BIOL 153L: IP The Digestive System

blood; lymphatic

Absorption of nutrients occurs through the mucosal epithelium and into either _______ or ________ vessels.

micelles

Bile salts surround monoglycerides and free fatty acids to form tiny droplets called _________.

lamina propria

Blood and lymph vessels of the mucosa are found in its ________ ________ connective tissue layer.

basement

Chylomicrons exit the intestinal epithelial cells and then enter the ______ lymphatic capillaries.

vitamin K

Colonic bacteria produce substantial quantities of _________ ___ as a by-product of their metabolism.

microvilli; villi; circular layer of muscle

From largest to smallest, list the three modifications of the small intestine's inner wall that function to increase surface area:

upper esophageal; lower esophageal; pyloric; ileocecal' anal; cardia

List the 6 sphincters of the digestive tract:

cardia; fundus; body; pylorus

List the four regions of the stomach:

salt; water; B-vitamins

List the main substances that are absorbed in the large intestine.

amino acids; carbohydrates; fats

List the three major nutrient classes (a.k.a. macronutrients)

trypsin; chymotrypsin; carboxypeptidase

List the three major pancreatic proteases.

circular; longitudinal; oblique

List the three sheets of muscle in the stomach's muscularis externa:

aminopeptidase; dipeptidase

List the two main brush border proteases

segmentation; emulsification

List the two mechanisms that help to increase the surface area of lipids for subsequent digestion with pancreatic lipase.

alimentary canal; accessory digestive organs

List two main divisions of the digestive system.

duodenum; ileum; jejunum

List, in order from the pylorus to the colon, the three regions of the small intestine:

false

Most water and salt are absorbed in the colon.

sucrase, dextrinase, glucoamylase

Name the brush border enzymes.

false

Only single amino acids are absorbed in the small intestine

lipase

Pancreatic _______ is responsible for the majority of fat digestion.

true

Pepsin is inactivated in the duodenum.

true

The active transport of sodium is necessary for water absorption in the small intestine.

stratified squamous

The anus is lined with _________ ________ epithelium.

amino acids

The breakdown products (monomers) of proteins are _______ _________.

fatty acids

The breakdown products of triglycerides include monoglycerides and _______ _________.

nerve plexus

The built-in (intrinsic) network of nerve cells in the submucosa is the ________ _________.

protease

The digestive enzyme ______ begins the breakdown of proteins in the stomach.

brush border

The final digestion of carbohydrates is accomplished with ________ _________ enzymes.

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

The four main layers of the digestive tract wall are:

mucus

The function of epithelial goblet cells is to secrete _______.

water; electrolytes; vitamins

The large intestine absorbs _______, ________, and _________.

pancreas

The main digestive enzyme-producing organ in the body is the _________.

brush

The microvilli of the small intestine's epithelial cells form the ________ border.

stratified squamous; mechanical

The mouth; with its _________ _________ epithelium, is involved in both chemical and ___________ digestion.

epithelium

The mucosa includes a type of columnar __________ that forms the inner lining of the lumen.

inner circular; outer longitudinal

The muscularis mucosa has both ___________ __________ and ___________ ____________ fibers that function in moving the villi to aid in digestion and absorption.

nerve plexus

The network of neurons in between the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa is the _________ ________.

bile

The single digestive function of the liver is to produce _________.

muscularis mucosae

The smooth muscle layer of the mucosa is called the __________ ___________.

peristalsis; segmentation

The two types of movements produced by contractions of the muscularis externa are ___________ and ____________.

chylomicrons

Triglycerides combine with lipoproteins inside the intestinal epithelial cells to form ________.

starch

Which of the following is not a disaccharide? _maltose _lactose _starch _sucrose

enteroendocrine

_____________ cells of the mucosa secrete hormones into the blood.

sucrose

glucose + fructose

lactose

glucose + galactose

maltose

glucose + glucose

starch

many glucose monomers