BIOL 1050 FINAL Exam

Saturated fats have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated fats because saturated fats have carbon-carbon double bonds. True False

False

Helium is not a reactive molecule because: its first-level shell is full with two protons. its second-level shell is full with two electrons. its first-level shell is full with two neutrons. its first-level shell is full with two electrons. Helium is a reactive molecule.

its first-level shell is full with two electrons.

In humans, genes make up ______ of the DNA. about 75% 100% less than 5% about 10% about 50%

less than 5%

The principal components of cell membranes are: carbohydrates. nucleic acids. lipids. glycoproteins. proteins.

lipids.

An S-shaped population growth curve best describes ________. logistic growth exponential growth unlimited growth rapid and steady growth rate

logistic growth

Which of the following is a primary function of fats? a quick source of energy short term energy storage long term energy storage as a structural component of muscles

long term energy storage

An important difference between mRNA and DNA is: DNA can move outside of the cell, while mRNA stays inside the cell. mRNA can move outside of the cell, while DNA stays inside the cell. mRNA can move throughout the cell, while DNA stays in the cytosol. DNA can move throughout the cell, while mRNA stays in the nucleus. mRNA contains uracil instead of thymine, which is found in DNA.

mRNA contains uracil instead of thymine, which is found in DNA.

Which of the following is the best way to distinguish male from female? Males are larger males are more brightly colored males produce motile gametes males are more aggressive all of the above statements are correct

males produce motile gametes

Physical laws state that we can recycle: both matter and energy. neither matter nor energy. matter, but not energy. energy, but not matter.

matter, but not energy.

Individuals carrying two non-functioning alleles for the gene producing the enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine: will develop phenylketonuria PKU. may or may not develop phenylketonuria, because the environment (diet, in this case) also plays a role in determining their phenotype. will develop both PKU and Tay-Sachs disease.

may or may not develop phenylketonuria, because the environment (diet, in this case) also plays a role in determining their phenotype.

Water heats up ______ and cools off _____ than land. more quickly, more quickly more quickly, more slowly more slowly, more quickly more slowly, more slowly

more slowly, more slowly

Cancer cells are different from other cells in that they have lost their "contact inhibition." "Contact inhibition" means: DNA replication in most cells stops when the double helix comes in contact with particular enzymes. most cells stop dividing when they have reached 50 cell divisions. DNA replication in most cells doesn't begin until the double helix comes in contact with particular enzymes. most cells stop dividing when they bump up against other cells or collections of cells. most cells don't begin to divide until they bump up against other cells or collections of cells.

most cells stop dividing when they bump up against other cells or collections of cells.

The ABO blood type system in humans is an example of: balanced polymorphism and codominance. codominance but not multiple alleles. multiple alleles and codominance. multiple alleles but not codominance. balanced polymorphism but not codominance.

multiple alleles and codominance.

The origin of all genetic variation is: mutation. respiration. glycolosis. mitosis.

mutation.

What theory is credited to Charles Darwin? biological evolution natural selection acquired characteristics gradualism

natural selection

Trisomy 21 is a consequence of _______________________, the unequal distribution of chromosomes during meiosis. recombination cytokinesis chorionic villus sampling nondisjunction crossing over

nondisjunction

All lipids are: polymers of fatty acids. not soluble in water. triglycerides. polar. hydrophilic.

not soluble in water.

DNA is made of: nucleotides. four interconnected carbon rings. amino acids. glucose molecules. fatty acids.

nucleotides.

If a woman is homozygous dominant for color vision, what percentage of her sons will be colorblind? 0% 50% 100%

0%

How many sex chromosomes does the normal human female inherit from her mother? 2 46 22 1 23

1

If a true-breeding, blue-flowered plant was crossed with a true-breeding white-flowered plant, what phenotypic ratio would we observe in the progeny resulting from this cross? Assume the white-flowered trait is completely dominant. 75% blue, 25% white 100% blue 100% light blue 100% white There is not enough information to answer this question.

100% white

What is the K (carrying capacity) for this population based on the graph? 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0

100,000

How many copies of an allele (gene variant) do each of us have for EVERY trait controlled by a single gene? 1 2 4 6

2

How many covalent bonds does oxygen form? 1 2 3 4

2

How many offspring would need to survive to adulthood to replace a breeding pair of roaches? 0 2 20 200

2

What is the maximum number of electrons in the 1st electron orbital? 0 1 2 8

2

What will be the probable chance of having a cleft or a straight chin from the cross DD x dd? 0% cleft; 100% straight 50% cleft; 50% straight 75% cleft; 25% straight 100% cleft; 0% straight

100% cleft; 0% straight

After replication of it's DNA, a chromosome is 2 identical chromosomes 2 identical chromatids

2 identical chromatids

Uses of recombinant DNA technology include _______. Engineering herbicide-resistant plants. Introducing enzymes from daffodils into rice plants Increasing rate of growth of farmed salmon Mass-producing human insulin All of the above

All of the above

Which part of pizza is a result of fermentation? The crust The pepperoni The cheese All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a fossil? dinosaur feces leaf imprints skeletal remains All of the above ARE fossils.

All of the above ARE fossils.

How many children can be fed with 100 tons of grain if they eat it directly and we don't feed it to livestock to produce hamburgers? 20 200 2000 20,000

200

How many vacancies does nitrogen have in its outer electron shell? 1 3 5 7

3

What phase of the demographic transition is the United States most likely in? 1 - Slow growth 2 - Fast growth 3 - Slow growth

3 - Slow growth

The products of meiosis are 2 cells that are genetically identical (diploid) 4 cells that are genetically identical (haploid) 2 cells that are not genetically identical (diploid) 4 cells that are not genetically identical (haploid)

4 cells that are not genetically identical (haploid)

Pea flowers may be purple (P) or white (p). Pea seeds may be round (R) or wrinkled (r). What proportion of the offspring from a cross between purple-flowered, round-seeded individuals will have both white flowers and round seeds? 1/16 1/2 3/16 3/4 9/16

3/16

What percentage of the strand of DNA in this slide is guanine, if 20% is adenine? 20% 30% 40% 60%

30%

How many ATP molecules are harvested from 1 glucose molecule as a result of aerobic respiration? 0 2 20 36

36

What is the approximate age of Earth? 10 billion years 4.6 billion years 1.2 billion years 285 million years

4.6 billion years

In humans, the condition for normal blood clotting is dominant to the condition of hemophilia. These genes are X-linked. If a male hemophiliac has a child with a woman who is a carrier for hemophilia,what are the chances that a son will be a hemophiliac? 0% 25% 50% 100%

50%

What is the chance of having a child with a cleft chin if one parent is homozygous recessive and the other is heterozygous? 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

50%

How many electrons are there is the 2nd electron shell for an oxygen atom? 2 4 6 8

6

What is the chance of having a child with a cleft chin (phenotype) if both parents are heterozygous (Dd)? 0% cleft; 100% straight 25% cleft; 75% straight 50% cleft; 50% straight 75% cleft; 25% straight

75% cleft; 25% straight

The egg cells of a dog contain 39 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the dog's liver cells? 19.5 39 78 46

78

How is extinction represented in a tree diagram? A branch splits. A branch ends. A branch shifts along the x-axis. None of the above.

A branch ends.

Which city has a greater range in average daily temperature because of the hydrogen bonding of water molecules? A city with a dry climate A city with a humid climate

A city with a dry climate

Which is NOT capable of biological evolution? A population of lice. A population of bacteria, such as Staphlyococcus aureus. A louse exposed to the shampoo containing pesticide. All of the above can evolve.

A louse exposed to the shampoo containing pesticide.

Which has more calories? A pound of hamburger. A pound of carrots.

A pound of hamburger.

Which graph shape indicates that the population may still be experiencing exponential growth? A pyramid, like the population of Kenya. Narrower at the base, like Norway.

A pyramid, like the population of Kenya.

What is the "mutation" in the third sentence? THE RED CAA TRA NOU T A substitution of "A". An insertion of "A". A deletion of "A".

A substitution of "A".

Which members of a family will have mitochondrial DNA in common? Half siblings, different mother, same father A woman, her sister, and her nephew (sister's son) A man and his son and daughters A man and his sons

A woman, her sister, and her nephew (sister's son)

A woman with type B blood and a man with type A blood could have children with which of the following phenotypes? AB only. AB or O only. A, B, or O only. A or B only. A, B, AB, or O.

A, B, AB, or O.

Which of the following is used to make multiple copies of a piece of DNA? CHOP AMPLIFY INSERT GROW

AMPLIFY

Besides Darwin, who else used Malthus' observations about human population to articulate how evolution happens by natural selection? Gregor Mendel Watson & Crick Alfred Russell Wallace Urey & Miller

Alfred Russell Wallace

Which of the following is a statement that supports the Cell Theory? Cells are made of organic molecules. Only cells contain nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. All cells come from existing cells. All living things are made of organic molecules.

All cells come from existing cells.

The El Nino weather event impacts which of the following? The success of the fisheries off the west coast of South America. Warmer temperatures in Japan. Increased rainfall which can lead to flooding in the US midwest. All of the above

All of the above

Chemotherapy is one common treatment for cancer. Which of the following are aspects of chemotherapy? Drugs that interfere with cell division are administered to the patient. Chemotherapy drugs circulate throughout the entire body. Chemotherapy drugs disrupt normal systems that rely on the rapid and constant production of new cells. All of the above are correct. Only a) and c) are correct.

All of the above are correct.

DNA is now often used as evidence in criminal trials. It is particularly useful because it can be found in: hair. saliva. blood. dead skin cells. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

Population bottlenecks occur when: a population's size is significantly reduced for at least one generation. a large portion of a population is suddenly killed off and only a few survive to re-colonize the population. a large portion of a population's genetic variation is lost within a single generation. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

Which are characteristics of cancer cells that make them different from normal, non-cancerous cells? They are not inhibited by the growth of other cells close to them. They can leave the site of the cancerous tumor and travel through the blood stream to other locations. They are immortal and don't stop dividing. All of the above are features of cancerous cells.

All of the above are features of cancerous cells.

Besides DNA testing, what other tools do genetic genealogists use? birth records census lists religious documents (marriage certificates, etc.) All of the above are used.

All of the above are used.

A person's DNA is carried in: Muscle cells. Hair. Saliva. Skin cells. All of the above contain a person's DNA

All of the above contain a person's DNA

In order for a person's DNA to be used for his or her identification, which of the following tools/techniques must also be used in the process? PCR gel electrophoresis restriction enzymes All of the above tools/techniques must be used. Only b) and c) must be used.

All of the above tools/techniques must be used.

What is one benefit from using biotechnology for human insulin production? It's from a human source, so it won't be rejected by the human host. It can be easily produced in a sterile laboratory. Large quantities can be produced, so it will be widely available. All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure? the appendix in humans extra "toes" in the legs of horses pelvic bones in whales All of the above.

All of the above.

What types of events are typically seen in the fossil record? speciation (new species) extinction changes in physical structures All of these are typical of the fossil record.

All of these are typical of the fossil record.

The human population is increasing because of: medical advances. agricultural advances. sanitation practices. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that limits population growth? insufficient food supply accumulation of waste products density of parasites lack of nesting space All of these factors may limit population growth.

All of these factors may limit population growth.

What is the difference between DNA and RNA? DNA is double stranded RNA is single stranded DNA contains thymine RNA contains uracil All of theses are differences

All of theses are differences

What's dangerous about eating genetically modified food? Chemicals Unnatural Allergic Reactions/Impounding Impacts

Allergic Reactions/Impounding Impacts

What event most likely caused the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? A change in the shape of the earth's orbit. An asteroid impact. An increase in invasive species. Competition with large mammals.

An asteroid impact.

Identify the false statement. An atom's nucleus is made up of an equal number of positive and negative particles. An atom's nucleus is made up of positive and neutral particles. Protons and neutrons can be found within an atom's nucleus. Electrons are located outside of an atom's nucleus.

An atom's nucleus is made up of an equal number of positive and negative particles.

What is the source of insulin used to treat diabetes in the 1980s? Animals Plants Sugars Biotechnology

Animals

Which of the following questions CANNOT be answered using the scientific method? How many people in United States believe in ghosts? How many ghost tours are offered in London, England or in New York? Are there more ghosts in England or in the United States? Does attending a ghost tour increase the likelihood of believing in ghosts?

Are there more ghosts in England or in the United States?

Correctly organize the steps of cloning Dolly the sheep. A. Transplant the embryo into the uterus of a surrogate sheep. B. Remove the nuclei from an egg cell and a mammary cell from separate sheep. C. Surrogate sheep gives birth to Dolly. D. Induce cell division and culture to the embryo stage. E. Implant the nucleus from the mammary cell into the egg cell.

BEDAC

Which of the following is NOT an abiotic factor? Bacteria Temperatures Rainfall Sunlight

Bacteria

Why does warm air rise? Because it is compressing and is less dense. Because it is compressing and is more dense. Because it is expanding and is less dense. Because it is expanding and is more dense.

Because it is expanding and is less dense.

Why do frameshift mutations have such a negative impact on a protein? Because they often change one amino acid in the chain. Because they often change ALL the amino acids in the chain after the mutation. Because they relocate large pieces of DNA, even attaching them to a different chromosome.

Because they often change ALL the amino acids in the chain after the mutation.

Over the last 200 years, the amount of CO2 in the air has: increased because the amount of photosynthetic biomass has decreased. increased because the amount of fossil fuel burning has increased. remained constant. decreased because of global warming. Both a) and b) are correct.

Both a) and b) are correct.

Somatic cells can include: kidney cells. heart cells. sperm cells. All of the above are correct. Both a) and b) are correct.

Both a) and b) are correct.

The most effective portion(s) of the visible spectrum in driving photosynthesis is (are): the violet-blue portion. the yellow-green portion. the red-orange portion. Both a) and b) are correct. Both a) and c) are correct.

Both a) and c) are correct.

When a triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is GCA, the corresponding codon for the mRNA that is transcribed from it is: GCT. CGT. UGC. GCU. CGU.

CGU.

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by BOTH malignant and benign tumors? Undergoes metastasis. Cells divide an unlimited number of times. Cells invade and disrupt cells in the surrounding tissue. Cells have reduced adhesiveness or "stickiness."

Cells divide an unlimited number of times.

Which types of cells does chemotherapy target? Only the cancerous cells in a specific organ or tumor. Cells that are diving slowly or not at all. Cells that are dividing rapidly, such as those in our bone marrow, hair follicles, and intestines. Cells that are going through apoptosis.

Cells that are dividing rapidly, such as those in our bone marrow, hair follicles, and intestines.

The test-cross: Makes it possible to determine the genotype of an individual of unknown genotype that exhibits that dominant version of a trait. Is a cross between an individual whose genotype for a trait is not known and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait Sometimes requires the production of multiple offspring to reveal the genotype of an individual whose genotype is unknown (but who exhibits the dominant phenotype). Only A and B are correct Choices A, B, and C are correct.

Choices A, B, and C are correct.

Considered a biotechnology breakthrough, _______ is a tool that allows for the precise cutting of DNA. CRISPR PCRC Cloning Cas9 Chopping

Chopping

The central dogma of molecular biology states that: DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein. DNA is translated into protein. DNA is translated into RNA which is transcribed into protein. RNA is transcribed into protein. DNA is transcribed into RNA.

DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein.

Which of the following statements is true regarding pedigree analysis? Darkened shapes always represent individuals with the trait being traced. Horizontal lines connect siblings. Squares represent females, and circles represent males.

Darkened shapes always represent individuals with the trait being traced.

Which of the following is the heterozygous genotype? DD dd Dd

Dd

Which of the following questions CANNOT be answered by the scientific method? Is eyewitness testimony is criminal proceedings reliable? Does chemical runoff give rise to hermaphrodite fish? Does hair that is shaved grow back coarser? Does taking echinacea reduce the intensity or duration of the common cold? Did the United States act appropriately when it invaded Iraq?

Did the United States act appropriately when it invaded Iraq?

If the Earth had no carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, _________. less of the sun's radiation would reach the surface there would be fewer volcanic eruptions Earth's surface would not give off as much heat Earth would be considerably cooler

Earth would be considerably cooler

If your hypothesis is "Estrogens in sewage runoff turn fish into hermaphrodites," what is your null hypothesis? Estrogens in sewage runoff turn turtles into hermaphrodites. Estrogens in sewage runoff have no effect in turning fish into hermaphrodites. Testosterones in sewage runoff have no effect in turning fish into hermaphrodites. Testosterones in sewage runoff turn fish into hermaphrodites. Estrogens in sewage runoff turn hermaphroditic fish into unisexual fish.

Estrogens in sewage runoff have no effect in turning fish into hermaphrodites.

Cuvier was credited for discovering what field? Natural Selection Extinction Overpopulation Competition

Extinction

Which of the following is best addressed by studying ice samples from Antarctica? When did humans first inhabit South America? How have the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide changed in the last 100,000 years? How has the direction of the prevailing winds changed in the last 100 years? What diseases have impacted polar bears over the past 1000 years?

How have the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide changed in the last 100,000 years?

The _____________ marks the break in the cell cycle between the end of mitosis and beginning of the DNA synthesis stage. mitotic phase synthesis phase Gap 2 phase Gap 1 phase none of the above

Gap 1 phase

Why do many deserts exist at 30 degrees North and South latitudes? This is a high pressure zone where hot air masses converge. These latitudes receive more solar energy than most other latitudes making them much warmer and dryer than other areas. This is a low pressure zone where air ascends taking the moisture with it. Having released all of its moisture at lower latitudes, dry air descends at 30 degrees N/S. Horizontal mountain ranges exist just above these latitudes resulting in large rain shadows.

Having released all of its moisture at lower latitudes, dry air descends at 30 degrees N/S.

Which of the following events does not occur during prophase 1 of meiosis? Spindle fibers form. Homologous pairs of chromosomes aligns at the metaphase plate. Homologues come very close together. Crossing over occurs between sister chromatids. Chromosomes condense.

Homologous pairs of chromosomes aligns at the metaphase plate.

In an experiment that is investigating whether there the essential oil, peppermint, improves recall/memory, which would be a control condition? Individuals who are exposed to a fragrance/perfume while working on a memory task. Individuals who are exposed to an essential oil such as peppermint before working on a memory task. Individuals who are given a cup of peppermint tea which working on a memory task. Individuals who are not exposed to any scent while working on a memory task.

Individuals who are not exposed to any scent while working on a memory task.

When is the sun highest in the sky at noon? In the spring. In the fall. In the winter. In the summer.

In the summer.

What does a high heat capacity indicate for water as a substance? It heats and cools slowly. It heats and cools quickly. It heats slowly and cools quickly. It heats quickly and cools slowly.

It heats and cools slowly.

What happens to biodiversity as you move from the poles TOWARDS the equator. It stays the same. It decreases. It increases.

It increases.

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is INCORRECT? It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. It requires oxygen. It generates ATP. It leads to the formation of pyruvate.

It requires oxygen.

Which statement about the 10% rule of energy conversion efficiency is NOT true? It limits the length of food chains. It suggests that 90% of what an organism eats is used in cellular respiration or is lost as feces. It suggests that 10% of what an organism eats is used in cellular respiration or is lost as feces. It explains why big, fierce animals are so rare. It explains why herbivore biomass must exceed that of carnivores.

It suggests that 10% of what an organism eats is used in cellular respiration or is lost as feces.

Why do coastal areas have milder, less variable climates than inland areas? Because water is a good solvent, it is able to dissolve the photons in light, reducing their ability to heat or cool the land. Large bodies of water have high salt concentrations and salt absorbs a large proportion of the light energy that would have warmed the land. Coastal areas are concentrated near the equator, which varies less than other parts of the globe in the angle at which the sun's light hits it. Large bodies of water, especially oceans, can absorb huge amounts of heat from the sun during warm times of the year, reducing temperature increases on the land. Similarly, during cold times of year the ocean slowly cools, giving off heat that reduces the temperature drop on shore.

Large bodies of water, especially oceans, can absorb huge amounts of heat from the sun during warm times of the year, reducing temperature increases on the land. Similarly, during cold times of year the ocean slowly cools, giving off heat that reduces the temperature drop on shore.

Which of the following is a somatic cell? Liver Sperm Ovary All of the above

Liver

Which is a more accurate representation of how evolution occurs? Lamarkian (top) Mendelian (bottom)

Mendelian (bottom)

The mass extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs occurred: Most recently about 65 million years ago (the peak on the far right of the graph). About 240 million years ago (the peak in the middle of the graph). About 360 million years ago. About 450 million years ago (the peak on the far left of the graph).

Most recently about 65 million years ago (the peak on the far right of the graph).

Which of the following molecules is NOT formed by covalent bonding? NaCl H2 H2O CH4 O2

NaCl

If a man is colorblind, will his sons be colorblind? Yes No

No

Cloning a mammal such as Dolly produces an individual who is genetically unique. an individual who has inherited half their DNA from the female parent. an individual who has inherited half their DNA from the male parent. None of the above.

None of the above.

Which of the following traits CANNOT be modified through artificial selection on a laboratory population? the number of eggs laid by a female bird the length of a dog's tail the amount of time that it takes a mouse to learn a maze the number of days that a fruit fly can live without food None of the above; all could be modified through artificial selection.

None of the above; all could be modified through artificial selection.

Which of the following pairings, indicated by letters referring to blood type phenotypes, CANNOT produce a child with type B blood? O x O O x AB B x O A x B All of the above could produce a child with type B blood.

O x O

Tomato plants that have pest-resistance genes inserted into the genome can be called: cloned organisms. genetically engineered organisms. transgenic organisms. Only b) and c) are correct. All of the above are correct.

Only b) and c) are correct.

Malthus was credited for discovering what field? Overpopulation & Competition Evolution Extinction Acquired Characteristics

Overpopulation & Competition

Pea plants were particularly well suited for use in Mendel's breeding experiments for all of the following reasons except: Peas show easily observed variations in a number of characters, such as pea shape and flower color. It is possible to control matings between different pea plants. It is possible to obtain large numbers of progeny from any given cross. Peas have an unusually long generation time. Many of the observable characters that vary in pea plants are controlled by single genes.

Peas have an unusually long generation time.

Where does plant matter come from? Photosynthesis Sun Soil Tissue

Photosynthesis

Researchers use which tool to amplify a small sample of DNA of interest? Plasmids Cloning Bacterial Vendors Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

When a gene from the bacterium is inserted into the corn DNA, it is called: Gene Therapy Amplification Recombinant DNA PCR

Recombinant DNA

What color light do plants use for photosynthesis? Yellow Green Violet Red

Red

European honey bees pollinating crops such as almonds is an example of: Provisioning services Habitat services Regulating services Cultural services

Regulating services

Which of the following occurred in the lice infestation example? The shampoo caused a mutation in one louse that made it resistant to the shampoo. Some of the lice had a gene that made them resistant to the shampoo. They reproduced and passed this gene to their offspring. The lice needed to be resistant to the shampoo and developed a gene that allowed them to survive.

Some of the lice had a gene that made them resistant to the shampoo. They reproduced and passed this gene to their offspring.

Based upon the DNA sequences below, which of the following species is most closely related to Species X? Species X: ATTGCGAAGGCTCACTA Species 1: ATTGGGAATGCTAACTA Species 2: TAACGCTTCCGAGTGAT Species 3: ATAGGGAAGGAGCACTT Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 2 and 3

Species 1

The genotype "dd" will produce which chin phenotype? Cleft chin Straight chin

Straight chin

Some cloned animals, such as Dolly the sheep, age more quickly than animals that are not cloned. This may be caused by Telomeres that get longer as they age Telomeres that stay the same length as they age Telomeres that were shorter when they were born Telomeres that are rebuilt as they age

Telomeres that were shorter when they were born

Of all the varying types of sex chromosome abnormalities, one possibility—that of an individual having one Y but no X—has never been reported. Which of the following statements is the most likely reason that medical researchers have yet to report a person having a karyotype with one Y and no X? The Y chromosome needs the X chromosome to be present in the cell in order for its genes to be expressed. There is no meiotic event that could produce an egg that does not have an x chromosome. Our current technology for karyotyping would not reveal such an abnormality.

The Y chromosome needs the X chromosome to be present in the cell in order for its genes to be expressed.

Because of Mendel's law of independent assortment: Individuals with red hair are more likely to have freckles. Skin color and hair texture tend to be inherited together. We can deduce that genes cannot exist as free-floating entities within a cell but must be carried on chromosomes. The alleles coding for one trait do not usually influence the inheritance pattern for another trait. Both a) and b) are correct.

The alleles coding for one trait do not usually influence the inheritance pattern for another trait.

If a population has reached the environment's carrying capacity, what can you conclude? The birthrate and the death rate are equal. There are more births than deaths. There are more deaths than births.

The birthrate and the death rate are equal.

Which of the following is most likely a K-selected species? a cockroach a cheetah a sea turtle an honey bee a frog

a cheetah

Which of the following is not a method of chromosomal sex determination that occurs in nature in birds the mother's sex chromosomes determine the sex of The Offspring in sea Turtles eggs laid in hot sand become females and eggs laid in coolers and become males in humans the presence of a y chromosome makes an individual male even if he also possesses two X chromosomes in bees the egg that the queen allows to be fertilized become females and the eggs not fertilized become males all of the above are naturally-occurring examples of sex determination

all of the above are naturally-occurring examples of sex determination

Organisms play a significant role in: the carbon cycle. the sulfur cycle. the nitrogen cycle. a) and c) only. all of the above.

all of the above.

Water molecules form which type of bond with other water molecules? disulfide bridges ionic bonds hydrogen bonds covalent bonds Van der waals bonds

hydrogen bonds

In pea plants, purple flower color is dominant to white flower color. If two pea plants that are true-breeding for purple flowers are crossed, in the offspring: all of the flowers will be purple. three-quarters of the flowers will be purple and one-quarter will be white half of the flowers will be purple and half will be whited. one-quarter of the flowers will be purple and three-quarters will be white all of the flowers will be white

all of the flowers will be purple

In the lynx-snowshoe hare oscillating cycle of population growth, when the hare population size grows, more food is provided for the lynx. Which is the IMMEDIATE next step in this cycle? The lynx population crashes. The hare population grows further. The lynx reproduce at a higher rate. The food source for the lynx is reduced.

The lynx reproduce at a higher rate.

Alternate versions of a gene are called _______________. They can code for different ________________ of the same character. bases; alleles alleles; bases bases; chromosomes chromosomes; traits alleles; traits

alleles; traits

Which of the following is the BEST example of biogeography? The numerous species of marsupial mammal found on the continent of Australia. The location of deserts behind mountain ranges because of the rain shadow effect. The fact that the majority of human babies weigh between 6 and 8 pounds when born. The cluster of cancer cases that occur around a toxic landfill.

The numerous species of marsupial mammal found on the continent of Australia.

Which statement is true? The bison can make food directly from the sun. Light energy provides a direct source of ATP for plants and mammals. The sun's energy is captured to make carbohydrates that provide a source of energy for plants and animals. Only plans can conduct photosynthesis, and only animals perform cellular respiration

The sun's energy is captured to make carbohydrates that provide a source of energy for plants and animals.

You are working for the Red Cross at a blood drive. You are responsible for testing to see how the cells respond to a solution. You put them into a solution and they start to swell and burst. Using what you know about osmosis, what is happening to the cells? The solution is hypertonic, so the water is being drawn out. The solution is isotonic, so the water is being drawn out. The solution is hypotonic, so the water is flowing in. The solution is fresher than the cells, so the water is flowing out.

The solution is hypotonic, so the water is flowing in.

Which of the following is an example of "empty" calories? The sugars in an apple. The sugars in a coffee beverage. The oils in a serving of tunafish. The oils in an avocado.

The sugars in a coffee beverage.

Why do clouds form as air rises? The temperature increases and water vapor condenses. The temperature decreases and water vapor condenses.

The temperature decreases and water vapor condenses.

Which of the following is a density independent factor? The number of predators. The water temperature. All of the above. The amount of food available.

The water temperature.

If your hypothesis is "high fructose corn syrup causes weight gain in humans," what is the null hypothesis? There is no relationship between high fructose corn syrup consumption and human weight. There is no relationship between high fructose corn syrup and blood sugar levels. High fructose corn syrup causes weight loss in humans. All of the above are appropriate null hypotheses.

There is no relationship between high fructose corn syrup consumption and human weight.

Which of the following is a null hypothesis? There is no relationship between hours of sleep and student exam scores. As hours of sleep increase, then student exam scores also increase. If a student sleeps more than 12 hours, then their exam scores will be lower. Students who sleep between 7-9 hours the night before an exam will have higher exam scores than other students.

There is no relationship between hours of sleep and student exam scores.

Sex linked traits occur more often in males than females because They are on the Y chromosome. They are on the X chromosome.

They are on the X chromosome.

Which of the following statements about telomers is incorrect? They function like a counter, keeping track of how many times a cell has divided. At birth, they are long enough to permit approximately 80-90 cell divisions in most cells. They are slightly shorter in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells. They function like a protective cap on chromosomes. They contain no critical genes

They are slightly shorter in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells.

Bacteria are used to make large quantities of human growth hormone. In this example, what are the bacteria called? Transgenic organisms Clones Plasmids Vectors Growth organisms

Transgenic organisms

How has deforestation contributed to increased global average temperatures? Trees absorb photons, which heat up the atmosphere. Trees shade the earth's surface, without them more sunlight is absorbed. Trees produce a lot of water vapor, which leads to higher temperatures. Trees remove carbon dioxide through photosynthesis which leads to higher carbon dioxide levels in the earth's atmosphere.

Trees remove carbon dioxide through photosynthesis which leads to higher carbon dioxide levels in the earth's atmosphere.

A genetic cross produces 48 offspring with the dominant phenotype and 52 with the recessive phenotype. If this trait is controlled by one gene with two alleles, what are the likely genotypes of the parents? Tt x Tt TT x Tt Tt x tt TT x TT

Tt x tt

Which of the following statements about tumors is incorrect? Benign tumors pose less of a health risk than malignant tumors. Malignant tumors shed cancer cells that can spread in the body. Tumors are caused by excessive cell growth and division. Malignant tumor cells can travel to other parts of the body in a process called metastasis. Tumors contain cells with abnormally high contact inhibition.

Tumors contain cells with abnormally high contact inhibition.

What will be the matching mRNA for the top strand of DNA: ATTCGAC? TAAGCTG UTTCGUC UAACGUC AUUGCUG

UAACGUC

What part of COVID -19 is made in human cells using an mRNA vaccine? Viral DNA Viral protein coats/capsules Human mRNA Viral spike proteins (antigens)

Viral spike proteins (antigens)

An atom can be changed into an ion by adding or removing: a neutron. an orbital shell. an electron. a proton. an isotope.

an electron.

How do humans get the nitrogen that we need for our amino acids? We breathe it from the air. We absorb it from the water we drink. We absorb it from eating other species. All of the above.

We absorb it from eating other species.

What is diabetes? When a person cannot break down the sugar in their blood stream. When a person releases sugar into the blood because of too much insulin. When a person cannot breakdown glycogen and has to get glucose from their diet. When a person cannot regulate their blood sugar because they have trouble absorbing glucose from the blood.

When a person cannot regulate their blood sugar because they have trouble absorbing glucose from the blood.

What is non-disjunction? When chromosomes don't divide equally so somatic cells have +1 or -1 chromosomes. When chromosomes don't divide equally so that sperm and egg have +1 or -1 chromosomes. When chromosomes have mutations that lead to cancer. When chromosomes make too many copies of themselves.

When chromosomes don't divide equally so that sperm and egg have +1 or -1 chromosomes.

Which of these is an individual who is homozygous? XN Y XN Xn XN XN Xn Y

XN XN

Which of the following is NOT a homologous pair of chromosomes? XX Chromosome pair #1 Chromosome pair #23' XY

XY

Which of the following is an INCORRECT representation of a sex linked trait? Xn Yn Xn Y XN XN Xn Xn

Xn Yn

Around campus there are purple and gold pansies (flowering plants) representing ECU's colors. What is occurring in the petals of the purple flowers? Yellow light is being absorbed and purple light is being reflected. Purple light is being absorbed and yellow light is being reflected. Yellow light and purple light are both being reflected. Yellow light and purple light are both being absorbed.

Yellow light is being absorbed and purple light is being reflected.

Can exercising more increase the number of mitochondria in muscle cells? Yes No

Yes

You are studying a population of American robins, Turdus migratorius, in which approximately 2% of all individuals carry a recessive allele for leucistic (unusually white) coloration. The population suddenly expands when an influx of robins arrives during spring migration, and the frequency of the leucistic allele drops to only 1.5%. Has evolution occurred in the robin population in your study area? No, because no mutation occurred. No, because natural selection did not occur. Yes, because the leucistic trait was not adaptive, and it decreased in frequency. Yes, because allele frequencies in the population have changed over time. No, because the change in allele frequency occurred in just one generation.

Yes, because allele frequencies in the population have changed over time.

To get from a gene to a protein, two processes must occur: transcription, in which ____________________________, and translation, in which ____________________________. a copy of a protein's sequence of amino acids is made; that copy is used to direct the production of a gene a copy of a protein's sequence of bases is made; that copy is used to direct the production of an amino acid a copy of the gene's sequence of bases is made; that copy is used to direct the production of an amino acid a copy of the gene's sequence of bases is made; that copy is used to direct the production of a genome a copy of the gene's sequence of bases is made; that copy is used to direct the production of a protein

a copy of the gene's sequence of bases is made; that copy is used to direct the production of a protein

Which of the following is NOT a form of kinetic energy? a ball rolling down a hill flowing water turning a turbine a chameleon tongue catching a bug a covalent bond linking phosphate molecules a pitcher throwing a baseball

a covalent bond linking phosphate molecules

The meaning of the word "organic" in chemistry is: a molecule contains carbon (and hydrogen) a molecule contains H2O a product has been produced without chemicals such as pesticides a atom has vacancies in its outer electron shell

a molecule contains carbon (and hydrogen)

Which of these would be considered a transgenic organism? a human treated with insulin produced by E. coli bacteria a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes a fern grown in cell culture from a single fern root cell a bacterium that has been treated with a compound that affects the expression of many of its genes

a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes

The Golden State Killer was caught because a relative posted their DNA sequencing results on a public data base. he had his DNA sequenced by 23 and Me. He supplied the police with a sample of DNA when it was requested. All of the above.

a relative posted their DNA sequencing results on a public data base.

In asexual reproduction, daughter cells inherit their DNA from ____________________. a single parent two separate parents multiple offspring a single offspring

a single parent

Most prokaryotes carry their genetic information in: multiple, linear chromosomes. multiple, circular chromosomes. two circular chromosomes. a single, circular chromosome.

a single, circular chromosome.

Which of these describes a genetically modified organism? an organism that divides asexually an organism that can mate with any other species because of DNA technology an organism that has at least one gene from another species inserted into its DNA an organism that has been genetically altered for agricultural applications

an organism that has at least one gene from another species inserted into its DNA

The planned process of cell suicide is called: apoptosis. mitosis. meiosis. metastasis. malignancy.

apoptosis.

Empirical results are based upon observation. must support the tested hypothesis. cannot be replicated. All of the above.

are based upon observation.

Traits that are determined by a single gene: occur in single-celled organisms, but not in humans. are common in humans. must occur on the X chromosome, because males have only a single x and so the gene must be able to function in the absence of its homologous allele. include eye color and skin color. can have only two alleles.

are common in humans.

Omnivores: subsist on dead matter and waste products of other organisms. may exist at any trophic level. feed primarily on primary producers. are never found in the first trophic level. always exist at the third trophic level.

are never found in the first trophic level.

Genetic drift has the strongest effects in populations that are: large. undergoing natural selection. are located over several large continents. are small and isolated.

are small and isolated.

Latitudinal banding of tropics, deserts, temperate and polar climates is best explained by: atmospheric circulation patterns. the Coriolis effect. oceanic circulation patterns. the tilt of earth's axis. rain shadows.

atmospheric circulation patterns.

The number of protons in an element, also called its ____________, identifies the element. nucleus atomic number ion charge atomic weight

atomic number

The continuous, low-level extinction of species that has occurred throughout the history of life on Earth is known as: mass extinction. background extinction. human impact extinction. biotic pollution.

background extinction.

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is constant; it can ____________________, but not _______________. be transferred and transformed; created or destroyed hustle; flow be increased and decreased; eliminated cycle; flow

be transferred and transformed; created or destroyed

When populations approach their carrying capacity, their resources ________. increase because populations are decreasing are not a concern as they are usually infinite in supply become more scarce as growth rate becomes zero decrease in supply but are more accessible to competitors

become more scarce as growth rate becomes zero

Prokaryotic cells can divide through: mitosis. binary fission. meiosis. both miosis and binary fusion none of the above

binary fission.

Nondisjunction: is an unequal division of genetic material during cell division occurs during meiosis but not mitosis occurs in males but not females among mammals and in females but not males among Birds leads to a missing chromosome or extra chromosome both A & D or correct

both A & D or correct

BRCA-1 is associated with which cancer? prostate bone breast skin

breast

Autosomal recessive traits: can skip generations. occur in 1/4 of all offspring. are exhibited only in the offspring of two heterozygous parents. occur more frequently in females than males. All of the above.

can skip generations.

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die. If a mutation occurs in one of these genes, it may lead to color blindness cancer meiosis shorter telomeres

cancer

Energy used in cellular respiration can originate from: carbohydrates only. fats only. proteins only. carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

The SRY gene: causes circular red blood cells to resist malaria. causes fetal gonads to develop as testes shortly after fertilization. protect humans from somatic respiratory yeasts. causes sickle-shaped red blood cells to resist malaria. causes fetal gonads to develop as ovaries shortly after fertilization.

causes fetal gonads to develop as testes shortly after fertilization.

The distribution of terrestrial biomes across the globe corresponds MOST to which of the following? human influences topography organisms entropy climate

climate

Resources often limit populations. When resources are used by more than one species, the initial result is: competition. extinction. symbiosis. predation. evolution.

competition.

Golden rice: grows without a husk, thereby reducing the processing required before it can be consumed can make vitamin A without beta-carotene could help prevent blindness due to vitamin A deficiency in 250,000 children each year supplies more vitamin A in one serving than an individual needs in a full week. is one of the most recent developments in organic farming.

could help prevent blindness due to vitamin A deficiency in 250,000 children each year

Someone with SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) can be treated with gene therapy to: increase the amount of insulin in the blood create an immune system to fight germs and infections increase the amount of oxygen carried by red blood cells increase human growth hormone and slow the aging process

create an immune system to fight germs and infections

The division of the cytoplasm during cell division is referred to as: cytoplasm splicing. cytokinesis. vegetative growth. cytodivision. hybridization.

cytokinesis.

Mitosis results in: daughter cells with twice as much genetic information as the parent cell and a unique collection of alleles. eight daughter cells. daughter cells with the same number and composition of chromosomes. gametes. daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes but different combinations of alleles.

daughter cells with the same number and composition of chromosomes.

The biological species concept: states that any organisms that are biologically similar in any way are a species. states that is a species is any group that shares similar DNA. defines a species as any group of actually or potentially interbreeding species that produce viable, fertile offspring. is infrequently used because it is inapplicable to many organisms.

defines a species as any group of actually or potentially interbreeding species that produce viable, fertile offspring.

The GREATEST threat to tropical rainforests is _________. pesticide use birds feeding in the canopy of many trees deforestation lack of rainfall

deforestation

A rain shadow: is the latitudinal band of deserts caused by the descent of dry air at 30 degrees N/S. is the transformation an area makes from dry land to vegetation rich land after significant rainfall. describes an area of land that experiences a severe drought. describes the lower average rainfall that occurs on the backside of mountains. describes the decreased amount of solar energy the earth's surface receives during a storm.

describes the lower average rainfall that occurs on the backside of mountains.

Which of these is NOT a current success of biotechnology? development of farm machinery that more efficiently harvests crops forensic techniques that use DNA for identification development of crops that are resistant to pests advances in the treatment of diseases, such as juvenile diabetes

development of farm machinery that more efficiently harvests crops

Anaerobic mammals: lack mitochondria. have mitochondria and undergo respiration in the same manner as fungi. do not exist.

do not exist.

Using a light microscope, it is easiest to see chromosomes: during interphase because they are uncoiled and have a more linear structure. during mitosis and meiosis because the condensed chromosomes are thicker and therefore more prominent. during asexual reproduction.in the mitochondria because they are circular. during interphase when they are concentrated in the nucleus.

during mitosis and meiosis because the condensed chromosomes are thicker and therefore more prominent.

The law of segregation states that: the transmission of genetic diseases within family is always recessive. gametes cannot be separate and equal. each of two alleles for a given trait segregate into different gametes.

each of two alleles for a given trait segregate into different gametes.

Most populations will grow exponentially until they encounter which of the following? external costs positive feedback environmental resistance the Triple Bottom Line (PPP)

environmental resistance

Most genetic diseases result from mutations that cause a gene to produce a non-functioning ______________, which in turn blocks the functioning of a metabolic pathway. enzyme/protein codon polysaccharide tRNA histone

enzyme/protein

A J shaped curve is a ____________ and an S shaped curve is a ____________. logistic growth curve; maximum sustainable yield logistic growth curve; exponential growth curve carrying capacity; logistic growth curve exponential growth curve; logistic growth curve logistic growth curve; carrying capacity

exponential growth curve; logistic growth curve

Which of the following is NOT an example of a density-dependent limiting factor that will influence carrying capacity? territory availability flooding food supply predation disease

flooding

The migration of reproductive individuals among populations results in a movement of alleles called: disruptive selection. directional selection. gene flow. hybridization. recombination.

gene flow.

The technique in which a non-functioning gene is replaced by a functioning gene in somatic cells is called: gene alteration. gene replacement. gene medicine. gene fixing. gene therapy.

gene therapy.

The full set of an individual organism's DNA is called its: compliment. genome. nucleosome. nucleotide. chromosome.

genome.

Cellular reparation breaks down ________ to release energy from storage. glucose oxygen carbon dioxide NADPH

glucose

Which of the following is currently the leading cause of extinction? habitat loss overexploitation pollution introduced species

habitat loss

Sex cells having the ___________ number of chromosomes are called ____________. diploid; somatic cells haploid; zygotes diploid; zygotes haploid; gametes diploid; gametes

haploid; gametes

Albinism (lack of skin and hair pigmentation) is caused by a recessive autosomal allele. A woman and man, both normally pigmented, have an albino child together. For this trait, what is the genotype of the albino child? It depends on the sex of the child. homozygous dominant homozygous recessive heterozygous

homozygous recessive

Most species facing extinction today are threatened because of: living in biodiversity hotspots. changing climate. human activity. the recent impact of a large comet.

human activity.

Some forms of dwarfism in children can be treated by ____________, which is(are) made by recombinant DNA techniques. insulin human growth hormone clones erythropoietin

human growth hormone

The complementary base pairs in a DNA molecule are stabilized by: the electrostatic interactions of the charged backbone. a covalent bond. a salt bridge. hydrogen bonds. Both a) and b) are correct.

hydrogen bonds.

Sister chromatids are: the results of crossing over identical molecules of DNA resulting from replication homologous chromosomes produced in meiosis but not in mitosis single stranded

identical molecules of DNA resulting from replication

Thousands (or even tens of thousands) of different traits make up an individual. For this reason: in a species with 23 different chromosomes, some traits must be coded by genes on the same chromosome. the environment must influence more than half of our traits. all (or nearly all) genes must be pleiotropic. all of the above are correct.

in a species with 23 different chromosomes, some traits must be coded by genes on the same chromosome.

The demographic transition: is not influenced by the quality of health care available to a population. includes a decrease in the death rate followed by a decrease in the birth rate as a population becomes industrialized. is characterized by an increase in a population's growth rate. occurs in predator-prey pairs, such as the lynx and hare, whose population sizes cycle regularly. includes a decrease in the birth rate followed by a decrease in the death rate as a population becomes industrialized.

includes a decrease in the death rate followed by a decrease in the birth rate as a population becomes industrialized.

All of the offspring of a white parakeet and a blue parakeet are light blue. The simplest explanation for this pattern of inheritance is: multiple alleles codominance incomplete dominance sex linkage

incomplete dominance

All of the offspring of a black hen and a white rooster are gray. The simplest explanation for this pattern of inheritance is: multiple alleles. codominance. incomplete dominance. incomplete heterozygosity. sex lineage.

incomplete dominance.

Climate change will __________ risks from hazards. increase decrease stabilize eliminate

increase

Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body cannot produce ________________, a chemical that allows cells to take up and break down sugar from the blood. aldehyde dehydrogenase human growth hormone erythropoietin insulin polysaccharide

insulin

Gene therapy involves: the replacement of organs from patients with genetic disorders by transplant. no controversial or ethical questions. drug treatment of patients with genetic disorders at specific times that correspond with cell division. introducing non-defective genes into the cells of an individual with a genetic disorder. All of the above are correct.

introducing non-defective genes into the cells of an individual with a genetic disorder.

The climate of Earth has been consistent over the history of the planet. is changing rapidly now, but will most likely stabilize within the next 50 years. is changing rapidly mainly due to increases in greenhouse gases as a result of human activity. changes in random and unpredictable ways with no discernable pattern.

is changing rapidly mainly due to increases in greenhouse gases as a result of human activity.

Nondisjunction: is the cause of sex determination in birds and mammals. is the unequal division of the genetic material during cell division. occurs during mitosis but not meiosis. is the division of cytoplasmic constituents. is the exchange of genetic material between the chromatids from homologous chromosomes.

is the unequal division of the genetic material during cell division.

A potential disadvantage of asexual reproduction is that: it increase the time required to find a mate it allows perpetuation of a population even when the members are isolated it allows population size to increase rapidly it produces genetically uniform populations it requires additional rounds of meiosis which is energetically much more costly than mitosis

it produces genetically uniform populations

During eukaryotic translation, mRNA carries genetic information from the ________ to the ________, where amino acids are assembled into proteins. nucleolus; smooth endoplasmic reticulum nucleus; Golgi apparatus cytosol; nucleus nucleolus; cytosol nucleus; ribosome

nucleus; ribosome

Sex-linked traits: often are expressed in different frequencies in males and females. are coded for by genes on the Y-chromosome only. occur in females but not males. occur in males but not females. are coded for by genes on the autosomes.

often are expressed in different frequencies in males and females.

In a commensal relationship: one species provides nutrients, usually cellulose, for the other. neither species is benefited nor is harmed, but the community itself benefits. one species benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed. neither species is benefited nor is harmed, and the community itself is neither benefited nor harmed. more than two species are involved.

one species benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed.

Which of the following are always the same in every DNA molecule? the sugar the base the phosphate group only a) and b) are always the same only a) and c) are always the same

only a) and c) are always the same

A dieback or population crash often occurs after a species ________ its environmental carrying capacity. overshoots undershoots oscilates around reduces

overshoots

Planting trees can combat global warming, because: in the process of photosynthesis, the leaves of those trees will intercept photons from the sun, thus reducing the amount of heat reaching the earth. the shade from the leaves of the trees will cool the earth. photosynthesis from those trees absorbs CO2, a greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere. photosynthesis from those trees absorbs O2, a greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere.

photosynthesis from those trees absorbs CO2, a greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere.

The impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic is called: incomplete dominance. environmentalism. balanced polymorphism. pleiotropy. codominance.

pleiotropy.

The appropriate unit for defining and measuring genetic variation is the: meter. population. liter. kilowatt.

population.

Throughout the last 400,000 years, the record of carbon dioxide concentration and temperature (according to the data from glaciers) is negatively correlated positively correlated unrelated/not correlated

positively correlated

The ability for cancer cells to divide indefinitely is made possible because they: rebuild their telomeres after every cell division. break down their telomeres after every cell division. break down their chromosomes after every cell division. skip interphase and spend all of their time in mitosis.

rebuild their telomeres after every cell division.

Genotype is to phenotype as: cookie is to recipe. fish is to bicycle. cookie is to oven. oven is to cookie. recipe is to cookie.

recipe is to cookie.

Which of the technologies listed below is a valuable method for mass-producing drugs such as insulin? recombinant DNA technology mammal cloning DNA sequencing gel electrophoresis

recombinant DNA technology

The combination of DNA from two or more sources is called: 2-DNA. human growth hormone. recombinant DNA. biotechnology. RNA.

recombinant DNA.

The combination of DNA from two or more sources is called: RNA. recombinant DNA. biotechnology. human growth hormone.

recombinant DNA.

A stationary population pyramid: describes all population pyramids, as the graphs provide data for only one year. has the shape of an inverted pyramid. reflects unchanging birth and death rate patterns. is a common shape for developing countries. reflects data for only one sex as opposed to both.

reflects unchanging birth and death rate patterns.

A frameshift mutation: leaves the amino acid sequence unchanged. results from an insertion or deletion in a DNA sequence. substitutes a purine for a pyrimidine only. is the result of an unequal crossing-over. substitutes a pyrimidine for a purine, or vice versa.

results from an insertion or deletion in a DNA sequence.

If you share 50% of your DNA with someone, what is the most likely relationship between you? first cousin second cousin grandparent sibling

sibling

The beak sizes and shapes of Darwin's finches are correlated with which environmental feature? size of the seeds eaten size of the island on which the birds are found relative height of nesting sites distance of the birds' founding island from the mainland

size of the seeds eaten

Which of the following traits shows a polygenic method of inheritance? flower color in snapdragons blood type of humans see color in peas sickle-cell disease in humans skin color in humans

skin color in humans

In multicellular organisms, cells that undergo mitotic division but not meiotic division are called _____________ cells somosis skin interphase somatic germ

somatic

Many mosquito populations today are resistant to pesticides that were historically effective. This pesticide resistance arose in these populations because: individual mosquitoes build up immunity to the pesticides after exposure. the pesticides caused mutations in the DNA of mosquitoes that conferred resistance phenotypes, and were passed on to subsequent generations. populations had to develop tolerance in order to survive. some individuals were resistant to the pesticides before they were used, and those mosquitoes were more likely to survive and reproduce.

some individuals were resistant to the pesticides before they were used, and those mosquitoes were more likely to survive and reproduce.

Life gains most of its energy from: water. sunlight. oxygen. carbohydrate molecules.

sunlight.

Animal cells have "counters" that keep track of how many times a cell has divided. These counters are called: odometers. telomeres. chromosomes. nuclei. centromeres.

telomeres.

In which organ will meiosis occur for the human male? ovary testes heart brain

testes

The PRIMARY reason for differences in climate in different parts of the earth is: that the earth is shaped like a pear and not a sphere. that different places receive different amounts of solar energy. that every place on earth receives the same total hours of sunlight. that different places have different thicknesses of the atmosphere. that different places receive different amounts of thermal energy.

that different places receive different amounts of solar energy.

An example of an invasive species is: the California condor. the blue whale. the Argentine fire ant. the red wolf.

the Argentine fire ant.

Global warming over the past 200 years is MOST directly associated with ___________. the Industrial Revolution increased amounts of sunspots/sun storms a shift in the shape of the Earth's orbit increased volcanic activity

the Industrial Revolution

Lamarck's ideas about evolution include the concept that differences among the traits of organisms arise as a result of______________________. continual increases in population size. the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures (acquired characteristics). an unchanging local environment. the natural variations already present within the population of organisms.

the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures (acquired characteristics).

A gene from a bacterium can be inserted into a corn plant, and the corn plant will make the same protein as the bacterium. This kind of gene transfer works because: the bacterium and the corn plant are very closely related from an evolutionary perspective. the bacterium and the corn plant use the same process and genetic code for synthesizing proteins. every organism's DNA is identical. the bacterium infects the corn plant's cells and uses its cellular machinery to produce the protein.

the bacterium and the corn plant use the same process and genetic code for synthesizing proteins.

DNA is a macromolecule that stores information. Which component of DNA is the source of this information? the sugar the phosphate group the base the histone the ladder

the base

Without the greenhouse effect on earth, the earth's average temperature would be a lot lower/colder. the earth's average temperature would be a lot higher/warmer.

the earth's average temperature would be a lot lower/colder.

Dolly was the first animal ever cloned by humans. the first time nuclear transplantation was ever used. the first mammal successfully cloned by humans. the first human ever cloned.

the first mammal successfully cloned by humans.

During meiosis but not during mitosis: haploid gametes are produced that are identical in their allelic composition the cytoplasm divides chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during metaphase the genetic variations among the daughter cells is increased two identical daughter cells are produced

the genetic variations among the daughter cells is increased

A karyotype reveals: the shape of the spindle 20 pairs of chromosome the number, shapes, and sizes of chromosomes in an individual cell the sex chromosomes but not the non-sex chromosomes the non-sex chromosomes but not the sex chromosomes

the number, shapes, and sizes of chromosomes in an individual cell

As a result of competition: predatory behavior between interacting individuals is increased. species always adapt so as to coexist. resource partitioning always takes place. one of the interacting species is always eliminated. the reproductive success of interacting individuals may be reduced.

the reproductive success of interacting individuals may be reduced.

The tilt of the Earth on its axis causes which of the following? the rise and fall of the tides night and day the movement of air (wind) the seasons

the seasons

"Ecology" is best defined as: the study of the relationships between all living organisms and their environments. the study of aquatic organisms. the study of the relationships between parasites and their hosts. the study of interactions between predator and prey populations. the study of plant succession.

the study of the relationships between all living organisms and their environments.

A gene pool consists of: all of the gametes in a population. the entire genome of an individual of reproductive age. alleles for a gene that all confer the same fitness. the total of all alleles present in a population. All of the above are correct.

the total of all alleles present in a population.

What is the primary purpose of DNA? to give instructions for the synthesis of proteins to give instructions for the synthesis of carbohydrates to give instructions for the synthesis of lipids all of the above

to give instructions for the synthesis of proteins

An adaptation of a K-selected species, such as an elephant is to have many offspring, but offer little parental support/energy to have few offspring, but offer little parental support/energy to have one offspring at a time and invest energy to insure survival to have small litters of offspring (4-6), with moderate amounts of parental support/energy

to have one offspring at a time and invest energy to insure survival

What type of chromosomal abnormality leads to the phenotype known as Down Syndrome? trisomy 22 trisomy 21 monosomy 21 monosomy 22

trisomy 21

Invasive species are: often out-competed by the native species. well adapted to new living conditions and able to out compete native species.

well adapted to new living conditions and able to out compete native species.

In snapdragons, there is an allele for flower color, CW, that produces no pigment. A plant with the genotype CWCW will produce _____________ flowers. pink no red white purple

white

Why don't fat soluble substances, such as Vitamin A, stay in cells and tissues longer than water soluble vitamins such as Vitamin C? Fat soluble vitamins are polar and hydrophobic. Fat soluble vitamins are non-polar and hydrophobic. Fat soluble vitamins are polar and hydrophilic. Fat soluble vitamins are non-polar and hydrophilic.

Fat soluble vitamins are non-polar and hydrophobic.

Which of the following is incorrectly paired in DNA? adenine - thymine adenine - guanine guanin - cytosine cytosine - guanine

adenine - guanine

One of the chief benefits of a low carb diet is: the elimination of high cholesterol foods. the elimination of whole grain foods. the elimination of many "empty" calories in the diet. the elimination of all protein.

the elimination of many "empty" calories in the diet.

A cell's interior is considered isotonic to the surrounding fluid when: the solute concentration is lower within the cell than outside the cell. the cell's lipid bilayer does not allow any molecules to pass into or out of the cell. the solute concentration is higher within the cell than outside the cell. the solute concentrations are the same within and outside the cell.

the solute concentrations are the same within and outside the cell.

Diabetes is a disease in which: there is too much cholesterol in the blood. sugar is broken down before it can enter cells. there is an inability to regulate blood sugar. blood pressure is high because of high salt intake.

there is an inability to regulate blood sugar.

All of the following are hydrophillic (water soluble) EXCEPT: sodium chloride (NaCl). vitamin A. HFCS. ethyl alcohol.

vitamin A.

Identify the inorganic molecule. glucose (C6H12O6) methane (CH4) ethanol (CH3CH2OH) water (H2O)

water (H2O)

A green plant can carry out photosynthesis if given nothing more than: water. light. water, light, and air. water and light. air.

water, light, and air.

The most abundant molecule in the cell is: cellulose. oxygen. water. carbohydrate. carbon dioxide.

water.

A pigment that reflects all wavelengths of visible light appears: white. green. black. red. violet.

white.

How many bonds will carbon form? Hint: how many vacancies does it have in its outer shell if it has an atomic number of 6? 0 2 4 6

4

How many hydrogen bonds are explicitly represented in this figure? (The figure has 5 molecules with 4 lines between them) 8 4 0 1 10

4

What's an example of potential energy? Sunlight A granola bar The heat coming from your chair Water going over a dam

A granola bar

Which of the following is an anecdotal observation? Pfizer releases the number of individuals in their COVID-19 vaccine trials who experienced severe complications. A large number of people (500+) who have purchased and used a cream to reduce blemishes post photos on a company website that sells the product. The number of people hospitalized for COVID-19 in Pitt County is posted on the Vidant website. A company that produces a weight loss supplement publishes the results of their clinical trials in a peer reviewed journal.

A large number of people (500+) who have purchased and used a cream to reduce blemishes post photos on a company website that sells the product.

Which of the following is NOT a theory? The theory of evolution by natural selection. The earth orbits the sun which is at the center of our solar system. Living things have DNA containing genes which is the material passed from one generation to the next. All of the above ARE scientific theories

All of the above ARE scientific theories

The phosphate groups in ATP: are covalently bonded to each other. represent a significant source of stored energy. are negatively charged. release energy when separated from the rest of the molecule. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

Which of the following statements about fermentation is NOT correct? Fermentation is a less efficient energy producer than aerobic respiration. Fermentation is an anaerobic process. In fermentation the molecules that are used as final electron acceptors differ from those used when glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

Which of the following is an example of a pseudoscientific claim? Nine out of 10 dentists recommend mouthwash "X" to prevent cavities. Your zodiac sign gives important information about your personality and your fate. A recording (electronic voice phenomenon) is made in a "haunted" house in which an investigator hears their own name being said. All of the above are examples of pseudoscience.

All of the above are examples of pseudoscience.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a theory? evolution gravity germ cell All of the above are scientific theories.

All of the above are scientific theories.

Why do we (humans) need oxygen? So we can perform cellular respiration. So we can breath. So we can live. All of the above.

All of the above.

Why do the leaves of some plants (deciduous trees) change color in the autumn? Because chlorophyll in the leaves overflows, due to more sunlight. Because chlorophyll in the leaves overflows, due to temperature change. Because chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down, due to less sunlight. Because chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down, due to temperature change.

Because chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down, due to less sunlight.

A unique characteristic of mitochondria is that they are inherited from the female parent only. Select the correct explanation for this phenomenon from the choices below. Mitochondria are found in both female egg cells and the male sperm cells, but after fertilization the female mitochondria out-compete the male mitochondria, which then die off. Male sperm cells have mitochondria, but because the sperm contributes DNA but no cytoplasm, no mitochondria are passed to the egg at fertilization. Mitochondria are only found in the female's egg cells and do not occur in male sperm cells. Mitochondria are found in both female egg cells and the male sperm cells, but the mitochondria from the male sperm cells cannot replicate during the early mitotic divisions in the embryo.

Male sperm cells have mitochondria, but because the sperm contributes DNA but no cytoplasm, no mitochondria are passed to the egg at fertilization.

Which of the following describes what will happen to animal cells placed in a hypertonic environment? Nothing will happen. They will lose water and shrink. The cell membranes will fall apart. They will swell and possibly burst due to water gain.

They will lose water and shrink.

Anecdotal evidence: is a more efficient method for understanding the world than the scientific method. is often the only way to prove important causal links between two phenomena. can appear to reveal links between two phenomena that do not actually exist. tends to be more reliable than data based on observations of large numbers of diverse individuals. is a necessary part of the scientific method.

can appear to reveal links between two phenomena that do not actually exist.

In a scientific experiment, a control group: is less important than an experimental group. can be compared with an experimental group to assess whether one particular variable is causing a change in the experimental group. must be kept in a laboratory. makes the experiment better, but is not essential. All of the above are correct.

can be compared with an experimental group to assess whether one particular variable is causing a change in the experimental group.

The nutrients needed in the human diet are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water. vitamins, water, lipids, minerals, salts, water. lipids, minerals, vitamins, salt, carbohydrates, water. proteins, minerals, lipids, fats, amino acids, salt.

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water.

Which of the following is NOT a product of photosynthesis? glucose oxygen sugars carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

An unsaturated fatty acid is one in which: carbon-carbon double bonds are present in the hydrocarbon chain. there is an odd number of subunits in the hydrocarbon chain. there is an even number of subunits in the hydrocarbon chain. carbon-carbon double bonds are not present in the hydrocarbon chain.

carbon-carbon double bonds are present in the hydrocarbon chain.

All macromolecules important in living systems contain: nitrogen. potassium. aldehydes. carbon. polymers.

carbon.

What type of bond exists in all of the molecules shown in the diagrams? (2 molecules of same element sharing electrons) ionic hydrogen covalent

covalent

Which of the following is a NOT a primary function of proteins? regulation contraction energy structure

energy

According to the theory of endosymbiosis, the origin of chloroplasts probably involved: the formation of cell walls around the photosynthetic pigments. the formation of colonies of cyanobacteria. engulfing of small photosynthetic prokaryotes by larger cells. the accumulation of free oxygen in ocean waters. All of the above are correct.

engulfing of small photosynthetic prokaryotes by larger cells.

Which of the following is an example of a steroid? glycogen estrogen triglycerides phopholipids

estrogen

When conducting a critical experiment to test whether taking echinacea reduces the duration or severity of a cold, which of the following is NOT an important step? providing some groups with echinacea and others with a placebo providing some groups with treatments of longer duration than others randomly dividing volunteers into treatment groups exposing some groups, but not others, to the cold virus All of the above are important steps.

exposing some groups, but not others, to the cold virus

An inherited disease results from abnormal mitochondria passed from mother to child. Using your knowledge of mitochondria's function within human cells, which of the following is the most likely description of the symptoms of this disease? extreme sensitivity to UV light, resulting in skin cancer at a very young age fragile bones and arthritis extreme muscle weakness color blindness inability to absorb iron, resulting in extreme anemia

extreme muscle weakness

What is the primary function of carbohydrates for humans and many other animals? for energy (usually short term) for structure for energy (usually long term) All of the above

for energy (usually short term)

Which of the following questions would be LEAST helped by application of the scientific method? evaluating the relationship between violence in videogames and criminal behavior in teens comparing the effectiveness of two potential antibiotics formulating public policy on euthanasia determining the most effective safety products for automobiles developing more effective high school curricula

formulating public policy on euthanasia

Insulin: keeps the blood sugar level constant all day raises the blood sugar level by keeping sugar in the blood vessels helps the body use food properly by letting sugar enter the cells can only be taken in the morning

helps the body use food properly by letting sugar enter the cells

If you have an equal number of water molecules, which would take up more area/space? ice liquid water They would take up the same amount of space.

ice

One important difference between covalent and ionic bonds is that: in covalent bonds two atoms share electrons while in ionic bonds two atoms of opposite charge are attracted to each other. ionic bonds only occur among water-soluble elements. in ionic bonds two atoms share electrons while in covalent bonds one atom gives one or more electrons to the other atom. ionic bonds are much stronger than covalent bonds.

in covalent bonds two atoms share electrons while in ionic bonds two atoms of opposite charge are attracted to each other.

The placebo effect: demonstrates that most scientific studies cannot be replicated. reveals that experimental treatments cannot be proven as effective. reveals that sugar pills are generally as effective as actual medications in fighting illness. is an urban legend. is the frequently observed, poorly understood, phenomenon that people tend to respond favorably to any treatment.

is the frequently observed, poorly understood, phenomenon that people tend to respond favorably to any treatment.

A scientific theory is one that: is supported by many years of experimentation all supporting the hypothesis. is based on hunches with no actual supporting evidence. sounds the most plausible. is the result of all scientific experiments. changes each time a different observation is made.

is the result of all scientific experiments.

When someone puts their contact lenses into their eyes they use saline where the solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration in their eye cells. This doesn't burn because the solution is ______________. hypertonic hypotonic hydrophobic isotonic

isotonic

An atom becomes an ion when: it shares electrons with another atom it forms at least one bond it donates or accepts an electron from another atom has a full outer electron shell with no vacancies

it donates or accepts an electron from another atom

An atom of iron has the atomic number 26. This means that: it has an atomic mass of 26. it has 26 protons. it has 13 electrons. it has 13 neutrons. it has 52 protons.

it has 26 protons.

In active transport, molecules move from an area of __________ concentration to an area of ___________ concentration. high: higher high: low low: lower low: high

low: high

In a randomized, controlled, double-blind study: experimental subjects are blind-folded when given the experimental treatment. individuals will be assigned to an experimental or control group depending on whether or not they took part in a pilot study. all experimental variables are held constant. neither the experimenter nor the subject know whether the subject is in a control group or an experimental group. All of the above.

neither the experimenter nor the subject know whether the subject is in a control group or an experimental group.

Scientific study always begins with: hypotheses. experiments. conclusions. predictions. observations.

observations.

Prokaryotic organisms lack: replicator molecules (DNA or RNA). cell membranes. metabolism. organelles.

organelles.

Diffusion and _____ do not require energy input from a cell. osmosis active transport engulfing protein carrier

osmosis

The process of water moving across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration is called: dialysis diffusion osmosis active transport

osmosis

A complex polymer built of amino acids is called a(n): polysaccharide. fatty acid. monosaccharide. amine. polypeptide.

polypeptide.

What is a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, whereas eukaryotes do eukaryotes do not have a nucleus, whereas prokaryotes do prokaryotes do not have a plasma/cell membrane, whereas eukaryotes do prokaryotes do not have a plasma/cell membrane, whereas eukaryotes do

prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, whereas eukaryotes do

A plant whose leaves are reddish-yellow is NOT absorbing light from which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum? red and yellow green, red, and yellow blue and violet green and red green and yellow

red and yellow

Which of the following contains the most calories per gram? proteins amino acids polysaccharides saturated fats

saturated fats

Pseudoscience capitalizes on the belief shared by most people that: the scientific bases for scientific-sounding claims are often not clear. scientific claims can be evaluated through the political process. scientific thinking is a powerful method for learning about the world. scientific thinking is beyond the reach of the average person. science is intimidating.

scientific thinking is a powerful method for learning about the world.

Every time a source of energy is converted from one form to another: the total energy of the system increases. the total amount of energy in the universe is reduced by a tiny amount. some of the energy is converted to heat, which is one of the least usable forms of kinetic energy. the first law of thermodynamics is violated. the entropy in the system is reduced.

some of the energy is converted to heat, which is one of the least usable forms of kinetic energy.

What are essential amino acids? nutrients that are made by the body the building blocks of proteins that the body cannot make amino acids are are manufactured from essential fatty acids amino acids are used to build only muscle, not hair

the building blocks of proteins that the body cannot make

If your hypothesis is rejected, then: you may still have learned something important about the system you were testing. you should change the level of statistical significance until your hypothesis is accepted. your experiment was poorly designed. your experiment was a success. your experiment was a failure.

you may still have learned something important about the system you were testing.