BIOL189 chapter 3 review

The cell wall openings in plant cells called plasmodesmata are most similar to ____ junctions in animal cells

Gap

Select all of the following that correctly describe Archaean cells.

Most have cell walls Lack nuclei and organelles Can have flagella

Select the three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s

All organisms are made of one or more cells The cell is the fundamental unit of life All cells originate from preexisting cells

Domain Eukarya includes ____.

All organisms with eukaryotic cells

The ____ theory states that all life is composed of one or more cells, which are the fundamental units of all life

Cell

The rigid ____ of most bacterial cells surrounds the cell membrane, protecting the cell and giving the cell shape

Cell wall

What surrounds the cell membrane of most bacteria and provides structure and protection?

Cell wall

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules comprise the ____, which is a network of proteins that provide a structural framework within the cell.

Cytoskeleton

What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement?

Cytoskeleton

The ____ is a protein network that occurs within the cytosol, provides support, and helps form _____.

Cytoskeleton; cell to cell connections

What is the network of sacs and tubules that extends off the nuclear envelope and is where proteins and lipids are produced?

Endoplasmic reticulum

Organelles called lysosomes contain ____ that break down food particles, old organelles, and other cellular debris

Enzymes

Key genetic sequences suggest that archaea are more closely related to members of domain ____ than they are to members of Domain Bacteria

Eukarya

Protists, plants, fungi, and animals are organisms in the domain ____.

Eukarya

Select all of the following that differ between domain Bacteria and Archaea

Evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes Molecules that compose the membranes

The cell membrane can be described as a(n) ____ mosaic because many of the diverse components can move freely within the cell membrane

Fluid

Select all of the functions of cell walls

Impart shape Regulate cell volume Prevent the cell from bursting

What type of microscope passes light through transparent specimen to generate true-color views of cells?

Light microscope

What organelle of the endomembrane system breaks down debris, food, and old cell parts with special dismantling enzymes?

Lysosome

Cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle called a

Mitochondria

In this illustration, what are the small, purple, circular structures indicated by the red arrows that are on the outer surface of the nucleus?

Nuclear pores

The ____ found within the nuclear envelope are specialized channels that are composed of proteins and that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus

Nuclear pores

What structure is in the red circle in this image of the nucleus?

Nucleolus

In eukaryotic cells, the DNA that codes for the cell's proteins is stored in a membrane-bounded organelle called the

Nucleus

The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecule called a(n) ____, which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule

Phospholipid

Select all of the following types of organisms that usually have cell walls

Plants Algae Archaea Bacteria Fungi

What is the most ancient type of life on Earth?

Prokaryotes

____ cells are the simplest forms of life and lack a nucleus

Prokaryotic

The cell structure that manufactures proteins is called a

Ribosome

The nucleolus is a dense spot in the nucleus where components of ____ are assembled

Ribosomes

Archaea are

Single-celled prokaryotes

Select all of the following that are able to pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer without the assistance of transport proteins

Small nonpolar molecules O2 and CO2 Lipids

Lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the ____ endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth

Molecules called ____, which include cholesterol, are membrane component that aid in membrane fluidity

Steroids

What is the function of a ribosome?

To manufacture proteins

____ proteins are embedded in the cell and act as passageways for water-soluble materials into or out of the cell

Transport

True or False: Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms

True

The portion of the phospholipid bilayer indicated by the circle in the picture is ____.

hydrophobic

What eukaryotic organelle is shown in the picture and functions in the production of cellular energy by cellular respiration?

mitochondrion

The molecule shown in the picture is a

phospholipid

What are the structures indicated by the arrows in the picture that have pinched off the Golgi apparatus and will deliver their contents to another part of the cell?

vesicles

In this picture of the endomembrane system, the structure in the black circle indicated by the arrow is called the

Golgi apparatus

The ____ is a series of flattened sacs that sorts and packages materials into vesicles to be sent to the cell membrane

Golgi apparatus

The phosphate "head" end of a phospholipid is _____, meaning its polar covalent bonds attract water, but the tails of a phospholipid are ____ and thus face away from water

Hydrophilic; hydrophobic

All cells have a cell ____ that surrounds the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the cell and its environment.

Membrane

What prominent structure in the eukaryotic cell is highlighted by blue color in the picture

Nucleus

All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the

Outside environment

Biological membranes are selectively ____, meaning they allow only specific types of molecules to pass into or out of the cell.

Permeable

Match each type of intercellular junction with its correct description

Plasmodesmata: tunnels for the exchange of substances between plant cells Tight junctions: fuse cell membranes of adjacent animal cells, forming a barrier Anchoring junctions: connect animal cells to the extracellular matrix or to adjacent animals cells in one place Gap junctions: channels for the exchange of substances between adjacent animal cells

Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

RNA DNA Cytoplasm

Select all the roles that membranes play in cells

Receive and respond to external stimuli Enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells Transport substances into and out of the cell

The endoplasmic ____ is a network of membranes at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell.

Reticulum

Proteins to be secreted outside the cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ____ endoplasmic reticulum

Rough

What structure is colored red in this image of the endomembrane system and has ribosomes covering its exterior?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

____ microscopes bounce electrons off the outside of a metal-coated three-dimensional object to observe the exterior texture

Scanning electron

What type of cell membrane protein allows molecules and ions to enter or exit the cell?

Transport proteins

Plant cells have large central ____ where water, salts, and sugars are stored and where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells.

Vacuoles

Membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell as part of the endomembrane system are called

Vesicles

All living things consist of one or more

Cells

Whether bacterium or blue whale, every organism is made of

Cells

What plant cell organelle can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and can exert turgor pressure against the cell membrane when it acquires water?

Central vacuole

What plant organelle is shown in the image and contains photosynthetic pigments?

Chloroplast

The organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells is the _____, which is a type of plastid

Chloroplst

What structure is indicated by the arrow in this picture of the endomembrane system and lacks ribosomes covering the exterior?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Select all of the following that are true about organisms in Domain Bactera

Some are used to make pharmaceuticals Earth's oldest organisms Important decomposers and producers Some live in human intestines and help with digestion

Select all of the following that may be components of cell membranes

Steroids Proteins Phospholipids

Select all of the following that are functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell

Structural support Transportation Aid for cell division