BIOL 2703 Exam 4 (Ch.13-15)
Normal
A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be _____________.
Obese
A BMI of >30 is considered to be _____________.
lipase
A person taking a _______ inhibitor for weight loss often takes a multiple vitamin supplement to replace fat-soluble vitamins lost when fat digestion is reduced by 30%.
body fat
A person's blood leptin level is directly proportional to his or her amount of _____ ____.
fad
A trendy weight-loss practice that has widespread appeal among the population as a "quick fix", often offering gimmicks or supplements, is called a _____ diet.
13
Among adolescent girls, ____% develop eating disorders
leptin
An adipokine (a group of hormones secreted by fat cells) that reduces hunger and increases energy expenditure in the body is called ___________.
hunger
An uncomfortable feeling that drives a person to consume food; physiological sensation of discomfort or weakness that drives a person to consume food
input
Calories consumed in a large meal is an example of energy ________.
more
Children are ______ likely to become overweight or obese if their mothers were overweight prior to becoming pregnant.
decreased; increased
Combining _________ calorie intake with _________ physical activity is key for weight loss and weight maintenance.
more
Compared to non-Hispanic white adults in America, obesity is ______ common in non-Hispanic black adults and Hispanic adults.
satiety
Feeling of fullness after consuming food; sense that enough food and beverage have been consumed
physical sensations
Hunger pains and stomach expansion are examples of __________ ______________ that occur to regulate eating behavior?
increase
Increasing your physical activity will _______ how many calories you burn.
increase
Lean body mass, increased body surface area, and excess thyroid hormone all ______ the basal metabolic rate.
output
Liver production of bile and absorption of nutrients are examples of energy ________.
hypothyroidism
People with ______________ reduced metabolic rate, fatigue, decreased tolerance to the cold, and weight gain.
increase
Sleep deprivation, hormonal imbalance, and high stress are factors that ________ body fat accumulation.
mindfulness
The practice of living and responding to the present moment with an attitude of observance and non-judgment is called _____________.
50
The prevalence of obesity among U.S. adults 20-years old and over was about ____% from 2017-2018.
appetite
The psychological desire to eat pleasing food
ghrelin
What is the hormone that is secreted mainly by the stomach and stimulates eating?
energy balance
When the energy intake is equal to the energy output, body weight is maintained and the person is in ________________.
insulin
Which hormone promotes glucose and fatty acid uptake, inhibits lipolysis, and promotes the production of new fat cells?
=
Which of the following best describes the energy balance equation? Energy input =/>/< energy output
direct
________ methods of measuring energy expenditure are generally complex and require sophisticated laboratory tools.
sarcopenia
_____________ is defined as the loss of muscle tissue.
total body fat
adipose tissue and essential fat
total energy expenditure (TEE)
amount of energy needed for all bodily functions throughout the day
energy balance
body state in which energy intake and output are equal
resting metabolic rate (RMR)
body's rate of energy use after resting and eating
energy output
calories cells use to carry out their activities
energy intake
calories from foods and beverages that contain macronutrients and alcohol
disordered eating
chaotic and abnormal food-related practices such as skipping meals, limiting food choices, following fad diets, and binge eating
obesity
condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat
hypothyroidism
condition of low levels of thyroid hormone in the body
genetic risk score (GRS)
cumulative genetic score that provides impact of all the various obesity genes
subcutaneous fat
deposits of adipose cells in the tissue under the skin
visceral fat
deposits of adipose tissue that surround abdominal organs
indirect calorimetry
determination of the amount of heat someone produces by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of carbon dioxide produced
nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
energy expended during spontaneous, unplanned physical activity such as fidgeting
Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)
energy used to digest foods and beverages as well as absorb and further process the nutrients
obesogenic environment
external conditions that promote excessive weight gain
overweight
having extra weight from bone, muscle, body fat, and/or body water
body mass index (BMI)
health screening tool that takes into account a person's height and weight but not body composition
Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
hormonal disorder in females that can lead to infertility
adiponectin
hormone produced by adipose tissue that increases the use of fatty acids for energy by muscle cells
leptin
hormone secreted by the adipose tissue that reduces hunger and increases energy expenditure
amylin
hormone secreted by the pancreas that slows gastric emptying and reduces hunger
adipokines
hormones and other cell signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue
direct calorimetry
measure of the amount of heat produced by a person inside a specialized chamber
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
measurement of basal metabolism
body composition
measurement of body tissues, usually expressed as percent body fat
bariatric medicine
medical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of obesity
air displacement
method of estimating body composition by determining body volume
two-component model
method of measuring body composition that divides the body into two compartments: fat mass and fat-free mass
accelerometry
method of measuring calorie expenditure during physical activity based on changes in speed and direction
basal metabolism
minimum amount of energy needed to maintain the body's vital functions while at rest
Normal weight obesity (NWO)
normal body weight as measured by BMI but elevated percent body fat
mindfulness
practice of living and responding to the present moment with an attitude of observance and without judgement
peptide YY
protein hormone that signals the stomach to reduce ghrelin secretion
eating disorders
psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications
adipose tissue
specialized connective tissue comprised of fat cells that function in fat storage
central body obesity
storage of excess body fat in the upper body or abdominal region, leading to an "apple" shape
hypothalamus
structure in the brain that controls hunger and satiety
underwater weighing
technique of estimating body composition based on differences in density between fat mass and lean mass compared to water
bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
technique of estimating body composition in which a device measures the conduction of a weak electrical current through body water
skinfold thickness measurements
technique of estimating body composition in which calipers are used to measure the thickness of skinfolds at multiple body sites
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
technique of estimating body composition that involves scanning the body with two low-energy x-rays
leptin resistance
unresponsiveness to leptin observed in obesity
fat-free mass
weight of the body that includes body water, bones, teeth, muscles, and organs