BIOL 2703 Exam 4 (Ch.13-15)

Normal

A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be _____________.

Obese

A BMI of >30 is considered to be _____________.

lipase

A person taking a _______ inhibitor for weight loss often takes a multiple vitamin supplement to replace fat-soluble vitamins lost when fat digestion is reduced by 30%.

body fat

A person's blood leptin level is directly proportional to his or her amount of _____ ____.

fad

A trendy weight-loss practice that has widespread appeal among the population as a "quick fix", often offering gimmicks or supplements, is called a _____ diet.

13

Among adolescent girls, ____% develop eating disorders

leptin

An adipokine (a group of hormones secreted by fat cells) that reduces hunger and increases energy expenditure in the body is called ___________.

hunger

An uncomfortable feeling that drives a person to consume food; physiological sensation of discomfort or weakness that drives a person to consume food

input

Calories consumed in a large meal is an example of energy ________.

more

Children are ______ likely to become overweight or obese if their mothers were overweight prior to becoming pregnant.

decreased; increased

Combining _________ calorie intake with _________ physical activity is key for weight loss and weight maintenance.

more

Compared to non-Hispanic white adults in America, obesity is ______ common in non-Hispanic black adults and Hispanic adults.

satiety

Feeling of fullness after consuming food; sense that enough food and beverage have been consumed

physical sensations

Hunger pains and stomach expansion are examples of __________ ______________ that occur to regulate eating behavior?

increase

Increasing your physical activity will _______ how many calories you burn.

increase

Lean body mass, increased body surface area, and excess thyroid hormone all ______ the basal metabolic rate.

output

Liver production of bile and absorption of nutrients are examples of energy ________.

hypothyroidism

People with ______________ reduced metabolic rate, fatigue, decreased tolerance to the cold, and weight gain.

increase

Sleep deprivation, hormonal imbalance, and high stress are factors that ________ body fat accumulation.

mindfulness

The practice of living and responding to the present moment with an attitude of observance and non-judgment is called _____________.

50

The prevalence of obesity among U.S. adults 20-years old and over was about ____% from 2017-2018.

appetite

The psychological desire to eat pleasing food

ghrelin

What is the hormone that is secreted mainly by the stomach and stimulates eating?

energy balance

When the energy intake is equal to the energy output, body weight is maintained and the person is in ________________.

insulin

Which hormone promotes glucose and fatty acid uptake, inhibits lipolysis, and promotes the production of new fat cells?

=

Which of the following best describes the energy balance equation? Energy input =/>/< energy output

direct

________ methods of measuring energy expenditure are generally complex and require sophisticated laboratory tools.

sarcopenia

_____________ is defined as the loss of muscle tissue.

total body fat

adipose tissue and essential fat

total energy expenditure (TEE)

amount of energy needed for all bodily functions throughout the day

energy balance

body state in which energy intake and output are equal

resting metabolic rate (RMR)

body's rate of energy use after resting and eating

energy output

calories cells use to carry out their activities

energy intake

calories from foods and beverages that contain macronutrients and alcohol

disordered eating

chaotic and abnormal food-related practices such as skipping meals, limiting food choices, following fad diets, and binge eating

obesity

condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat

hypothyroidism

condition of low levels of thyroid hormone in the body

genetic risk score (GRS)

cumulative genetic score that provides impact of all the various obesity genes

subcutaneous fat

deposits of adipose cells in the tissue under the skin

visceral fat

deposits of adipose tissue that surround abdominal organs

indirect calorimetry

determination of the amount of heat someone produces by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of carbon dioxide produced

nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

energy expended during spontaneous, unplanned physical activity such as fidgeting

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

energy used to digest foods and beverages as well as absorb and further process the nutrients

obesogenic environment

external conditions that promote excessive weight gain

overweight

having extra weight from bone, muscle, body fat, and/or body water

body mass index (BMI)

health screening tool that takes into account a person's height and weight but not body composition

Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

hormonal disorder in females that can lead to infertility

adiponectin

hormone produced by adipose tissue that increases the use of fatty acids for energy by muscle cells

leptin

hormone secreted by the adipose tissue that reduces hunger and increases energy expenditure

amylin

hormone secreted by the pancreas that slows gastric emptying and reduces hunger

adipokines

hormones and other cell signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue

direct calorimetry

measure of the amount of heat produced by a person inside a specialized chamber

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

measurement of basal metabolism

body composition

measurement of body tissues, usually expressed as percent body fat

bariatric medicine

medical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of obesity

air displacement

method of estimating body composition by determining body volume

two-component model

method of measuring body composition that divides the body into two compartments: fat mass and fat-free mass

accelerometry

method of measuring calorie expenditure during physical activity based on changes in speed and direction

basal metabolism

minimum amount of energy needed to maintain the body's vital functions while at rest

Normal weight obesity (NWO)

normal body weight as measured by BMI but elevated percent body fat

mindfulness

practice of living and responding to the present moment with an attitude of observance and without judgement

peptide YY

protein hormone that signals the stomach to reduce ghrelin secretion

eating disorders

psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications

adipose tissue

specialized connective tissue comprised of fat cells that function in fat storage

central body obesity

storage of excess body fat in the upper body or abdominal region, leading to an "apple" shape

hypothalamus

structure in the brain that controls hunger and satiety

underwater weighing

technique of estimating body composition based on differences in density between fat mass and lean mass compared to water

bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

technique of estimating body composition in which a device measures the conduction of a weak electrical current through body water

skinfold thickness measurements

technique of estimating body composition in which calipers are used to measure the thickness of skinfolds at multiple body sites

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

technique of estimating body composition that involves scanning the body with two low-energy x-rays

leptin resistance

unresponsiveness to leptin observed in obesity

fat-free mass

weight of the body that includes body water, bones, teeth, muscles, and organs