BIOL 102 EXAM 4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
40) The pituitary gland is often called the "master of the endocrine system" because A) it secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands. B) all other hormones must be activated by enzymes released by the pituitary gland. C) all blood vessels must pass through the pituitary so hormones can be regulated. D) it contains neuroendocrine cells that activate many of the other endocrine glands. E) releasing and inhibiting factors for most other endocrine glands are released by the pituitary.
- A) it secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands.
15) Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for speech and conscious thought? A) corpus callosum B) frontal C) parietal D) occipital E) temporal
- B) frontal
T or F: 50) Every hormone in the human body needs to interact with an appropriate receptor on the target cell's membrane before it can cause a response.
- False
T or F: 53) The secretion of oxytocin during childbirth stimulates ADH release by the anterior pituitary gland.
- False
T or F: 58) The alpha, beta, and delta cells located in the islets of Langerhans of the thyroid produce three different hormones that are important in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels of the blood.
- False
T or F: 18) The somatic division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) controls skeletal muscles.
- True
T or F: 20) Reestablishment of the resting potential in a neuron following an action potential requires the activity of the sodium-potassium pump.
- True
45) During times of stress, which one of the following glands stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH? A) hypothalamus B) posterior pituitary C) pancreas D) anterior pituitary E) adrenal medulla
- A) hypothalamus
44) Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by A) promoting the entry of glucose into cells. B) activating hormone production in the posterior pituitary gland. C) promoting the breakdown of fat. D) stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. E) stimulating alpha cells of the pancreas to produce more hormones.
- A) promoting the entry of glucose into cells.
7) Saltatory conduction is A) the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons. B) an action potential generated in taste receptors or buds. C) the movement of an electrical impulse from the dendrite to an axon. D) the activation of the fight-or-flight response. E) the movement of neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft.
- A) the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons.
37) The following is a list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. Which one of the following answers best represents the order in which the steps occur? 1. cellular response to the hormone 2. activation of a gene 3. formation of a hormone-receptor complex 4. diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane 5. production of a protein A) 2, 5, 4, 3, 1 B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 C) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2 D) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4 E) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5
- B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
1) Which component of the nervous system is divided into the somatic and autonomic divisions? A) peripheral B) motor C) sensory D) parasympathetic E) central
- B) motor
6) Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are A) found primarily in lymphatic fluids. B) neuroglial cells. C) located only in the spinal fluid. D) myelinated. E) nodes of Ranvier.
- B) neuroglial cells.
8) Which one of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last? A) Calcium diffuses into an axon bulb. B) Action potential arrives at an axon bulb. C) Chemically gated channels for sodium open. D) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. E) Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft.
- C) Chemically gated channels for sodium open.
3) Which one of the following steps occurs during the absolute refractory period? A) Sodium channels open, releasing sodium ions into the neuron, which causes potassium channels to close. B) Potassium channels open, releasing potassium ions from the neuron; sodium channels close. C) The neuron cannot generate an action potential. D) A nerve impulse fails to reach threshold. E) Sodium channels open, which causes potassium channels to open.
- C) The neuron cannot generate an action potential.
47) Which one of the following causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla? A) releasing hormone from the hypothalamus B) AMTH form the anterior pituitary C) sympathetic nerves D) ACTH from the anterior pituitary E) parasympathetic nerves
- C) sympathetic nerves
38) The action of nonsteroid hormones often results in conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which then functions A) as an internal receptor for steroid hormones. B) to stimulate the release of the original hormone from the cell surface receptor. C) to initiate a cascade of enzyme activations. D) as an enzyme in the generation of ATP. E) as a secondary hormone released into the bloodstream.
- C) to initiate a cascade of enzyme activations.
27) Olfactory receptors are located in which one of the following? A) skin surrounding nasal openings B) muscles C) upper part of nasal passages D) taste buds E) upper regions of mouth
- C) upper part of nasal passages
43) FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovaries and testes. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________ is released from the hypothalamus. A) PRL B) TSH C) LH D) GnRH E) ACTH
- D) GnRH
33) Color blindness usually results from a decrease in the number of A) foveae. B) ciliary muscles. C) optic disks. D) cones. E) rods.
- D) cones.
13) The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which one of the following? A) cerebral cortex B) pons C) thalamus D) corpus callosum E) medulla oblongata
- D) corpus callosum
49) Which one of the following is caused by the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone by the heart? A) decrease in kidney function B) increased production of fats and proteins C) decrease in blood calcium level D) decrease in blood pressure E) increase of blood sugar level
- D) decrease in blood pressure
41) Hyposecretion of ADH results in A) reduced uptake of blood glucose. B) overstimulation of cell division. C) stimulation of protein synthesis. D) diabetes insipidus. E) an increase in the mass and length of bones.
- D) diabetes insipidus.
32) Receptors for fast pain A) initiate action potentials that travel more quickly. B) transmit action potentials to the brain along the same neurons used by spinal neurons. C) generally arise from muscles or internal organs. D) generally occur in or near skin. E) give rise to a phenomenon called referred pain.
- D) generally occur in or near skin.
34) Which one of the following structures is used to sense rotational movement of the head and body? A) ampulla and cupula B) oval window C) stapes D) semicircular canals E) vestibule
- D) semicircular canals
29) The following is a list of structures in the eye through which light passes. Which one of the following answers best describes the order in which light passes through or hits each structure? 1. lens 2. pupil 3. cornea 4. aqueous humor 5. retina A) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 B) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 C) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 D) 3, 4, 5, 2, 1 E) 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
- E) 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
5) By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus? A) A stronger stimulus results in faster traveling action potentials. B) A stronger stimulus results in prolonged influx of Na+ ions and a delay before repolarization. C) A stronger stimulus results in greater depolarization. D) A stronger stimulus results in hyperpolarization of the neuron. E) A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time.
- E) A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time.
36) All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one? A) Hormones are distributed via the circulatory system. B) Many hormones are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier. C) The endocrine system and the nervous system frequently interact. D) Hormones exert their effects on cells that have the specific hormone receptor. E) Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.
- E) Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.
48) All of following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one? A) They are produced and secreted by the ovaries in response to hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. B) They regulate the menstrual cycle. C) They stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics. D) They are released during a female's reproductive years. E) They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.
- E) They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.
24) A stronger stimulus results in which one of the following? A) action potentials that travel more quickly B) neural fatigue C) greater frequency of action potentials D) larger action potentials E) activation of more receptors and initiation of more action potentials
- E) activation of more receptors and initiation of more action potentials
9) Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells A) activate the sodium-potassium pump of a Schwann cell. B) form a synapse with multiple postsynaptic cells. C) depolarize sequentially. D) depolarize simultaneously. E) form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell.
- E) form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell.
26) Mechanoreceptors specifically designed to monitor muscle length are termed A) muscle fibers. B) Pacinian corpuscles. C) thermoreceptors. D) dendrites. E) muscle spindles.
- E) muscle spindles.
28) Sound is amplified by components of the middle ear when they vibrate. When one of these components, the stapes, vibrates, the ________ will vibrate. A) cochlea B) tympanic membrane C) pinna D) eustachian tube E) oval window
- E) oval window
25) Receptor adaption occurs when A) action potentials from multiple sensory neurons cancel one another. B) impulse transmission stops at a synapse. C) the brain ignores the incoming action potentials. D) the stimulus stops. E) the sensory neuron stops sending action potentials.
- E) the sensory neuron stops sending action potentials.
T or F: 21) Motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system transmit impulses away from the central nervous system.
- True
T or F: 51) Steroid hormones typically move across the cell and nuclear membranes to bind to receptors in the nucleus.
- True
T or F: 57) During prolonged fasting, cortisol assists in maintaining blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of proteins to amino acids in muscle.
- True
46) A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels A) because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH. B) due to the activity of the anterior pituitary gland. C) as glucagon levels elevate. D) because the hypothalamus cannot be inhibited without iodine. E) because ADH levels rise controllably.
- A) because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH.
2) Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following? A) sensory neurons B) glial cells C) interneurons D) macrophages E) motor neurons
- C) interneurons
12) The region of brain that coordinates antagonistic muscle movements is the A) cerebellum. B) medulla oblongata. C) thalamus. D) occipital lobe. E) pons.
- A) cerebellum.
16) Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following? A) cerebral cortex B) hypothalamus C) cerebellum D) medulla oblongata E) thalamus
- A) cerebral cortex
31) The transparent covering of the front of the eye is the A) cornea. B) lens. C) fovea centralis. D) pupil. E) iris.
- A) cornea.
14) Which of the following parts of the brain is associated with emotions and behavior? A) cerebellum B) limbic system C) medulla oblongata D) corpus callosum E) hypothalamus
- B) limbic system
17) Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the A) cerebral cortex. B) cerebellum. C) medulla oblongata. D) thalamus. E) hypothalamus.
- C) medulla oblongata.
11) Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movement are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system? A) sensory division B) endocrine division C) somatic division D) parasympathetic division E) sympathetic division
- C) somatic division
30) The vitreous humor fills the main chamber of the eye. Which one of the following structures of the eye would vitreous humor come in direct contact with? A) sclera B) cornea C) choroid D) retina E) iris
- D) retina
39) The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one? A) TSH B) LH C) PRL D) ACTH E) ADH
- E) ADH
59) When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the A) uterus. B) breasts. C) breasts and uterus. D) hypothalamus. E) kidneys.
- A) uterus.
10) Which one of the following is NOT directly involved in the production of a typical spinal reflex? A) sensory neuron B) brain C) stimulus D) interneuron E) motor neuron
- B) brain
42) Which one of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males? A) aldosterone B) growth hormone C) prolactin D) LH E) FSH
- D) LH
4) A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential. A) graded B) refractory C) depolarization D) action E) resting
- E) resting
35) Which of the following tissues/organs is NOT a member of the endocrine system? A) stomach B) adrenal gland C) thyroid gland D) kidney E) salivary gland
- E) salivary gland
T or F: 19) The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the limbic nervous system.
- False
T or F: 23) Neurotransmitters always cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
- False
T or F: 22) An action potential is a long or rapid release of energy, generated by the sodium-potassium pumps of neurons.
- False
T or F: 52) Nonsteroid hormones cause the production of ATP from cAMP.
- False
T or F: 54) In females, LH promotes the monthly development of the egg and FSH causes release of the egg from the ovary.
- False
T or F: 55) Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores.
- False
T or F: 56) Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland enhance the response of the parasympathetic nervous system.
- False
