Formed as an intermediate in the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and protein in animal metabolism.

Telophase

The stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by new nuclear envelopes

Activation Energy

The amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur.

What happens if p53 is mutated (2)?

The cell cycle continues like normal without fixing any cell issues or DNA damages. This can lead to uncontrollable cell growth and the development of tumors.

If the cell doesn't qualify to pass a checkpoint what two options does it have to proceed (2)?

The cell will either pause and not move on until the issue is repaired or resolved; or it will conduct apoptosis (blow up/self destruct) to prevent a mutation from proceeding further.

When muscle cells run out of oxygen, what happens to the potential for energy extraction from sugars and what pathways do the cell use (4)?

The cells follow the lactic acid fermentation pathway. Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation and the citric acid cycle would stop. So ATP is no longer generated through that this mechanism, which extracts the greatest amount of energy from a sugar molecule. In addition, NADH accumulates, preventing glycolysis from going forward because of the absence of NAD+. Lactic acid fermentation uses the electrons in NADH to generate lactic acid from pyruvate, which allows glycolysis to continue and thus a smaller amount of ATP can be generated by the cell.

Eukarya Domain

The cells with nuclei.

What does the spindle attach to what in metaphase?

The centromeres.

Heat energy

The energy transferred from one system to another that is not work.

Surface tension

The cohesive force at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating.

X inactivation

The condensation of X chromosomes into Barr bodies during embryonic development in females to compensate for the double genetic dose.

Carbon fixation

The conversion of CO₂ into an organic compound.

Chromosome inversion

The detachment, 180° rotation, and reinsertion of a chromosome arm.

Inversion

The detachment, 180° rotation, and reinsertion of a chromosome arm.

Signaling is defined by...

The distance from source to receptor.

ATP

The energy source that cells use for most of their work and also known as energy currency.

Which part of the Calvin cycle would be affected if a cell could not produce the enzyme RuBisCO (2)?

The entire cycle would not take place, because RuBisCO is an essential enzyme involved in the fixation of carbon dioxide. Specifically, RuBisCO catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP at the start of the cycle.

Genome

The entire genetic complement (DNA) of an organism.

Metaphase plate

The equatorial plane midway between two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase.

Crossing over/recombination

The exchange of chromosome segments between non-homologous sister chromatids chromosomes that incorporate genes from both parents of the organism forming reproductive cells.

Ocular lens

The first lens in a compound microscope (usually 10x).

Meiosis I (2)

The first round of meiotic cell division; referred to as reduction division because the resulting cells are haploid. It reduced the number of chromosome sets from two to one.

Prophase (4)

The first stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense and become visible. The spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes. Nuclear envelope breaks down. Centrosomes move toward opposite poles.

Light dependent reaction

The first stage of photosynthesis where visible light is absorbed to form two energy-carrying molecules (ATP and NADPH).

Stroma (2)

The fluid-filled space surrounding the grana (stack of thylakoids) inside a chloroplast where the Calvin cycle takes place.

Synapsis

The formation of a close association between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.

Prometaphase

The stage of mitosis during which mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.

Species and Genus

The genus and species are the two last categories where an organism belongs to are how an organism receives its scientific name.

Chlorophyll

The green pigment that captures the light energy that drives the reactions of photosynthesis.

Metaphase I (2)

The homologous chromosome pairs are arranged in the center of the cell (but not in single file). This is where it becomes more random with independent assortment for genetic variation.

Cell theory (3)

The idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.

Cohesion

The intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; creates surface tension.

Why is there no electron transport chain in the fermentation process?

The last step of cellular respiration needs oxygen for electron transport.

Iterate (2)

The last step of the scientific method is to reflect on our results and use them to guide our next steps. he result of one go-round becomes feedback that improves the next round of question asking.

Active site

The location within the enzyme where the substrate binds that is usually on the surface of the enzyme.

Homologous chromosomes (3)

The matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism. They are the same length and have specific nucleotide segments called genes in exactly the same location. Diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes, and the members of each pair come from different parents.

Metaphase II (2)

The sister chromatids are maximally condensed and aligned at the center of the cell. There is no pairs and is single file like mitosis.

Origin

The starting point of replication.

Would you describe the metabolic pathways as inherently wasteful or inherently economical. Why (3)?

The metabolic pathways are very economical. The substrates, intermediates and products move between the pathways and do so in response to finely tuned feedback inhibition loops that keep metabolism overall on an even keel. Intermediates is one pathway may occur in another and they can move from one pathway to another fluidly in response to the needs of the cell.

Mitotic spindle

The microtubule apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.

Mesophyll

The middle layer of cells in a leaf that contains the chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

Prometaphase II (2)

The nuclear envelopes are completely broken down. Each sister chromatid forms an individual kinetochore that attaches to microtubules from opposite poles.

Karyotype

The number and appearance of an individuals chromosomes, including the size, banding patterns, and centromere position.

Cell Cycle

The ordered sequence of events that a cell passes through between one cell division and the next before mitosis.

During binary fission, the beginning of DNA replication is what?

The origin.

Stoma/Stomata (pl)

The small opening that regulates gas exchange (carbon dioxide and oxygen) and water regulation between leaves and the environment.

We inhale oxygen when we breathe and exhale carbon dioxide. What is the oxygen used for and where does the carbon dioxide come from (3)?

The oxygen we inhale is the final electron receptor in the electron transport chain and allows aerobic respiration to proceed. This is the most efficient pathway for harvesting energy in the form of ATP from food molecules. The carbon dioxide we breathe out is formed during the citric acid cycle when the bonds in the carbon compounds are broken.

Mitosis (2)

The period of the cell cycle at which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei. Includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Interphase (3)

The period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis where the cell is preparing to divide (doing DNA replication, growth and cell functions); includes G1, S, and G2 phases. The interim between two consecutive cell divisions.

Mitotic phase

The period of the cell cycle when duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and the cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes mitosis and cytokinesis.

Karyogram

The photographic image of a karyotype.

Gene (2)

The physical and functional unit of heredity. A sequence of DNA that codes for a specific peptide or RNA molecule.

Independent Assortment

The physical basis for the generation of the second form of genetic variation.

Bisosphere

The place, area, and zone where the entire life on Earth exists.

Locus

The position of a gene on a chromosome.

Translocation

The process in which a segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

Absorption spectrum

The specific pattern of absorption for a substance that absorbs electromagnetic radiation.

Substrates

The specific reactants (substance) that an enzyme binds and acts on.

Anaphase I

The spindle fibers pull the linked chromosomes apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Negative change (2)

The products of a reaction have less free energy than the reactants. Ex: Exergonic reaction where the energy is exiting.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of all possible frequencies of radiation

Calvin Cycle

The reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules.

Meiosis II (2)

The second round of meiotic cell division following meiosis I; sister chromatids are separated from each other, and the result is four unique haploid cells.

Objective lens

The second set of lenses in a compound microscope (usually 4x, 10x, 40x).

S phase

The second, or synthesis phase, of interphase during which DNA replication occurs.

Telophase I (2)

The separated chromosomes arrive at opposite poles where two new nuclei is formed around the chromosomes. Ends up with two daughter cells.

Life cycle

The sequence of events in the development of an organism and the production of cells that produce offspring.

Where does the energy that drives photosynthesis come from?

The sun/sunlight.

First Law of Thermodynamics (2)

The total amount of energy in the universe is constant and conserved. Energy can be transferred from place to place or transformed in different forms, it cannot be created or destroyed.

Osmolarity

The total amount of substances dissolved in a specific amount of solution.

Kinetic energy

The type of energy associated with objects in motion.

Fertilization

The union of two haploid cells typically from two individual organisms.

Macromolecules

These are large molecules that are formed with combined smaller units (monomers).

G₂ phase (4)

Third phase of interphase where the cell undergoes the final preparations for mitosis. The cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes the proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation. Bars the entry to the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met. Ensures that all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged.

Tremetol, a is metabolic poison found in white snakeroot plant, prevents the metabolism of lactate. When cows eat this plant, tremetol is concentrated in the milk. Humans who consume the milk become ill. Symptoms of this disease, which include vomiting abdominal pain and tremors, become worse after exercise. Why do you think this is the case (4)?

This is because lactate is lactic acid. Because humans could consume it from the milk, it will raise the lactic acid levels in their system. When humans exercise their muscles produce more lactic acid resulting in even more lactic acid build up in addition to the lactate in the milk. Therefore, there is a greater build up of lactic acid in the human body which can cause hurting symptoms as such.

What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA?

Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine,and Guanine.

Stomach lining is a _____________.

Tissue.

Arm

To carry the microscope

What is the overall purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

To convert solar energy into chemical energy that cells can use to work.

Why do crossing over and independent assortment occur during meiosis?

To increase genetic diversity.

Chlorophyll said to donate an electron after a photon reaches it. Why (2)?

To replace the electron the water molecule is split. When that happens it releases an electron and results in O2 and H+ in the thylakoid space.

The variation in coat color in dogs is caused by the specific combination of the genes inherited from both parents. T or F

True.

Tetrad

Two duplicated homologous chromosomes (four chromatids) bound together by chiasmata during prophase I.

Community

Two or more populations together.

Cells that are produced during mitosis have _______ ________ of chromosomes and are referred to as ________.

Two sets;diploid.

One chromosome is composed of _________ sister chromatids.

Two.

Simple diffusion

Type of passive transport that allows small non-polar particles like oxygen to pass through and follows the concentration gradient.

Feedback inhibition (3)

Uses a reactant product to regulate its own further production. Production of both amino acids and nucleotides are controlled by feedback inhibition.

Photoautorotrophs (2)

Uses sunlight and carbon for food. An organism capable of synthesizing its own food molecules (storing energy), using the energy of light

Order and Family

Using grasses as an example from the plant kingdom, they belong to the order Poales and the family Poaceae.

Free energy is ________ or energy that is available to do __________.

Usuable;work.

Coenzyme A, which assists in the production of acetyl CoA during the citric acid cycle, is made from which vitamins?

Vitamin B₅.

With regard to enzymes, why are vitamins and minerals necessary for good health (5)? Give examples.

Vitamins and minerals are used as coenzymes and cofactors that helps enzymes catalyze reactions. Many enzymes require the binding of certain cofactor's or coenzymes to be able to catalyze their reactions. Since enzymes catalyze many important reactions, it's critical to obtain sufficient vitamins and minerals from diet and supplements. Ex: Vitamin C (absorbic acid) is a coenzyme necessary for the action of enzymes that build collagen. Ex: Heme is a cofactor with an iron atom in the center found in blood which creates the hemoglobin proteins and activates it.

Coenzymes (2)

Vitamins that assist in the normal functioning of enzymes. They are organic helper molecules.

What are the conditions of movement (3)?

Voltage difference, concentrations and state of the gate.

Electron transport (4)

Where electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to create a proton gradient of H+. This gradient is use to power the enzyme ATP synthase. Oxygen is the last receptor and produces water. Electron transport requires oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria.

Light source

Where light comes from to see image.

Stage

Where one puts the slide to view.

Where is cholesterol found in the membrane?

Within the tail bilayer.

What is the female sex chromosome and male sex chromosome?

XX;XY.

Are cell cycle checkpoints are an important part in preventing the growth of cancer tumors in the human body?

Yes.

Are cell cycle checkpoints important in preventing the growth of cancer tumor in the human body?

Yes.

Do both reactions use carrier molecules to transport energy from one to another?

Yes.

Do prokaryotes not conduct the process of the citric acid cycle?

Yes.

Is electron transport aerobic?

Yes.

Is the digestive system very involved with enzymes?

Yes.

When the sperm fertilizes the egg a ________ is formed.

Zygote.

Pinocytosis (2)

cellular drinking; molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles.

What mutated genes is found in more than half all human cancer tumor cells?

p53

Mutated _____ genes are found in more than half of all human cancer tumor cells.

p53.

Plants produce oxygen when they photosynthesize. Where does the oxygen come from?

splitting water molecules.