BIOL 153L: IP The Digestive System
blood; lymphatic
Absorption of nutrients occurs through the mucosal epithelium and into either _______ or ________ vessels.
micelles
Bile salts surround monoglycerides and free fatty acids to form tiny droplets called _________.
lamina propria
Blood and lymph vessels of the mucosa are found in its ________ ________ connective tissue layer.
basement
Chylomicrons exit the intestinal epithelial cells and then enter the ______ lymphatic capillaries.
vitamin K
Colonic bacteria produce substantial quantities of _________ ___ as a by-product of their metabolism.
microvilli; villi; circular layer of muscle
From largest to smallest, list the three modifications of the small intestine's inner wall that function to increase surface area:
upper esophageal; lower esophageal; pyloric; ileocecal' anal; cardia
List the 6 sphincters of the digestive tract:
cardia; fundus; body; pylorus
List the four regions of the stomach:
salt; water; B-vitamins
List the main substances that are absorbed in the large intestine.
amino acids; carbohydrates; fats
List the three major nutrient classes (a.k.a. macronutrients)
trypsin; chymotrypsin; carboxypeptidase
List the three major pancreatic proteases.
circular; longitudinal; oblique
List the three sheets of muscle in the stomach's muscularis externa:
aminopeptidase; dipeptidase
List the two main brush border proteases
segmentation; emulsification
List the two mechanisms that help to increase the surface area of lipids for subsequent digestion with pancreatic lipase.
alimentary canal; accessory digestive organs
List two main divisions of the digestive system.
duodenum; ileum; jejunum
List, in order from the pylorus to the colon, the three regions of the small intestine:
false
Most water and salt are absorbed in the colon.
sucrase, dextrinase, glucoamylase
Name the brush border enzymes.
false
Only single amino acids are absorbed in the small intestine
lipase
Pancreatic _______ is responsible for the majority of fat digestion.
true
Pepsin is inactivated in the duodenum.
true
The active transport of sodium is necessary for water absorption in the small intestine.
stratified squamous
The anus is lined with _________ ________ epithelium.
amino acids
The breakdown products (monomers) of proteins are _______ _________.
fatty acids
The breakdown products of triglycerides include monoglycerides and _______ _________.
nerve plexus
The built-in (intrinsic) network of nerve cells in the submucosa is the ________ _________.
protease
The digestive enzyme ______ begins the breakdown of proteins in the stomach.
brush border
The final digestion of carbohydrates is accomplished with ________ _________ enzymes.
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
The four main layers of the digestive tract wall are:
mucus
The function of epithelial goblet cells is to secrete _______.
water; electrolytes; vitamins
The large intestine absorbs _______, ________, and _________.
pancreas
The main digestive enzyme-producing organ in the body is the _________.
brush
The microvilli of the small intestine's epithelial cells form the ________ border.
stratified squamous; mechanical
The mouth; with its _________ _________ epithelium, is involved in both chemical and ___________ digestion.
epithelium
The mucosa includes a type of columnar __________ that forms the inner lining of the lumen.
inner circular; outer longitudinal
The muscularis mucosa has both ___________ __________ and ___________ ____________ fibers that function in moving the villi to aid in digestion and absorption.
nerve plexus
The network of neurons in between the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa is the _________ ________.
bile
The single digestive function of the liver is to produce _________.
muscularis mucosae
The smooth muscle layer of the mucosa is called the __________ ___________.
peristalsis; segmentation
The two types of movements produced by contractions of the muscularis externa are ___________ and ____________.
chylomicrons
Triglycerides combine with lipoproteins inside the intestinal epithelial cells to form ________.
starch
Which of the following is not a disaccharide? _maltose _lactose _starch _sucrose
enteroendocrine
_____________ cells of the mucosa secrete hormones into the blood.
sucrose
glucose + fructose
lactose
glucose + galactose
maltose
glucose + glucose
starch
many glucose monomers
