BIOL189 chapter 3 review
The cell wall openings in plant cells called plasmodesmata are most similar to ____ junctions in animal cells
Gap
Select all of the following that correctly describe Archaean cells.
Most have cell walls Lack nuclei and organelles Can have flagella
Select the three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s
All organisms are made of one or more cells The cell is the fundamental unit of life All cells originate from preexisting cells
Domain Eukarya includes ____.
All organisms with eukaryotic cells
The ____ theory states that all life is composed of one or more cells, which are the fundamental units of all life
Cell
The rigid ____ of most bacterial cells surrounds the cell membrane, protecting the cell and giving the cell shape
Cell wall
What surrounds the cell membrane of most bacteria and provides structure and protection?
Cell wall
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules comprise the ____, which is a network of proteins that provide a structural framework within the cell.
Cytoskeleton
What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement?
Cytoskeleton
The ____ is a protein network that occurs within the cytosol, provides support, and helps form _____.
Cytoskeleton; cell to cell connections
What is the network of sacs and tubules that extends off the nuclear envelope and is where proteins and lipids are produced?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Organelles called lysosomes contain ____ that break down food particles, old organelles, and other cellular debris
Enzymes
Key genetic sequences suggest that archaea are more closely related to members of domain ____ than they are to members of Domain Bacteria
Eukarya
Protists, plants, fungi, and animals are organisms in the domain ____.
Eukarya
Select all of the following that differ between domain Bacteria and Archaea
Evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes Molecules that compose the membranes
The cell membrane can be described as a(n) ____ mosaic because many of the diverse components can move freely within the cell membrane
Fluid
Select all of the functions of cell walls
Impart shape Regulate cell volume Prevent the cell from bursting
What type of microscope passes light through transparent specimen to generate true-color views of cells?
Light microscope
What organelle of the endomembrane system breaks down debris, food, and old cell parts with special dismantling enzymes?
Lysosome
Cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle called a
Mitochondria
In this illustration, what are the small, purple, circular structures indicated by the red arrows that are on the outer surface of the nucleus?
Nuclear pores
The ____ found within the nuclear envelope are specialized channels that are composed of proteins and that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus
Nuclear pores
What structure is in the red circle in this image of the nucleus?
Nucleolus
In eukaryotic cells, the DNA that codes for the cell's proteins is stored in a membrane-bounded organelle called the
Nucleus
The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecule called a(n) ____, which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule
Phospholipid
Select all of the following types of organisms that usually have cell walls
Plants Algae Archaea Bacteria Fungi
What is the most ancient type of life on Earth?
Prokaryotes
____ cells are the simplest forms of life and lack a nucleus
Prokaryotic
The cell structure that manufactures proteins is called a
Ribosome
The nucleolus is a dense spot in the nucleus where components of ____ are assembled
Ribosomes
Archaea are
Single-celled prokaryotes
Select all of the following that are able to pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer without the assistance of transport proteins
Small nonpolar molecules O2 and CO2 Lipids
Lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the ____ endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth
Molecules called ____, which include cholesterol, are membrane component that aid in membrane fluidity
Steroids
What is the function of a ribosome?
To manufacture proteins
____ proteins are embedded in the cell and act as passageways for water-soluble materials into or out of the cell
Transport
True or False: Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms
True
The portion of the phospholipid bilayer indicated by the circle in the picture is ____.
hydrophobic
What eukaryotic organelle is shown in the picture and functions in the production of cellular energy by cellular respiration?
mitochondrion
The molecule shown in the picture is a
phospholipid
What are the structures indicated by the arrows in the picture that have pinched off the Golgi apparatus and will deliver their contents to another part of the cell?
vesicles
In this picture of the endomembrane system, the structure in the black circle indicated by the arrow is called the
Golgi apparatus
The ____ is a series of flattened sacs that sorts and packages materials into vesicles to be sent to the cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
The phosphate "head" end of a phospholipid is _____, meaning its polar covalent bonds attract water, but the tails of a phospholipid are ____ and thus face away from water
Hydrophilic; hydrophobic
All cells have a cell ____ that surrounds the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the cell and its environment.
Membrane
What prominent structure in the eukaryotic cell is highlighted by blue color in the picture
Nucleus
All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the
Outside environment
Biological membranes are selectively ____, meaning they allow only specific types of molecules to pass into or out of the cell.
Permeable
Match each type of intercellular junction with its correct description
Plasmodesmata: tunnels for the exchange of substances between plant cells Tight junctions: fuse cell membranes of adjacent animal cells, forming a barrier Anchoring junctions: connect animal cells to the extracellular matrix or to adjacent animals cells in one place Gap junctions: channels for the exchange of substances between adjacent animal cells
Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
RNA DNA Cytoplasm
Select all the roles that membranes play in cells
Receive and respond to external stimuli Enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells Transport substances into and out of the cell
The endoplasmic ____ is a network of membranes at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell.
Reticulum
Proteins to be secreted outside the cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ____ endoplasmic reticulum
Rough
What structure is colored red in this image of the endomembrane system and has ribosomes covering its exterior?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
____ microscopes bounce electrons off the outside of a metal-coated three-dimensional object to observe the exterior texture
Scanning electron
What type of cell membrane protein allows molecules and ions to enter or exit the cell?
Transport proteins
Plant cells have large central ____ where water, salts, and sugars are stored and where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells.
Vacuoles
Membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell as part of the endomembrane system are called
Vesicles
All living things consist of one or more
Cells
Whether bacterium or blue whale, every organism is made of
Cells
What plant cell organelle can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and can exert turgor pressure against the cell membrane when it acquires water?
Central vacuole
What plant organelle is shown in the image and contains photosynthetic pigments?
Chloroplast
The organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells is the _____, which is a type of plastid
Chloroplst
What structure is indicated by the arrow in this picture of the endomembrane system and lacks ribosomes covering the exterior?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Select all of the following that are true about organisms in Domain Bactera
Some are used to make pharmaceuticals Earth's oldest organisms Important decomposers and producers Some live in human intestines and help with digestion
Select all of the following that may be components of cell membranes
Steroids Proteins Phospholipids
Select all of the following that are functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell
Structural support Transportation Aid for cell division