BIOL 2402 Ch 13, 14, 15

________ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light.

Rods

Which statement is true regarding the ANS?

The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the hypothalamus.

What occurs when the head is in the normal, upright position?

The otoliths push the hair cell processes down.

Which cranial nerve monitors all the taste buds located on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

VII

Why does the near point of vision typically increase with age? (Module 15.9C)

Elasticity of the lens decreases with age.

Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain?

cerebrum

Which region of the brain contains two ventricles? (Module 13.2B)

cerebrum

The highest levels of information processing occur in the

cerebrum.

Which type of receptor is sensitive to changes in blood pH? (Module 14.10B)

chemoreceptors

What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?

ciliary body

The shallow folds of the surface of the cerebellum are called

folia

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

The basic reflex motor patterns related to eating and drinking are controlled by which region of the brain? (Module 13.21B)

hypothalamus

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the

medulla oblongata.

Which brain area is considered to be the headquarters of the ANS?

hypothalamus

Where in the eye is aqueous humor located? (Module 15.7C)

in the anterior cavity, between the cornea and the lens

Parkinson's disease is the result of

inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.

The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the

medulla oblongata.

A person suffering from ________ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred.

myopia

Pain is to ________ as cold is to ________.

nociceptors; thermoreceptors

Activated nicotinic receptors __________.

open chemically-gated channels in the postsynaptic membrane

What is the eye's blind spot? (Module 15.10A)

optic disc

Baroreceptors are not found in the

oral cavity.

Which of the following is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain?

prosencephalon

When light encounters a medium of different density, it is bent or

refracted

Two terms that both refer to internal organs are

splanchnic and viscera.

Which of the following is an effect of sympathetic activation?

stimulation of the medial and lateral pathways associated with a general elevation in muscle tone

What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?

subarachnoid space

Identify two major divisions of the ANS. (Module 14.2A)

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

Which division of the ANS is responsible for the physiological changes you experience when startled by a loud noise? (Module 14.2D)

sympathetic division of the ANS

The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following except

taste.

Descending (motor) pathways always involve at least ________ motor neuron(s).

two

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the

tympanic membrane.

A receptor that responds to chemicals dissolved in solution is a

"chemoreceptor.

A typical gustatory cell survives for only about ________ days before it is replaced.

10

There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.

12

The olfactory receptor cell can be activated by as few as ________ odorant molecules.

4

Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places?

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the enteric nervous system?

All of the neurotransmitters found in the brain are found in the ENS.

________ are receptors in the aorta that monitor the blood pressure.

Baroreceptors

________ are photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color.

Cones

Which cranial nerve provides roughly 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow?

CN X

________, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface.

Conjunctivitis

Define gustation. (Module 15.3A)

Gustation is the sense of taste.

Which cranial nerves arise from the brainstem? (Module 13.7C)

III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XI, X, XI, XII

Define emmetropia. (Module 15.14A)

It is the term for normal vision.

Reduction in heart rate and force of contraction is a response in which visceral reflex?

baroreceptor reflex

Which layer of the eye would be the first affected by inadequate tear production? (Module 15.6B)

conjunctiva

Which of the following is an effect of parasympathetic activation?

constriction of the pupils

A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order?

cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid

Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic visceral reflex?

defecation reflex

Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

dual

Which cells develop into the photoreceptors? (Module 15.5C)

ependymal cells of the outer layer of the optic cup

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

excessive heart rate.

A sound with a frequency of 12,000 hertz would be

high-pitched.

A person suffering from ________ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close.

hyperopia

The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

infundibulum

Which structures develop into the retina? (Module 15.5B)

inner and outer layers of the optic cup

Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains.

larger

In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in the

left cerebral hemisphere.

Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are

lobes

In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

long; short

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

longitudinal fissure.

Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system whose cell bodies are within the spinal cord are called ________ neurons.

lower motor

All of the following is a function of tears except

maintains acidic environment.

The cerebral area posterior to the central sulcus is the

parietal lobe.

Which of the following is not one of the six taste sensations?

peppery

The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the

pia mater.

Where is the primary motor cortex located? (Module 13.12A)

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron.

preganglionic

When comparing the SNS and ANS, which of the following are unique to the ANS?

preganglionic neurons

Which diencephalic structure regulates body temperature by control of autonomic centers in the medulla oblongata?

preoptic area of the hypothalamus

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ________ cortex.

primary sensory

Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called

proprioceptors

The opening in the iris through which light passes is the

pupil

Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with the phenomenon of ________ pain.

referred

Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the

saccule and utricle.

You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to

smell his food.

Which structure of the dura mater separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum?

tentorium cerebelli

The ________ filters and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

thalamus

What gives eyes their characteristic color? (Module 15.7B)

the density and distribution of melanocytes in the iris

All of the following help(s) to directly protect the brain except

the neural tubes.

Which structure is located in the diencephalon?

third ventricle

What is the function of the auditory tube? (Module 15.16B)

to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane

What is your reflexive response to hearing a loud noise, such as a firecracker? (Module 15.21C)

turn your head and eyes toward the source of the noise

The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a worm-shaped band of cortex called the

vermis

The Roman numeral VIII indicates the ________ nerve.

vestibulocochlear

Where are visual images perceived? (Module 15.13B)

visual cortex of the occipital lobe

The gelatinous material found in the posterior cavity is the

vitreous humor.

When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive

white.