BIOL-1308-W01: Exam 3

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release.

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection?

On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics.

At what level of biological organization does evolution take place?

Population

climate can best be described as:

The average weather patterns in a given area over a long period of time.

Why are new flu vaccines required for each new flu season?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

Which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light-dependent reaction?

The light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer high-energy molecules.

How does climate change affect earth's oceans?

The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species pf shellfish and corals.

What do all greenhouse gases have in common?

They have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy.

Giant viruses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are nonliving things. What characteristics do giant viruses posses that make scientists think twice about their classification?

They have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell.

Adaptive immunity targets specific antigens associated with a pathogen, and also has the ability to remember past responses.

True

Although carbon dioxide (C02) is found in very low concentration in the atmosphere (parts per million). It is one of the most important of the greenhouse gases due to its ability to absorb infrared energy.

True

Cell-mediated immunity targets our bodies that have become infected with pathogens and are presenting the antigen.

True

Cytokines act as an alarm to the organ system of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present.

True

The photosynthetic organisms (autotrophs such as plants) convert C02 into carbohydrates, and then this food is used by both heterotrophs (those that eat others) to power cellular activities.

True

All viruses are made up of two components. What are they?

a protein capsid and genetic material in the form of either RNA or DNA

... Is any substance that produces a specific immune response by the body. Antigens are usually proteins or large carbohydrates that are specific to pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

antigen

Occurs when there are small changes in the surface spikes of influenza virus. This is an example of ___

antigenic drift

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulates phagocytic neutrophils.

Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, the contain reservoirs of ____ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned.

carbon

Which of these is the best description of a virus?

chemical complexes of RNA and DNA protected by a protein shell.

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on

core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body.

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system.

Which process best describes how viruses may originate to animals and eventually be transmitted to humans causing outbreaks?

evolution

The defenses that act as general defenses, meaning they are not targeting a specific pathogen, are collectively called the adaptive defenses.

false.

Antigens are

foreign molecules the bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors, leading to proliferations of lymphocytes.

In which of the following is the most likely cause for the sudden sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation

Over the past several decades, the overall trend for the earth's temperature has been

increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate a phenomenon known as global warming

In the ... cycle following penetration into the cell the viral DNA integrates into the host cells DNA the virus remains inactive or latent.

lysogenic

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the _____ cycle.

lytic

Which of the following are greenhouse gasses

methane and carbon dioxide

Which of the following acts as a carbon source within a carbon cycle?

respiration from humans and animals

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called:

Antigenic shift.

Which of the following is only true of RNA but not DNA?

Adenine pairs with uracil.

Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied?

All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied.

Which of the following is characteristic of all living things?

All living things maintain and constant internal environment.

Which of the following structures are associated with the immune system? Select all that may apply.

All of the above.

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks.

All of the answer choices are correct.

...act as an alarm to the organ system of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present.

Cytokines

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein.

Autotrophs and organism that is unable to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

False

Climate a gradual increase in the overall temperature of earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

False

Getting the flu vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu.

False

Influenza viruses are typically named by the U. S. Department of Health.

False

Once the virus has entered the target cell there are pathways or cycles it can follow: it can either immediately begin using the resources of the host cell to manufacture ew viruses (the lysogenic cycle) or it can integrate directly into the host cell genome and delay its reproduction until a later time (the lytic cycle)

False

mRNA: A protein coat that surrounds the viral genetic material.

False

As global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen?

Glaciers and snow coverage decrease.

A product of photosynthesis, ___ is a carbon-based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms.

Glucose

How do greenhouse gases cause global warming?

Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the earth's surface and causing the climate to warm.

The greenhouse effect

Is caused by gas such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earths atmosphere

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ___ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the ___ of the chloroplast.

thylakoid, stroma