BIOL 203 Anatomy Final Questions
The human genome consists of approximately __________ pairs of nucleotides. 3 million 300,000 3000 3 billion
3 billion
Human vision is limited to wavelengths ranging from __________ nm. 4 to 70 400 to 7,000 40 to 700 400 to 700 4,000 to 7,000
400 to 700
Which of these is not found in the karyotype of a normal human male? X and Y chromosomes 92 DNA molecules 46 chromosomes 46 chromatids 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
46 chromatids
A karyotype shows the __________ chromosomes sorted and isolated from a cell in __________. 46; prophase 23; metaphase 46; S phase 23; interphase 46; metaphase
46; metaphase
What type of neural circuit is best for producing a prolonged output? A reverberating circuit A presynaptic pool A diverging circuit An autonomic pool A converging circuit
A reverberating circuit
What is a sensation? An unconscious response to a stimulus A response of a sensory receptor A subjective awareness of a stimulus A response of a sensory organ A response to any conscious stimulus
A subjective awareness of a stimulus
Which neurotransmitter excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle? Dopamine Histamine Norepinephrine Acetylcholine β-Endorphin
Acetylcholine
A predominance of which waves in an electroencephalogram (EEG) might indicate that a person is physically and mentally relaxed? Delta Alpha Theta Gamma Beta
Alpha
Exhausted from studying all night, you briefly close your eyes and your mind starts to wander. Which brain waves would be most predominant in an EEG? Theta Delta Sigma Beta Alpha
Alpha
Name the structure Posterior chamber Anterior chamber Scleral venous sinus Hyaloid canal Vitreous chamber
Anterior chamber
What effect did applying atropine prior to acetylcholine have on the rate and force of contraction of the frog heart? Atropine blocked the acetylcholine from decreasing the heart rate, so no change in heart rate or force of contraction was see when acetylcholine was applied. Atropine had no effect on the action of acetylcholine. Atropine reversed the effect of acetylcholine, causing and increase in heart rate and force of contraction when acetylcholine was applied. Atropine increased the effect of acetylcholine, the heart rate and force of contraction both decreased when acetylcholine was applied.
Atropine blocked the acetylcholine from decreasing the heart rate, so no change in heart rate or force of contraction was see when acetylcholine was applied.
Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity? Auditory (eustachian) tube Cochlear duct Tympanic cavity Oval window Auditory canal
Auditory (eustachian) tube
Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false? The body produces autoantibodies that destroy the pancreatic beta cells in type I DM. Type II DM is more common than type I DM. Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin. Diabetic neuropathy is a common long-term effect of DM. Target cells are unresponsive to insulin in type II DM.
Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.
Nonfluent aphasia, due to a lesion in the __________, results in slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, or use of words that only approximate the correct word. primary motor area primary auditory area Wernicke area Broca area cerebral lateralization
Broca area
Which of these is the correct sequence from simple to more complex? Carbon, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, chromatin, DNA Carbon, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, chromatin, DNA Chromatin, DNA, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, carbon Carbon, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, DNA, chromatin Chromatin, carbon, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, DNA
Carbon, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, DNA, chromatin
Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise? Cochlear hair cells Tympanic membrane Ossicles Tectorial membrane Fibers of the cochlear nerve
Cochlear hair cells
Name the structure Sclera Lens Cornea Iris Choroid
Cornea
What type of neural circuit is shown here? Reverberating Post-tetanic Diverging Converging Parallel after-discharge
Diverging
Parkinson disease is a progressive loss of motor function due to the degeneration of specific neurons. These neurons secrete an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prevents excessive activity in motor centers of the brain. What neurotransmitter is this? Glutamate Serotonin Dopamine Acetylcholine GABA
Dopamine
Destruction of the amygdala would mostly affect which of the following? Awareness of objects Expression of emotional feelings Cognition Memory Recognition and identification of objects
Expression of emotional feelings
Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream. True False
False
Light falling on the retina is absorbed by rhodopsin and photopsin in the pigment epithelium. True False
False
Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas. True False
False
Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes. True False
False
Phenotype is the result of genetic influences only. True False
False
Testosterone is a gonadotropin. True False
False
The vision association area resides primarily in the temporal lobe. True False
False
Transduction begins with an action potential in a sensory receptor. True False
False
Which body region is controlled by the largest area of the motor cortex? Shoulder Toes Trunk Fingers Neck
Fingers
What are the only retinal cells that produce action potentials? Bipolar cells Cones Horizontal cells Rods Ganglion cells
Ganglion cells
In a taste bud, which cell produces a receptor potential? Supporting cells Taste hairs Basal cells Sensory nerve fibers Gustatory cells
Gustatory cells
During the relative refractory period, the membrane is hyperpolarized and a larger incoming stimulus is required to trigger an action potential. How does this affect the response properties of a sensory neuron? Lower stimulus intensity will increase the rate at which the sensory neuron fires action potentials. Higher stimulus intensity will increase the rate at which the sensory neuron fires action potentials. Higher stimulus intensity will cause the sensory neuron to fire larger (higher amplitude) action potentials. Lower stimulus intensity will cause the sensory neuron to fire narrower (shorter duration) action potentials. Higher stimulus intensity will cause the sensory neuron to fire smaller (lower amplitude) action potentials.
Higher stimulus intensity will increase the rate at which the sensory neuron fires action potentials.
Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome? ACTH hypersecretion by the pituitary ACTH-secreting tumors Hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex Hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla Excess cortisol secretion
Hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus? Osmotic diuresis → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → hyperglycemia Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis → glucose transport maximum exceeded Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis Hyperglycemia → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose enters renal tubules → osmotic diuresis Hyperglycemia → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis
Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following? Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane Depolarization of the cell membrane No change in the cell membrane potential Repolarization of the cell membrane No change of the threshold
Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane
Some antidepressant drugs act by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO). What is the function of this enzyme? It degrades acetylcholine. It binds to chloride gates. It blocks sodium channels. It converts ATP to cyclic AMP. It breaks down monoamines.
It breaks down monoamines.
Which of the following is true regarding cortisol? It promotes glycogen synthesis. It stimulates glucose intake by most organs. It stimulates protein synthesis. It inhibits fat digestion. It promotes breakdown of fat and protein.
It promotes breakdown of fat and protein.
Which of the following is true regarding the autonomic nervous system? Its denervation would cause hypersensitivity. It uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine exclusively. It has no ganglia along its nerves. It controls skeletal muscle contraction. It usually controls conscious actions.
Its denervation would cause hypersensitivity.
What type of sensory receptor is pictured here? Tendon organ Tactile corpuscle Lamellar corpuscle Tactile disc Muscle spindle
Lamellar corpuscle
Which of the following is not involved with spinal gating of pain signals? The reticulospinal tract Lower motor neurons Nociceptors The spinothalamic tract Second-order neurons
Lower motor neurons
Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone? Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Somatostatin
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
The incus articulates with which bone(s)? Stapes Malleus, stapes, and temporal Malleus and stapes Malleus, stapes, and tympanic Malleus
Malleus and stapes
What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus? Olfaction Touch Equilibrium Gustation Vision
Olfaction
__________ is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions. Gastrointestinal secretion Bronchodilation Vasomotor tone Heart rate Orgasm
Orgasm
What type of neural circuit is shown here? Parallel after-discharge Post-tetanic Reverberating Diverging Converging
Parallel after-discharge
Osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by a dominant allele but not all people with this allele actually suffer from the disease. What is this phenomenon called? Codominance Incomplete dominance Dominance Penetrance Recession
Penetrance
Name the structure in blue Vitreous chamber Posterior chamber Hyaloid canal Anterior chamber Scleral venous sinus
Posterior chamber
Which one of the following is made up of primarily adrenergic fibers? All motor fibers of the somatic motor system Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division Preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
After a stroke, a patient complains about lack of sensitivity in her right hand. The stroke most likely affected which part of the brain? Postcentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe Precentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe Precentral gyrus in the right frontal lobe Postcentral gyrus in the right temporal lobe Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe
Precentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe
What is the function of the indicated brain region? Memory consolidation Hearing Emotional control Understanding written language Production of speech
Production of speech
Which of the following structures belong to the inner ear? Helix Semicircular duct Incus Tensor tympani muscle Tympanic membrane
Semicircular duct
Place the following in order to represent a reaction cascade. (Imagine a pyramid starting from the top and going down for the correct answer) Activated enzymes Metabolic product Small stimulus Hormone cAMP & protein kinase Great effect
Small stimulus Hormone cAMP & protein kinase Activated enzymes Metabolic product Great effect
The type of summation shown in this diagram is called __________ summation. Parallel Temporal Divergent Spatial Reverberating
Spatial
Which of these does not contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission? The axon terminal reabsorbs some neurotransmitters by endocytosis. Enzymes in the postsynaptic cell break down some neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitter escapes from the synapse into the nearby extracellular fluid. Neurotransmitters are no longer released. Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis.
Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis.
The type of summation shown in this diagram is called __________ summation. Temporal Spatial Parallel Reverberating Divergent
Temporal
Where is the primary olfactory cortex located? Parietal lobe Insula Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Temporal lobe
Temporal lobe
The three types of cones in the retina are differentiated from one another by what feature? Which layer of the retina they are in Whether they contain cis-retinal or trans-retinal or both The number of discs in their outer segment The width of their outer segment The absorption peak of their photopsin
The absorption peak of their photopsin
A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause which of the following to occur? The tectorial membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its proximal end The tectorial membrane to vibrate vigorously near its proximal end
The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end
Which of the following is not a reason that somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes? The effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more neurons. The effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord. Some of the neurons in the effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc are unmyelinated. The effector pathway in the somatic reflex arc is myelinated. The effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more chemical synapses.
The effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.
Place a single word into each blank to make the sentence about eicosanoids correct. Then, place each sentence into a logical paragraph order. Some peptide hormones and other stimuli liberate _______ from one of the phospholipids of the plasma membrane. The ___________ are an important family of paracrine secretions The following two ________, cyclooxygenase and _________, then convert it to various eicosanoids. They have 20 ________ backbones derived from a polyunsaturated called ________ arachidonic acid. enzymes fatty acid hormones eicosanoids paracrine lipoxygenase sulfuric acid hydrogen coenzymes arachidonic acid
The eicosanoids are an important family of paracrine secretions. They have 20 carbon backbones derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid called arachidonic acid. Some peptide hormones and other stimuli liberate arachidonic acid from one of the phospholipids of the plasma membrane. The following two enzymes, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, then convert it to various eicosanoids.
Which of the following occurs during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep? The muscles are paralyzed, and body temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate and respiratory rate increase. A person begins to relax and feels drowsy. A person falls into light sleep. The muscles are very relaxed and body temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate, and respiratory rate are at their lowest levels. The muscles relax, and body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate fall.
The muscles are paralyzed, and body temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate and respiratory rate increase
Which of these happens first in a cholinergic synaptic transmission? Acetylcholine binds to ligand-regulated gates. Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft. A postsynaptic potential is produced. Sodium enters the postsynaptic cell. The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine.
The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine.
Neither follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones? The permissive effect The antagonistic effect The synergistic effect The cascade effect Hormone clearance
The synergistic effect
Examine this figure, then determine which statement is true. There is more convergence in the scotopic system, leading to high sensitivity but low resolution. There is more convergence in the photopic system, leading to high sensitivity but low resolution. There is more convergence in the scotopic system, leading to low sensitivity but high resolution. There is more convergence in the photopic system, leading to both high sensitivity and high resolution. Although both systems show equal levels of convergence, the photopic system utilizes more ganglion cells and is therefore more sensitive.
There is more convergence in the scotopic system, leading to high sensitivity but low resolution.
Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands? They secrete substances that do not alter the metabolism of their target cells, but have extracellular effects. They have an unusually low density of blood capillaries. They secrete their products by way of ducts. They release their secretions into the blood. Their secretions may be released onto the body surface.
They release their secretions into the blood.
Did the hands and feet respond simultaneously to the stimuli? If not, how were they different? There was no response. They were not simultaneous. The feet responded before the hands. They were not simultaneous. The hands responded before the feet. They responded simultaneously.
They were not simultaneous. The hands responded before the feet.
Which process is illustrated here? Sensation Transmission Transduction Perception Propagation
Transduction
Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones. True False
True
Gustatory signals travel from the tongue through the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. True False
True
Memories are formed by neural pathways of modified synapses. True False
True
Most somesthetic signals in the right side of the body reach the cerebral cortex in the contralateral primary somesthetic area. True False
True
Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a neuromodulator by altering synaptic function. True False
True
Prostaglandins promote ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum. They also induce labor contractions. True False
True
Stress is defined as any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being. True False
True
The Wernicke area recognizes spoken and written language. True False
True
The amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus are involved in such feelings as love, anger, fear, pleasure, and pain. True False
True
The latency for a response for sweating in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is longer in for the soles of the feet due to a longer path the impulse must travel. True False
True
Which taste sensation is produced by amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid? Salty Sour Umami Sweet Bitter
Umami
What is the function of the indicated brain region? Production of speech Emotional control Memory consolidation Hearing Understanding written language
Understanding written language
Indicate whether each condition describes hormonal up regulation or down regulation. In response to a chronic lack of hormones, the target cell increases the concentration of receptors. This results in decreased sensitivity An increased number of testosterone receptors in skeletal muscle following resistance training is an example of this In response to a chronic abundance of hormone, the target cell reduces the concentration of receptors An example would be a decreased number of hormone receptors resulting from chronically high insulin levels This is the receptor response to an increase in circulating hormone This results in a greater response to the same magnitude of hormone release
Up In response to a chronic lack of hormones, the target cell increases the concentration of receptors. An increased number of testosterone receptors in skeletal muscle following resistance training is an example of this This results in a greater response to the same magnitude of hormone release Down This results in decreased sensitivity In response to a chronic abundance of hormone, the target cell reduces the concentration of receptors An example would be a decreased number of hormone receptors resulting from chronically high insulin levels This is the receptor response to an increase in circulating hormone
Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone? Down-regulation The antagonistic effect Enzyme amplification Negative feedback inhibition Up-regulation
Up-regulation
Which of the following correctly describes the vestibular projection pathway to the brain? Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex Vestibulocochlear nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - vestibular nerve - cerebral cortex Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex
Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex
Name the structure Vitreous chamber Hyaloid canal Posterior chamber Scleral venous sinus Anterior chamber
Vitreous chamber
If the nucleus of one of your cells was ruptured, what would spill out? Your genome Your phenotype Your gametes Your coding DNA only
Your genome
When cells cannot absorb glucose, they must get their energy someplace else, and, in turn, they metabolize fat and protein. In time, this leads to __________. decreased blood levels of free fatty acids and their breakdown products a condition called ketoacidosis, causing deep, gasping breathing muscular hypertrophy short-term increases in cardiovascular and neurological function respiratory alkalosis
a condition called ketoacidosis, causing deep, gasping breathing
Hemophilia is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. This means that __________. a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his father women can be carriers but cannot get hemophilia a man can give the allele to his son but not to his daughter the gene is found on the Y chromosome
a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother
Muscarinic receptors bind __________. acetylcholinesterase epinephrine norepinephrine acetylcholine monoamine oxidase (MAO)
acetylcholine
Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause __________ when it begins in adulthood. goiter acromegaly Graves disease Cushing syndrome myxedema
acromegaly
The _________ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin. thyroid thymus hypothalamus anterior pituitary posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
The hypophysial portal system connects the _________ with the _________. anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary anterior pituitary; hypothalamus hypothalamus; thyroid posterior pituitary; hypothalamus pituitary glands; thyroid
anterior pituitary; hypothalamus
Genes produce their products __________. at a steady rate all the time only when the appropriate hormone is present when the transcription activator is inhibited by an extracellular signal as their products are needed or not
as their products are needed or not
Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH are detected by __________. chemoreceptors nociceptors mechanoreceptors proprioceptors thermoreceptors
chemoreceptors
Name the structure semicircular ducts cochlea auditory ossicles tympanic membrane vestibule
cochlea
The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________. estradiol glucagon aldosterone epinephrine cortisol
cortisol
Drugs that are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors would most likely __________. decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant inhibit uptake of dopamine and cause depression stimulate β-2 receptors and cause an increase in heart rate and dilation of bronchioles activate the parasympathetic division and allow for normal digestive system activities block ACh receptors on skeletal muscle and cause flaccid paralysis
decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant
Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving __________. digestion anger stress exercise arousal
digestion
DNA replication is called semiconservative because __________. each daughter DNA consists of one new nucleotide and one old nucleotide each daughter cell receives one new helix and one old helix each daughter cell receives one new chromatid and one old chromatid each daughter DNA consists of one new chromatid and one old chromatid each daughter DNA consists of one new helix and one old helix
each daughter DNA consists of one new helix and one old helix
The output energy of all receptors is a type of __________ energy. mechanical electrical nuclear chemical thermal
electrical
Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of __________. sweating blood flow to the skeletal muscles blood clotting hair erection gastrointestinal motility
gastrointestinal motility
The system that enables 4 nucleotides to dictate the sequences of millions of proteins is called the __________. Human Genome Project law of independent assortment genetic code Chargaff's rule law of complementary base pairing
genetic code
Short-term memory is associated with the __________, whereas long-term memory is associated with the __________. cerebral cortex; amygdala amygdala; hippocampus cerebral cortex; hippocampus hippocampus; cerebral cortex hippocampus; midbrain
hippocampus; cerebral cortex
Using the chart below describe the effects of acetylcholine on the heart rate of a frog. See it decreases the heart rate It has no effect on the heart rate. It increases the force of contraction. It increases the heart rate.
it decreases the heart rate
The __________ is not an endocrine gland, but it has a role in endocrine function. parathyroid gland kidney adrenal gland pancreas thyroid gland
kidney
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the __________. kidneys adrenal gland anterior pituitary hypothalamus pancreas
kidneys
Adjustment to close-range vision involves all of the following except __________. light adaptation change in the curvature of the lens ciliary muscle activity activity of the extrinsic eye muscles constriction of the pupil
light adaptation
Most hormones are taken up and degraded by the __________ and __________. bone marrow; liver bone marrow; spleen spleen; liver liver; kidney spleen; kidney
liver; kidney
Physical causes of stress include __________. Check all that apply. anger malnutrition intense exercise infection grief
malnutrition intense exercise infection
The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness. melatonin inhibin hepcidin calcitonin melanin
melatonin
Place a single word or phrase into each sentence to explain the actions of non-cAMP second messengers. In addition to cAMP, diglyceride and inositol triphosphate are common second ______________. In both cases, a hormone binds to its receptor, activating a ___________, which migrates to a phospholipase molecule and activates it. In the case of _________________, phospholipase removes the phosphate-containing group from the head of a membrane phospholipid, leaving DAG, which remains embedded in the plasma membrane. In the case of _______________, the phosphate-containing group removed is IP₃. enzymes hormones metabolism inositol triphosphate G protein messengers diaclyglycerol
messengers G protein diaclyglycerol inositol triphosphate
The rate of hormone removal is called the __________, and the length of time required to clear 50% of the hormone from the blood is the __________. metabolic clearance rate; half-life half-life; metabolic clearance rate synergistic effect; half-life antagonistic effect; metabolic clearance rate None of the choices are correct
metabolic clearance rate; half-life
T4 and T3 are __________ hormones that are mainly transported __________ in the blood. steroid; bound to transcortin-binding protein (TBP) monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) monoamine; unbound (free) catecholamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) steroid; unbound (free)
monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
Sympathetic fibers do not release __________. neuropeptide Y acetylcholine substance P norepinephrine nitric oxide (NO)
nitric oxide (NO)
Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate at the __________. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus optic chiasm midbrain superior colliculus optic foramen
optic chiasm
The posterior pituitary secretes _________. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) prolactin (PRL) oxytocin (OT) growth hormone (GH) thyroid hormone (TH)
oxytocin (OT)
The __________ association area is responsible for perceiving and attending to stimuli, and the __________ association area is responsible for identifying them. frontal; occipital parietal; temporal temporal; occipital occipital; frontal temporal; parietal
parietal; temporal
Hormones display __________ effects when one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later. permissive antagonistic synergistic All of the choices are correct. None of the choices are correct.
permissive
The ___________ can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain. adrenal gland hypothalamus hypophysis pituitary gland pineal gland
pineal gland
Which structure is the arrow pointing to? pituitary gland suprarenal gland pineal gland thyroid gland thymus gland
pituitary gland
Eye color is caused by genes at multiple loci. This phenomenon is called __________. multiple carriers polygenic inheritance sex linkage incomplete dominance pleiotropy
polygenic inheritance
After translation, a protein may undergo structural changes called __________ modifications. posttranslational polyribosomal secretory posttranscriptional splicing
posttranslational
A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a ___________ neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter ___________. preganglionic; norepinephrine (NE) postganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh) preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh) somatic; norepinephrine (NE) postganglionic; norepinephrine (NE)
preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)
The infundibulum is a ___________. portal system between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland depression of the sphenoid bone that protects the pituitary gland mass of endocrine and neural cells projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs bulky nucleus composed of the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus
projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs
Cyclooxygenase converts arachidonic acid to __________ and __________. histamine; prostacyclin thromboxanes; leukotrienes leukotrienes; prostacyclin prostacyclin; thromboxanes leukotrienes; histamine
prostacyclin; thromboxanes
Name the structure (is the outermost structure of the eye, picture does not do a good job in detailing) iris pupil cornea lens sclera
sclera
When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your __________. saccule semicircular ducts spiral organ cochlea utricle
semicircular ducts
The autonomic nervous system controls all of the following except the __________. parotid salivary gland cardiac muscle in the right atrium smooth muscle in the walls of the aorta skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis adrenal gland
skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis
All of the body's nonreproductive cells, called __________, usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are thus called __________ cells. somatic cells; haploid somatic cells; diploid germ cells; diploid germ cells; haploid
somatic cells; diploid
All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except __________. they alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell they are released in response to stimulation they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell they are synthesized by a presynaptic neuron
they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell
The __________ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system. thymus pancreas thyroid gland parathyroid gland adrenal gland
thyroid gland
Which is the indicated structure? ovary pituitary gland thyroid gland hypothalamus testis
thyroid gland
The pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus are called __________ neurons. upper motor stellate third-order first-order lower motor
upper motor
