BIOL 2170 Chapter 7 Learning Curve

In eukaryotes, acetyl-CoA synthesis takes place in the: cytoplasm. outer mitochondrial membrane. mitochondrial matrix. inner mitochondrial membrane. intermembrane space of mitochondria.

mitochondrial matrix

The citric acid cycle takes place in the: cytoplasm. outer mitochondrial membrane. inner mitochondrial membrane. mitochondrial matrix. intermembrane space of mitochondria.

mitochondrial matrix

In what organelle is acetyl-CoA synthesis carried out in a cell? chloroplast Golgi apparatus nucleus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion

mitochondrion

During the citric acid cycle, the production of CO2 is a(n) _____ reaction coupled to the production of ____________. oxidation; NADH reduction; ATP oxidation; ATP reduction;, NADH oxidation; GTP

oxidation; NADH

During acetyl-CoA synthesis, pyruvate is: phosphorylated. reduced. oxidized. carboxylated. hydrogenated.

oxidized

In cellular respiration, glucose is _____ to CO2 and oxygen is _____ to water. deoxygenated; phosphorylated reduced; oxidized oxidized; oxidized oxidized; reduced phosphorylated; deoxygenated

oxidized; reduced

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is: ATP synthase. NAD+. coenzyme Q. oxygen. cytochrome C.

oxygen

Which of the following does not occur during the third phase of glycolysis? ATP synthesis pyruvate production the transfer of high-energy electrons to NAD+ oxygen consumption None of the answer options is correct.

oxygen consumption

During fermentation, pyruvate is: reduced. phosphorylated. oxidized. hydrogenated. carboxylated.

reduced

The _____ forms of the electron carriers NAD+/NADH and FADH/FADH2 have high potential energy. oxidized reduced phosphorylated carboxylated None of the answer options is correct.

reduced

Fermentation occurs in: some aerobic organisms, such as yeast, even in the presence of oxygen. only in bacteria, fungi, and plants. anaerobic organisms only.

some aerobic organisms, such as yeast, even in the presence of oxygen

In glycolysis, ATP is synthesized via: both substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation. electron carriers. substrate level phosphorylation. oxidative phosphorylation. redox reactions.

substrate level phosphorylation

Which of the following is not one of the net final products of glycolysis? two molecules of acetyl-CoA two molecules of pyruvate two molecules of ATP two molecules of NADH

two molecules of acetyl-CoA

At the end of glycolysis, the carbon molecules originally found in the starting glucose molecule are in the form of: two ATP molecules. two NADH molecules. four ATP molecules. two pyruvate molecules. one pyruvate molecule.

two pyruvate molecules

Which of the following statements is true regarding aerobic respiration? Aerobic respiration requires oxygen at every stage of the process. Aerobic respiration is carried out by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aerobic respiration is a three-step process, with oxidative phosphorylation comprising the last stage. Carbon dioxide is produced at every stage of aerobic respiration. None of the answer options is correct.

None of the answer options is correct

Which was likely the first of the following metabolic pathways or structures to evolve? fermentation the citric acid cycle electron transport complexes I, II, and III ATP synthase All four probably arose at the same time in an early prokaryote.

fermentation

In cellular respiration, oxygen: gains electrons and is an oxidizing agent. loses electrons and is a reducing agent. gains electrons and is a reducing agent. loses electrons and is an oxidizing agent. None of the answer options is correct.

gains electrons and is an oxidizing agent

A single molecule of glucose requires _____ "turns" through the citric acid cycle for its chemical energy to be completely harvested. 3 2 4 5 1

2

After acetyl-CoA synthesis, the chemical energy of how many carbons of the original glucose molecule will be converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP in the remaining steps of aerobic respiration? 3 2 1 4 5

4

Which of the following statements is true regarding acetyl-CoA synthesis? Acetyl-CoA synthesis ends with the oxidation of an acetyl group, which forms CO2. Like glycolysis, acetyl-CoA synthesis is carried out in the mitochondria. Acetyl-CoA synthesis forms the same number of NADH (per glucose molecule) as glycolysis. Acetyl-CoA synthesis directly follows the citric acid cycle during cellular respiration.

Aceytl-CoA synthesis forms the same number of NADH (per glucose molecule) as glycolysis

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex plays a role in which of the following processes? the formation of NADH the oxidation of pyruvate the formation of acetyl-CoA the formation of CO2 All of the answer options are correct.

All of the answer options are correct

An important aspect of biology is that many proteins are used in several different processes. Which of the following protein complexes is used in both the electron transport chain and the citric acid cycle? Complex I Complex II Complex III Complex IV ATP synthase

Complex II

Imagine that a eukaryotic cell carries a mutation impairing its ability to phosphorylate glucose during glycolysis. What is a likely result of this mutation? Because phosphorylation stabilizes glucose, glucose would spontaneously form pyruvate. High (possibly toxic) levels of glucose would accumulate in the cell. More pyruvate would be formed at the end of glycolysis. Glucose could move out of the cell, slowing cellular respiration. Without the phosphorylation of glucose, glycolysis would consist entirely of exergonic reactions.

Glucose would move out of the cell, slowing cellular respiration

______________ is found in animals, and possesses a large, central protein. ____________ is found in plants, and lacks a central protein. Starch; Glycogen Glycogen; Glycogen also Glycogen; Starch Starch; Starch also

Glycogen; Starch

The inputs to glycolysis do not include (select all correct choices): glucose. NAD+. NADH. ADP. Pi.

NADH

We consume a variety of carbohydrates that are digested into a variety of different sugars. How do these different sugars enter glycolysis? All sugars are converted to fructose 6-phosphate and enter glycolysis at phase 1, step 3. All sugars are converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and enter glycolysis at phase 3, step 6. All sugars are converted to glucose 6-phosphate and enter glycolysis at phase 1, step 2. Sugars are converted to various forms and enter glycolysis at various stages. None of the answer options is correct.

Sugars are converted to various forms and enter glycolysis at various stages

A researcher is comparing the amount of proteins contained in inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. What do you expect she will find? The amount of proteins will be greater in the inner membrane. The amount of proteins will be equivalent in the outer and inner membranes. The amount of proteins will be greater in the outer membrane.

The amount of proteins will be greater in the inner membrane

Imagine that you notice rust has formed on the frame of your bicycle. How would this have happened? The iron in your bicycle frame was reduced and gained electrons. The iron in your bicycle frame was oxidized and gained electrons. The iron in your bicycle frame was reduced and lost electrons. The iron in your bicycle frame was oxidized and lost electrons.

The iron in your bicycle frame was oxidized and lost electrons

Which of the following statements is true regarding the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2+ 6H2O + energy? Glucose could be considered a reducing agent. The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative, and glucose could be considered a reducing agent. The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative. In CO2, the oxygen atoms lose electrons and the carbon atom is oxidized. The movement of hydrogen atoms in reactions involving C6H12O6 and H2O yields no information regarding the movement of electrons.

The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative, and glucose could be considered a reducing agent.

Glycolysis is: aerobic. anaerobic. aerobic in some organisms but anaerobic in others. aerobic in some tissues but anaerobic in others. None of the answer options is correct.

anaerobic

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in (select all correct answer options): animals and plants. plants and bacteria. fungi and bacteria. bacteria and animals. animals and fungi.

bacteria and animals

The breakdown of fatty acids takes place via a process called: beta-oxidation. fatty acid phosphorylation. beta-carboxylation. glycolysis. oxidative phosphorylation.

beta-oxidation

How did the earliest organisms on Earth most likely produce ATP? by the citric acid cycle by glycolysis by acetyl CoA synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation

by glycolysis

Cellular respiration is a series of _____ reactions. anabolic catabolic glycolytic phosphorylation carboxylation

catabolic

The second phase of glycolysis: phosphorylates glucose. generates ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. cleaves a phosphorylated sugar molecule and rearranges the products. generates ATP by substrate level phosphorylation. reduces NAD+ to NADH.

cleaves a phosphorylated sugar molecule and rearranges the products

A high-energy electron from NADH entering the electron transport chain would travel among components of the chain in what sequence? complex I, coenzyme Q, complex II, cytochrome C, complex III, coenzyme Q, complex IV, cytochrome C, oxygen complex II, coenzyme Q, complex IV, cytochrome C, ATP synthase, oxygen complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome C, complex IV, oxygen complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome C, ATP synthase, oxygen complex II, cytochrome C, complex IV, cytochrome C, oxygen

complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome C, complex IV, oxygen

In the first three stages of cellular respiration, the chemical energy in glucose is transferred to: cytochrome b and coenzyme Q. electron carriers and ATP. ATP and cytochrome b. only coenzyme Q. proton pumps and ATP.

electron carriers and ATP

The first phase of glycolysis requires the input of two ATP molecules. It is therefore: endergonic. exergonic. oxidative. reducing. None of the answer options is correct.

endergonic

The majority of energy generated in the citric acid cycle is in the form of: energy electrons donated to NAD+ and FADH. GTP via substrate level phosphorylation. ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. ATP via substrate level phosphorylation. GTP via oxidative phosphorylation.

energy electrons donated to NAD+ and FADH

T/F: Acetyl-CoA synthesis is remarkably similar to glycolysis in that when one molecule of pyruvate enters into a mitochondrion, two molecules of acetyl-CoA are formed.

false

T/F: Fermentation produces nearly two times as much ATP as aerobic respiration, which explains why it is a preferred pathway for bacteria.

false

T/F: In a plant cell, all stages of cellular respiration are carried out in the cytoplasm.

false

T/F: Like glycolysis, acetyl-CoA synthesis produces both pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. These two products feed directly into the citric acid cycle and are the reactants for this process.

false

T/F: Oxidation is the gain of electrons.

false

T/F: The majority of cells within the human body have a very high baseline amount of ATP, so cells are always prepared for any long-term activity.

false

Proteins can be broken down for energy. They are typically broken down into amino acids, which then enter cellular respiration via: glycolysis or ethanol fermentation. glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. lactic acid fermentation or the citric acid cycle. electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation.

glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

Due to the pumping action of the electron transport chain, protons have a high concentration in the _____ and a low concentration in the _____. intermembrane space; mitochondrial matrix mitochondrial matrix; intermembrane space intermembrane space; cytoplasm mitochondrial matrix; extracellular fluid mitochondrial matrix; cytoplasm

intermembrane space; mitochondrial matrix

Acetyl-CoA synthesis is an important step in cellular respiration because: it transfers large numbers of high-energy electrons to electron carriers. it links glycolysis with aerobic respiration. it eliminates toxic pyruvate from the cell. it is the first step in oxidative phosphorylation. it generates ATP by substrate level phosphorylation.

it links glycolysis with aerobic respiration

During acetyl-CoA synthesis, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and an acetyl group. The CO2 is: less oxidized than the acetyl group. more reduced than the acetyl group. more energetic than the acetyl group. less energetic than the acetyl group. None of the answer options is correct.

less energetic than the acetyl group

The chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because: they are strong reducing agents. their electrons are far away from the nuclei of the atoms. they are strong oxidizing agents. they are easy to phosphorylate. they are easy to hydrolyze.

their electrons are far away from the nuclei of the atoms

T/F: Although glycolysis produces four molecules of ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation, the net gain of ATP for the cell is two molecules. This is due to the fact that glycolysis is—at first—endergonic.

true