biol 1500 lab final

How many microliters are in a liter

1,000,000

Explain all 5 steps of the Scientific Method. Feel free to use a hypothetical experiment to help illustrate the steps.

1. Making observations & asking questions -reading on a topic and forming questions 2. Make a Hypothesis -statement regarding the cause and effect of an experiment (must be testable) 3. Design an experiment -to test the hypothesis (identify variables for experiment) 4. Analyze results -looking at trends in the data, table or graphs 5. Repeat. -design new experiment to re-test the hypothesis

What are the three environmental factors that affect enzyme activity (we covered these in the enzyme lab) What are the optimal conditions for each, when discussing MOST enzymes?

1. pH (neutral) 2. Temperature (20-40 degrees Celsius (mod. temps.)) 3. Enzyme Concentration (high concentration)

Anaerobic respiration produces __ molecules of ATP, while aerobic respiration produces __ molecules of ATP

20-30, 36-38

Most enzymes found in humans have temperature optima between

20-40 degrees celsius

If you are viewing an object using a 40X objective, what is the total magnification

400x

The table below displays data collected on a colored solution's absorbance at varying light wavelengths. Using these data, identify what the ideal wavelength would be for use in an experiment monitoring the intensity of the solution's color over the course of a chemical reaction 360 - 0.1443 425 - 0.1678 480 - 0.1523 500 - 0.1387

425 nm

The products of a light-dependent reaction is/are ____, while the products of a light-independent reaction is/are __

6O2; C6H12O6

Describe the type of environment within the solution from the following picture: A: less solute within the cell than in the surrounding solution B: More solute within the cell than in the surrounding solution C: Equal amounts of the solute within the cell and in the surrounding solution

A: hypertonic B: hypotonic C: isotonic

What is the second phase of Photosynthesis called

Dark Reactions, Calvin Cycle, Light-Independent Reactions

What are the steps of PCR amplification ( in correct order)

Denaturation, Annealing, Extension

What happens if either an enzyme or substrate is limited

Enzyme reaction rate will remain constant

True or False: A denatured enzyme can catalyze a chemical reaction

False

True or False: A null hypothesis states that there will be an effect/difference in an experiment between two or more variables

False

True or False: Anaerobic respiration yields more ATP than aerobic respiration

False

True or False: The optimum pH for MOST enzymes is basic

False, neutral

During the dark reactions, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is brought into the leaf through tiny pores called stroma

False, stomata

Explain why fruit flies are used to understand genetics. Provide a minimum of two reasons

Fruit flies are very single in genetic structure and reproduce easily so they have a lot of offspring.

Match the process to its substrate (i.e. starting material).

Glycolysis -- glucose Kreb's Cycle -- pyruvic acid/pyruvate ETC -- electrons

What color light do green leaves absorb the least? Explain

Green; It's reflected as it is not absorbed by the plant therefore the leaves appear green.

Mendel postulated that when an organism contains a pair of units, the units separate during gamete formation so that each individual gamete produced receives only one unit of the pair. This postulate became known as

Mendel's Law of segregation of alleles

Match the photosystem to the specialized pigment molecules. PS 1 PS 2

PSI: P700 PSII: P680

Match the word to its defintion. Phenotype Genotype

Phenotype- physical Genotype-genetic composition of an individual

Bt DNA is inserted into plant genomes to

Produce a protein that acts as a pesticide

What is the Q10 effect? How is it limited?

The rate at which a reaction doubles for every 10-degree increase in temperature. However at a certain temperature, enzymes start to denature and the Q10 effect is limited.

The linear relationship between the concentration of a colored solution and its light absorbance is known as the Beer-Lambert Law

True

True or False: Electrons reduce DPIP, causing the dye to turn from blue to colorless

True

True or False: Scanning electron microscopes produces 3-D images of the surface of objects

True

___ is the pigment located within chloroplasts that is responsible for giving plants their green color

chlorophyll

Catabolism of pyruvate in prokaryotes occurs in what structure?

cytoplasm

Focal plane _____ with increasing magnification

decreases

A genetic cross between two organisms that possess two separate traits is called a

dihybrid cross

What moves DNA molecules through a gel during gel electrophoresis

electricity

What is the term for when one gene's expression is dependent on the expression of another

epistasis

The products of alcohol fermentation by yeast are

ethanol and CO2

True or False: The equation for Cellular Respiration is Light energy + CO2 + H2O --> O2 + C6H12O6

false

The genetic composition of an individual is known as its

genotype

Upon entering the cytosol of a cell __ is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid in a series of enzymatic reactions collectively referred to as __

glucose; glycolysis

If an organism possesses two identical alleles for the same trait, it is said to be

homozygous

When two homozygous dominant parents are bred, the F2 generation will have what genotype?

homozygous dominant

Absorbance and transmittance exhibit an ___ relationship

logarithmic

The passive process by which water molecules move from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration is called

osmosis

Tonicity is the measure of

osmotic pressure

What does PCR stand for?

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Enzymes are classified as what kind of marcomolecule

proteins

Alkaline phosphatase was used in the enzyme lab to catalyze a reaction on the substrate pNPP. What reaction did alkaline phosphatase catalyze?

removal of a phosphate group

The two major properties of light microscopes are

resolution and magnification

what function does Taq DNA Polymerase perform during PCR

synthesizes new pieces of target DNA

Species that lack a functional ETC or those that can't utilize alternative electron acceptors have much greater difficulty generating ATP

true

The principle of uniformity states that

what caused a specific experimental result today will cause the same result if we repeat the experiment tomorrow