BADM 310 Chapter 2
Critical messages of the contingency theory include
"There is no one best way to organize" "Managers choose their organizational structures & control systems base on the external environment"
Groups and teams can cooperate with management to raise performance or thwart any attempts to do so. Therefore, as the Hawthorne studies suggested, it is important to understand that the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of which two groups can affect performance?
-management -work-group members
Burns and Stalker identified two types of structures through which managers can organize and control an organizations activities. They are:
-mechanistic -organic
Which of the following are considered branches of management science theory?
-operations management -quantitative management -management information systems -total quality management
While this type of a structure is meant to increase efficiency, a(n) can result in slow and inefficient decision-making, inability to change, and a lack of flexibility when poorly managed.
bureaucracy
While today this term is viewed as the equivalent of hierarchical or an impediment to change, was originally defined by Weber as a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.
bureaucracy
__________ is a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness
bureaucracy
the term "____" was originally defined by Weber as a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness
bureaucracy
Weber contributions
bureaucracy, rules SOP norms
fayol was known for his many contributions to management theory
but one of his claims to fame was to be the first to ________,limit the length of the chain of command
when resources are scarce because of an economic shift, managers are forced to make adjustments. those who are able to work with less, energize their staffs, and keep up excitement demonstrate that organizational _________ will not deter them
environment
The Fayol principle of management that stated all organizational members are entitled to justice and respect is:
equity
fayol's principle of ____ pertains to justice , impartiality , fairness , and respect due each member of an organization in the workplace
equity
According to Fayol, can result when managers encourage personal, verbal contact between managers and workers and also when managers encourage communication to solve problems and implement solutions
espirit de corps
According to Fayol, _____ can result when managers encourage personal, verbal contact between mangers and workers and also when managers encourage communication to solve problems and implement solutions.
esprit de corps
Taylor proposed using different ways to improve each worker's ability to perform a particular task. These methods include:
experimenting with type or size of tools workers used, reducing the number of motions workers made to complete tasks, and changing the layout of the work area
An important factor in an organization's _____ environment that affects and organization's ability to obtain resources is the degree to which the environment is changing.
external
an important factor in an organization's _____ environment that affects an organization's ability to obtain resources is the degree to which the environment is changing
external
T or F: Fayol believed that it was not important for organizations to encourage long-term employment
false
T or F: Standard operating procedures are generalized guidelines about how to perform a certain aspect of a task.
false
(T/F) in an organic structure , supervisors make all important decisions , and employees are supervised closely and follow well-designed rules and standard operating procedures . in contrast , in a mechanistic structure , authority is decentralized and managers are encouraged to take responsibility to act quickly to pursue scarce resources
false (vice versa)
Taylor major contributions
father of management thought, 4 principles
The Gilbreths' also studied the effects of worker by focusing on lighting, heating, the color of walls which paved the way for new advances in management theory.
fatigue
which management theorist suggests drawing up agreements between organizations and employees to ensure that employees are treated fairly and are being rewarded for good performance ?
fayol
which management theorist suggests drawing up agreements between organizations and employees to nesure that employees are treatesd fairly
fayol
theorists of administrative management
fayol, weber
organizational environment
forces and conditions that operate beyond an organizations boundaries but affect a mangers ability ot acquire and utilize resources
bureaucracy
formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness
Weber's principle of bureaucracy is especially useful in organizations dealing with sensitive issues with possible major repercussions because it allows managers to be able to hold subordinates accountable for their actions.
fourth
The Hawthorne studies wanted to find what elements in the workers' environments had the greatest effect on worker performance. At the end of the nine-year study, they concluded that _____ had the greatest effect.
good social relationships
Mayo and R-Berger contributions
hawthorne, human relations
adam smith found that having employees focus on one task instead of many was more successful than having them learn a number of different tasks. In other words
he believed that ________ would lead to a more successful organizational performance,job specification
Follett took a view of power and authority, in contrast with Fayol who saw the formal line of authority and vertical chain of command as being most essential to effective management.
horizontal
according to the contingency theory , the characteristics of the organizational environment affect
how managers lead and motivate their employees the type of control system chosen how managers design the organization hierarchy
The ____ relations movement advocates that supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity.
human
The relations movement advocate that supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity.
human
the __________movement advocates for managers to be trained to supervise their staff in a way that will engender their cooperation and increase their productivity
human relation
The _____ approach is a management approach that advocates the idea that a manager's attitude toward employees can affect productivity; the self-fulfilling prophecy is an example.
human relations
Groups and teams can cooperate with management to raise performance or thwart any attempts to do so. Therefore, as the Hawthorne studies suggested, it is important to understand that the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of which two groups can affect performance?
Management and work-group members
The approach is a management approach that advocates the idea that a manager's attitude toward employees can affect productivity; the self-fulfilling prophecy is an example
human relations
Human relations movement
Management approach that advocates the idea that supervisors should receive behavioral training to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity
comprises one are of management science, that when effectively implemented, provides information from both the internal and external environments, which is helpful in decision making.
Management information systems
Hawthorne effect
Manager's behavior or leadership approach can affect workers' level of performance
The idea that whoever had the knowledge, whether it be the manager or the workers, should also have the authority in that situation is characteristic of which management theorists?
Mary Parker Follett
Who developed the principles of bureaucracy?
Max Weber
Who identified two sets of assumptions, Theories X and Y, about how work attitudes and behaviors not only dominate the way managers think but also affect how they behave in organizations?
McGregor
Burns & Stalker identified 2 types of structures through which managers can organize & control an organization's activities. They are:
Mechanistic Organic
Order
Methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit and to provide employees with career opportunities.
In bureaucratic systems, _____ are defined as unwritten informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations and that are considered important by most members of the group or organization.
Norms
The elements of discipline include:
Obedience, Energy, Respect for authority
Discipline
Obedience, energy, application, and other outward marks of respect for a superior's authority
Which of Fayol's principles meant the methodical arrangement of positions to provide employees with career opportunities that satisfy their needs?
Order
What organizational structure promotes collaboration among employees and loosely defined roles & responsibilities?
Organic
contingency theory
idea that organizational structures and control systems managers choose depen on characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates
fayol's principle of _______ pertains to justice
impartiality, fairness, and respect due each member of an organization in the workplace,equity
The set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization's boundaries, but affect a managers ability to utilize resources is referred to as the _____ environment.
Organizational
Mechanistic structure
Organizational structure in which authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised
Synergy
Performance gains that result from the combined actions of individuals & departments, is possible only in an organized system
Synergy
Performance gains that result from the combined actions of individuals and departments, only possible in an organized system
Formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances to achieve specific goals are known as:
Rules
According to Taylor, _____ management is the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency.
Scientific
Frederick W. Taylor is best known for defining the techniques of _____ management.
Scientific
Which are the two major components of classical management theory?
Scientific management and administrative management
order of management theories
Scientific, Administrative, Behavioral, Management Science, Organizational Environment
Espirit de Corps
Shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group
_____ discovered that factories in which workers specialized in a few of the task functions were more productive than those in which workers specialized in all of the tasks.
Smith
Standard operating procedures (SOPs)
Specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task
Specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task are called:
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
Administrative Management
Study of how to create an organizational structure & control system that leads to high efficiency & effectiveness
Organizational behavior
Study of the factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations
Principles developed by Frederick W. Taylor to increase efficiency in the workplace
Study the way workers perform their tasks Codify the new methods of performing tasks Select workers who possesses skills & abilities Establish an acceptable level of performance
Researchers using the open systems view are especially interested in the _____ created when departments work together because they are interested in how the various parts of a system work together to increase efficiency and effectiveness.
Synergies
The gain in performance that results when individuals and departments coordinate their actions is known as _____.
Synergy
Informal organization
System of behavioral rules and norms that emerge in a group, when they try to manage or change behavior in organizations
Open system
System that takes in resources from its external environment & converts or transforms them into goods & services that are sent back to that environment, where they are bought by customers
Scientific management
Systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency
Management science theory is really an extension of whose theory of management that relied on measuring worker-tasks to improve efficiency?
Taylor
frederick w taylor's scientific management theory , from a performance , point combined two management practices
job specialization and linking people to tasks by production line speed
Workers resisted scientific management by withholding job knowledge from their managers to protect their _____ and pay.
jobs
Workers resisted scientific management by withholding job knowledge from their managers to protect their and pay.
jobs
equity
justice, impartiality, fairness to which all members are entitled
Mary Parker Follett's concern that the prominent management theorist at the time, Frederick , was ignoring the human side of management led her to write about the way management should behave toward workers.
Taylor
Mary Parker Follett's concern that the prominent management theorist at the time, Frederick _____, was ignoring the human side of management led her to write about the way management should behave toward workers.
Taylor
A focus of the management science theory is
That managers must use rigorous quantitative techniques in order to make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods & services
What were the Gilbreths interested in?
The Gilbreths became increasingly interested in the study of fatigue. They studied how physical characteristics of the workplace contribute to job stress that often leads to fatigue and thus poor performance.
This approach suggest that managers' leadership approach can affect employee performance; therefore, employee attitudes towards managers impacts their work performance.
The Hawthorne
Line of authority
The chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization
Centralization
The concentration of authority at the top of the managerial hierarchy
The approach suggests that managers be behaviorally trained to engender employee cooperation and productivity
The human relations
Equity
The justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled
According to the text, is defined as the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources. This gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals.
authority
fourth principle of bureaucracy states, "Authority can be exercised effectively in an organization when positions are arranged hierarchically so employees know whom to report to, and who reports to them."
Weber's
How does espirt de corps come about?
When managers encourage personal, verbal contact between managers and workers and encourage communication to solve problems and implement solutions
Division of Labor
Workers be given more job duties to perform or be encouraged to assume more responsibility for work outcomes
Theory _____ managers believe that workers are lazy, dislike work, will try to do as little as possible, have little ambition, and wish to avoid responsibility.
X
Theory _____ suggests that managers should closely supervise employees to maintain control over the worker's behaviors and minimize the worker's control over the pace of work.
X
Theory managers believe that workers are lazy, dislike work, will try to do as little as possible, have little ambition, and wish to avoid responsibility
X
Theory suggests that managers should closely supervise employees to maintain control over the worker's behaviors and minimize the worker's control over the pact of work.
X
Theory suggests that managers should create strict work rules and implement a well-defined system of rewards and punishments while Theory suggests that managers should decentralize authority to employees sand make sure that employees have the resources necessary to achieve organizational goals.
X, Y
Theory _____ suggests that workers, given the chance, will do what is good for the organization; they are not inherently lazy.
Y
Theory suggests that workers, given the chance, will do what is good for the organization; they are not inherently lazy.
Y
According to F.W. Taylor
_______________ management is the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency,scientific
When individual workers begin to focus particular tasks
a division of labor takes place called job,specialization
Managers have the formal _____ to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals
authority
Adam Smith discovered that factories in which workers specialized in were more productive than those in which workers specialized in all of the task functions.
a few tasks
unity of comand
a reportingrelationship in which an employee receives orders from and reports to one superior
organic structure
a structure in which authority is decentralized to middle and first managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond to unexpected
closed system
a system that is self contained and thus not affected by changes occurring in its external environment
The power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources is called:
authority
open system
a system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are sent back to that environment for purchase
intiative
ability to act on ones own without direction
The benefits of scientific management include which management practices?
achieving the right mix of worker-task specialization and linking people and tasks by the speed of the production line
_____ management refers to the study of how to create an organizational structure and control system that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness.
administrative
what is the theory of mgmt that examines how to create an organizational structure and control system that results in an org that is highly efficient and effective?
administrative
The study of how to create an organizational structure and control system that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness is called:
administrative management
The Hawthrone effect suggests that managers' behavior toward their employees:
affects the level of the worker's performance
The Hawthorne effect suggests that managers' behavior toward their employees:
affects the level of worker's performance
The Hawthorne effect suggests that managers' behavior toward their employee
affects the level of worker's performance.
management science theory
an approach to management that uses rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources
if a manager heaps praise on an employee for a job well done
and the employee's work continues to improve, what effect could this be attributed to?,hawthorne effect
human relations movement
approach that advocates the idea that supervisors should receive behavioral training to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity
theory Y
approach where the manager fosters employee commitment to organizational goals and give employees opportunities to innovate and show initiative ?
According to Fayol, _____ should not be concentrated at the top of the chain of command.
authority
Weber's third principle of bureaucracy helps clarify for managers and workers what is expected o them and what to expect from each other by clearly specifying the tasks and level of formal _____ associated with various positions in the organization.
authority
Weber's third principle of bureaucracy helps clarify for managers and workers what is expected of them and what to expect from each other by clearly specifying the tasks and level of formal associated with various positions in the organization.
authority
______ is defined as the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources. This gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals.
authority
according to fayol , _____ should not be concentrated at the top of the chain of command
authority
the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources
authority
the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources is called _________
authority
The first issue that management theorists wanted to know about was why the new machine shops and factory systems were more and produced greater quantities of goods and services than older, crafts-style production operations.
-productive -efficient *productivity and efficiency are related
Which of the following are resources available in the organizational environment?
-raw materials -skilled people -customers who buy goods and services
Rank the following theories of management from earliest to latest:
-scientific management -administrative management -behavioral management theory -management science theory -organizational environment theory
Behavioral management is the study of how managers should personally behave:
-to encourage employees to perform at high levels -to motivate employees to be committed to organizational goals
according to fayol's principle of unity of command , subordinates report to no more than ____ supervisor(s) ; other reporting arrangements would confused workers
1
principles developed by frederick w taylor to increase efficiency in the workplace ?
1) codify the new methods of performing tasks into written rules and standard operating procedures 2) establish an acceptable level of performance for a task and develop a pay stem that rewards performance 3) select workers who possess skills and abilities match the needs of the task and train them on the rules 4) study the way workers perform their tasks and experiment with ways to improve how tasks are performed
weber's third principle of bureaucracy helps clarify for managers and workers what is expected of them and what to expect from each other by clearly specifying the tasks and level of formal _____ associated with various positions in the organization
authority
Which three of the following were the Gilbreths' main goals?
Find better ways to perform each component action, break up tasks into individual components necessary to accomplish them, and reorganize each component action so that the action as a whole can be performed more efficiently.
_____ proposed that knowledge and expertise, not managers' formal authority deriving fro their position in the hierarchy, should decide who will lead at any particular moment.
Follett
proposed that knowledge and expertise, not managers' formal authority deriving from their position in the hierarchy, should decide who will lead at any particular moment.
Follett
behavioral approach to management was very radical for its time.
Follett's
Bureaucracy
Formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness
Rules
Formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances to achieve specific goals
Frank and Lilian refined Taylor's analysis of work movements and made many contributions to the study of time and motion.
Gilbreth
The finding that a manager's behavior or leadership approach can affect workers' level of performance known as the effect.
Hawthorne
The finding that a manager's behavior or leadership approach can affect worker's level of performance is known as the _____ effect.
Hawthrone
What did Fayol believe about centralization?
He believed authority should not be concentrated at the top of the chain of command
Fayol's principle of states that managers have the right to give orders and power to exhort subordinates to obey
authority and responsibility
Define contingency theory
Idea that the organizational structures and control systems managers choose depend on (are contingent on) characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates
How do organizations that operate as closed systems experience entropy?
If they ignore the external environment, and fail to acquire inputs
Authority and responsibility
Informal authority = derives from personal expertise, technical knowledge, moral worth, and the ability to lead and generate commitment from subordinates
Subordination of individual interest to the common interest
Interests of the organization as a whole must take presedence over the
_____ refers to the chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization.
Line of authority
_____ is the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively.
Management
is the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals and effectively.
Management
is the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively.
Management
_____ theory is a contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services.
Management Science
fayol's principle of ____ gives managers the informal power to use their personal expertise , technical knowledge , and moral worth in order to lead their subordinates to commit to the organization
authority and responsibility
Follett believed that..
authority should go with knowledge. If the workers have relevant knowledge, they should be in charge rather than managers
theory x
average employee is lazy, managers should supervise closely, managers should create strict rules with defined rewards and punishments
Weber's second principle of states, "In an organization, people should occupy positions because of their performance, not because of their social standing or personal contacts."
bureaucracy
behavioral management is the study of how managers should personally behave
to motivate employees to be committed to organizational goals to encourage employees to perform at high levels
Behavioral management is the study of how managers should personally behave:
to motivate employees to be committed to organizational goals and to encourage employees to perform at high levels
(T/F) an open system draws from and interacts with its external environment in order to survive , whereas a closed system is self-contained and does not draw from or interact with the external environment
true
T or F: A rule is the formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken, whereas the standard operating procedure specifies exactly how the action is to be done.
true
T or F: One way to determine the relative success of an organization is to consider how effective its managers are at obtaining scarce and valuable resources.
true
what physical characteristics of the workplace did the gilbreths believe would contribute to job stress and fatigue
wall color, lighting, heating
Weber's fifth principle of bureaucracy states, "Managers must create a(n) system of rules, standard operating procedures, and norms so that they can effectively control behavior within an organization."
well-defined
esprit de corps
when managers encourage staff to develop comradeships as a result of their common goals , and when managers bond with each other as they solve organizational problems
in a bureaucratic system
when specifying the best ways to accomplish organizational tasks or increase performance, behavioral guidelines must be set. which is not important to include when defining these guidelines?,industry ratios, benchmarks
an organization that lacks a unity of direction does not have a _____ plan
which, according to fayol, leads to an organization that is inefficient and ineffective, unfocused, and working at cross purposes,single
Frederick W. Taylor believed that, if the amount of time and effort each worker expends to proceed a unit of output can be reduced by increasing task specialization and the division of _____, the production process will become more efficient.
labor
Frederick W. Taylor believed that, if the amount of time and effort each worker expends to produce a unit of output can be reduced by increasing task specialization and division of , the production process will become more efficient
labor
frederick w taylor believed that if the amount of time and effort each worker exerts to produce a good or service can be reduced by increasing specialization in the division of ____ the production process will become more efficient
labor
tenure
length of employment
fayol was known for his many contributions to management theory, but one of his claims to fame was to be the first to
limit the length of the chain of command
Every organization has a top-to-bottom chain of command that is its
line of authority
refers to the chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization
line of authority
Which mathematical techniques are often utilized in quantitative management?
linear and nonlinear programming, modeling, simulation, queuing theory, and chaos theory
scientific management
linking people and tasks by speed of production line, achieving mix of worker-task specialization
the benefits of scientific management include which of the follow management practices ?
linking people and tasks by the speed of the production line achieving the right mix of worker-task specialization
tracy felt a complete lack of freedom and creativity when the _________ structure was put in place
making mgmt more centralized, rules more daunting, and supervision much more confining,mechanistic
According to Taylor, the role of _____ is to develop the one best way to perform any task.
management
one focus of the _____ theory is that managers must use rigorous quantitative techniques in order to make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services
management science
one focus of the ________ theory is that managers must use rigorous quantitative techniques in order to make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services
management science
theory is a contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services
management science
Under the assumptions of Theory Y, it is the role of the to create a work setting that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise initiative and self-direction.
manager
organic structures are generally more expensive to operate because they require more
managerial time and effort
Organic structures are generally more expensive to operate because they require more:
managerial time, effort, and money
hawthorne effect
managers behavior or leadership approach can affect workers level of performance
critical messages of the contingency theory include
managers choose their organizational structures and control systems based on the external environment there is no one best way to organize
Frederick W. Taylor, who is best known for defining the techniques of scientific management, started his career as a manager.
manufacturing
Fredrick W. Taylor, who is best known for defining the techniques of scientific management, was a manager.
manufacturing
discipline
marks of respect for authority
theorists of behavioral management
mcgregor, mayo
A relatively closed organizational structure in which authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised is a(n) _____ structure.
mechanistic
A relatively closed organizational structure in which authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised is a(n) structure
mechanistic
tracy felt a complete lack of freedom and creativity when the ____ structure was put in place , making management more centralized , rules more daunting , and supervision much more confining . her manager explained the new structure was developed to better create stability
mechanistic
Burns and Stalker identified two types of structures through which managers can organize and control an organization's activities. They are:
mechanistic structure or organic structure
when they were unable to inspire workers to accept the new scientific management techniques for performing tasks , managers increased the ____ of tasks , such as using an assembly line , to combat the loss in productivity
mechanization
One way managers increased worker performance was through the _____ such as the assembly line. This helped overcome loss in productivity when they were unable to inspire workers to accept the new scientific management techniques for performing tasks.
mechanization of tasks
One way managers increased worker performance was through the such as the assembly line. This helped overcome loss in productivity when they were unable to inspire workers to accept the new scientific management techniques for performing tasks.
mechanization of tasks
order
methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit and provide employees with career opportunities
what describes what workers experienced as a result of selective implementation of scientific management ?
monotonous and repetitive work fewer jobs and more layoffs increased workloads for the same pay
which of the following desribes what workers experienced as a result of selective implementation of scientific management
monotonous and repetitive work, increased workloads for same pay, fewer jobs
In bureaucratic systems, are defined as unwritten informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations and that are considered important by most members of the group or organization
norms
in bureaucratic systems , ____ are defined as unwritten informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations and that are considered important by most members o the group or organization
norms
the elements of discipline include
obedience , energy , respect for authority
The elements of discipline include:
obedience, energy, application and respect for authority
elements of discipline include:
obedience, respect for authority, and energy
the degree of change in the external environment is important , especially in media-related fields ; for example , the creation of a new product may mean the ____ of an older , competing product
obsolescence
Fayol's principle of unity of command recommends that subordinates report to only _____ supervisor; other reporting arrangements would confuse workers.
one
Fayol's principle of unity of command recommends that subordinates report to only supervisor; other reporting arrangements would confuse workers.
one
according to fayol's principle of unity of command, subordinates report to no more than ___________ supervisor; other reporting arrangements would confuse workers
one
Adam Smith found that the performance of factory workers who specialized in _____ tasks was much greater than the performance of the factory in which each worker performed all 18 pin making tasks.
only one or a few
A system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then end back to that environment for purchase by customers is a(n) _____ system.
open
Systems theorists believe that when departments work together, synergy is created that allows them to achieve more together, than separately. This is of special interest to researchers studying the systems view because they are interested in how the various parts of a system work together to increase efficiency and effectiveness
open
the set of forces and conditions that are external to an organization's boundaries , but that affect a manager's ability to purchase and used resources referred to as the _____ environment
organizational
The study of the factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations is known as:
organizational behavior
fayol suggested companies use _________ charts as a method of providing order and structure in an organization
organizational charts show the position and duties of each employee and to indicate which positions an employee might move to or be promoted into in the future.
The system of task and authority relationships that controls how employees use resources to achieve organizational goals is referred to as:
organizational structure
what are the two factors that are examined in the administrative management theory when trying to create an organization that is highly efficient and effective ?
organizational structure and control systems
mechanistic structure
organizational strucutre in which authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised
In the open-systems view, the production of goods and services is a process through which organizations interact with their environment. During the last stage, referred to as the _____ stage, an organization releases finished goods and services to the external environment.
output
In the open-systems view, the production of goods and services is a process through which organizations interact with their environment. During the last stage, referred to as the stage, an organization releases finished goods and services to the external environment.
output
during the ____ stage , an organization releases finished goods and services to the external environment
output
synergy
performance gains that result when individuals and departments coordinate their actions
management
planning, organizing, leading, controlling of human and other resources to achieve goals
The goal of the relay assembly test experiments was to raise:
productivity
management science theory is an approach to management that uses rigorous _________ techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources
quantitative
Employees who violated group performance norms and performed above the norm were referred to as:
ratebusters
The degree of change in the external environment is important because it may impact an organization's ability to obtain the necessary _____ required to produce its products or services.
resources
The degree of change in the external environment is important because it may impact an organizations ability to obtain the necessary required to produce its products or services
resources
According to Weber's principles of bureaucracy, an organization can hold all of its employees strictly accountable for their actions when they know their exact .
responsibilities
A provides the overall guideline as to what is expected, whereas the rule specifies exactly how it is to be done.
rule
if something transpires between an employee and a manager because it was written in a company manual or on a company website for all employees to follow, this exemplifies a ____ for an action to be taken in a particular circumstance in order to achieve a specific goal
rule
Formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances achieve specific goals are known as:
rules
Standard operating procedures (SOPs)
rules, & norms are important in a bureaucratic system because:,They guide performance by specifying the best ways to accomplish tasks
Which of the following is not a physical characteristic of the workplace the Gilbreth's posited would contribute to job stress and fatigue and, thus, poor performance?
salary
According to Taylor, management is the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency.
scientific
Ineffective implementation of the _____ management theory resulted in disadvantages to workers including increased workloads for the same pay, increased layoffs, and monotonous and repetitive work.
scientific
The management science theory is a contemporary extension of _____ management
scientific
The management science theory is a contemporary extension of management.
scientific
according to f.w. taylor _____ management is the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency
scientific
frederick w taylor is best known for defining the techniques of _____ management
scientific management
an organization that lacks a unity of direction does not have a ____ plan , which , according to fayol , leads to an organization that is inefficient , ineffective , unfocused , and working at cross purposes
single
unity of direction
singleness of purpose that makes possible the creation of one plan of action to guide managers and workers as they use organizational resources
Which are resources available in the organizational environment?
skilled people, customers who buy goods and services, and raw materials
_____ is the systematic slowdown in work by laborers in order to keep their managers ignorant of how fast the work can actually be done.
soldiering
Advancements in TQM have been made possible by advances in .
sophisticate computer software
As different workers specialize in different tasks over time, a division of labor occurs known as job
specialization
As different workers specialize in different tasks over time, a division of labor occurs known as job _____.
specialization
As jobs are divided into smaller and smaller pieces, workers become expert in very small parts of an overall job. This division of tasks is referred to as job and is intended to increase efficiency and lead to higher organizational performance.
specialization
The main benefit of the division of labor is:
specialization
SOP
specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task
who partnered with Burns to identify the two ways managers can organize and control an organization's activities (through mechanistic/organic structure)
stalker
Gilbreths major contributions
studied effect of fatigue, refined analysis of work movements
organizational behavior
study of factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations
behavioral management
study of how managers should behave to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be committed to the achievement of organizational goals
The gain in performance that results when individuals and departments coordinate their actions is known as
synergy
the gain in performance that results when individuals and departments coordinate their actions
synergy
informal organization
system of behavioral rules and normas that emerge in a group
scientific managemtn
systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency
_____ used organizations as sets of interrelated parts to be managed as a whole with the purpose of achieving a common goal.
systems theory
theorists of scientific management theory
taylor, gilbreths
entropy
tendency of a losed system to lose its ability to control itself
human relations
the approach suggest that managers be behaviorally trained to engder employee cooperation and productivity
Tenure refers to:
the length of employment
job specialization
the process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over time
administrative management
the study of how to create an organizational structure and control system that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness
SOPs , rules , and norms are important in a bureaucratic system because
they guide performance by specifying the best ways to accomplish tasks
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), rules, and norms are important in a bureaucratic system because:
they guide performance by specifying the best ways to accomplish tasks
hawthorne effect
this approach suggests that managers' leadership approach can affect employee performance; therefore , employee attitude towards managers impacts their work performance
carefully timing and recording the actions taken to perform a particular task is known as
time and motion studies
Carefully timing and recording the actions taken to perform a particular task is known as:
time-and-motion
what should be the goal of reward systems ?
to be fair to the employees to be feasible for the organization to implement
what should be the goal of reward systems?
to be fair to the employees to be feasible for the organization to implement
what are key goals of management science theory
to help managers make maximum use of resources to produce goods and services to use rigorous quantitative techniques to help make important decisions about use of resources
groups and teams can cooperate with management to raise performance or thwart any attempts to do so. therefore , as the hawthrone studies suggested , it is important to understand that the feelings , thoughts , and behaviors of which two groups can affect performance ?
work group members management
rules
written instructions that specify actions to be taken under diff circumstances to achieve goals
when an employee acts in a specific way in a certain circumstance because of formal
written instructions, their behavior results from _______,rule
when a closed system can no longer sustain itself , its tendency to dissolve and disintegrate is called
entropy
when individual workers begin to focus particular tasks , a division of labor takes place called
job specialization
fayol suggested companies use ______ charts as a method of providing order and structure in an organization
organizational
T or F: Slow and inefficient decision making, inability to change, and a lack of flexibility are the inevitable consequences of bureaucratic structures.
False
Which management theorist suggests that the interest of the organization must take precedence over the interests of the individual?
Fayol
Stability of tenure of personnel
Fayol also recognized the importance of long-term employment
Remuneration of personnel
Fayol proposed reward systems including bonuses and profit-sharing plans
Although _____ 14 principles of management were developed at the turn of the 20th century, they are still the foundation for much of recent management theory and research.
Fayol's
Norms
Unwritten, informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations and are considered important by most members of a group or organization.
The principles of bureaucracy, a formal system of organization that was designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness was developed by .
Weber
Two of the most influential early views regarding the creation of efficient systems of organizational administration were developed by:
Weber and Fayol
A system of small workshops run by skilled workers who produced hand-manufactured products was called .
crafts production
what are Frederick W. Taylor to increase efficiency in the workplace?
- codify the new methods of performing tasks into written rules and standard operating procedures - study the way workers perform their tasks and experiment with ways to improve how tasks are performed - select workers who possess skills and abilities match the needs of the task and train them on the rules - establish an acceptable level of performance for a task and develop a pay system that rewards performance
critical messages of the contingency theory include _____________
- there is no one best way to organize - managers choose their organizational structures and control systems based on the external environment
behavioral management is the study of how managers should personally behave:
- to motivate employees to be committed to organizational goals - to encourage employees to perform at high levels
The benefits of scientific management include which of the following management practices?
-achieving the right mix of worker-task specialization -linking people and tasks by the speed of the production line
Reward systems should:
-be feasible for the organization to implement -be fair to the employees
Which three of the following were Gilbreths' main goals?
-break up tasks into the individual components necessary to accomplish them -reorganize each component action so that the action as a whole can be performed more efficiently -find better ways to perform each component action
Which of the following are mathematical techniques often utilized in quantitative management?
-chaos theory -modeling -queuing theory -nonlinear programming -linear programming
Which of the following are principles developed by Taylor to increase efficiency in the workplace?
-codify the new methods of performing tasks into written rules and standard operating procedures -study the way workers perform their tasks and experiment with ways to improve how tasks are performed -establish an acceptable level of performance for a task and develop a pay system that rewards performance -select workers who possess skills and abilities match the nees of the task and train them on the rules
Organic structures are generally more expensive to operate because they require more:
-effort -money -managerial time
Taylor proposed using different ways to improve each worker's ability to perform a particular task. These methods include:
-experimenting with type or size of tools workers used -reducing the number of motions workers made to complete tasks -changing the layout of the work area
According to contingency theory, the characteristics of the organizational environment affect:
-how managers lead and motivate their employees -the type of control system chosen -how managers design the organizational hierarchy
Which of the following describes what workers experienced as a result of selective implementation of scientific management?
-increased workloads for the same pay -monotonous and repetitive work -fewer jobs and more layoffs
Weber believed that if organizations implemented all five of the principles of bureaucracy, the organization would:
-make it easier for managers to organize and control the work of subordinates -further promote the interests of the organization -encourage organizational members to act ethically -reduce stress throughout the organization -improve managers' feelings of security
theories of management (oldest to most recent)
1) scientific 2) administrative 3) behavioral 4) management science 5) organizational environment
5 Principles of Bureaucracy
1. A manager's formal authority derives from the position he or she holds in the organization 2. People should occupy positions because of their performance not because of their social standing or personal contact. 3. The extent of each position's formal authority and task responsibilities, and its relationship to other positions in an organization, should be clearly specified 4. Authority can be exercised effectively in an organization when positions are arranged hierarchically, so employees know whom to report to and who reports to them 5. Managers must create a well defined system of rules, standard operating procedures, and norms, so they can effectively control behavior within an organization.
Fayol's 14 Principles of Management
1. Division of Labor 2. Authority and responsibility 3. Unity of command 4. Line of authority 5. Centralization 6. Unity of direction 7. Equity 8. Order 9. Initiative 10. Discipline 11. Remuneration of personnel 12. Stability of tenure of personnel 13. Subordination of individual interests to the common interest 14. Esprit de corps
What are the 3 stages
1. Input Stage (Raw materials, money and capital, human resources) (Organization obtains inputs from its environment) 2. Conversion Stage (Machinery, computers, human skills) (Organization transforms inputs and adds value to them) 3. Output Stage (Goods and services) (Organization releases outputs to its environment)
What are 3 of Gilbreth's main goals?
1. Reorganize each component action so that the action as a whole can performed more efficiently 2. Find better ways to perform each component action 3. Break up tasks into the individual components necessary to accomplish them
Rank the theories of management from earliest to latest.
1. Scientific Management 2. Administrative Managemetn 3. Behavioral management theoru 4. Management science theory 5. Organizational environment theory
While today this term is viewed as the equivalent of hierarchical or an impediment to change, _____ was originally defined by Weber as a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.
Bureaucracy
4 ways to increase efficiency in the workplace
1. Study the way workers perform their task 2. Codify the new methods of performing tasks into written rules and standards 3. Carefully select workers who possess skills and abilities that match the needs of the task 4. Establish a fair or acceptable level of performance for a task, and a pay system
What are principals developed by Taylor to increase efficiency in the workplace?
1. Study the way workers perform their tasks, gather all the informal job knowledge that workers possess, and experiment with ways of improving how tasks are performed 2.Codify the new methods of performing tasks into written rules and standard operating procedures. 3. Carefully select workers who possess skills and abilities that match the needs of the task, and train them to perform the task according to the established rules and procedures. 4. Establish a fair or acceptable level of performance for a task, and then develop a pay system that rewards performance above the acceptable level.
Fayol's 14 principles of management
1. division of labor 2. authority and responsibility 3. unity of command 4. line of authority 5. centralization 6. unity of direction 7. equity 8. order 9. intiative 10. discipline 11. renumeration of personnel 12. stabilty of tenure of personnel 13. subordination of individual interests to th common interest 14. espirt de corp
Weber's 5 principles of bureaucracy
1. managers formal authority derives from the position they hold 2. people should occupy positions because of their performance 3. the extent of each positions formal authority and responsibilities and relationships to other positions in an organization should be clearly specified 4. authority can e exercised effectively in an organization when position are arranged hierarchically 5. manager must create a well defined system of rules, SOP, and norms
evolution of management theory
1. scientific management theory 2. administrative management theory 3. behavioral management theory 4. management science theory 5. organizational environment theory
FW Taylor's 4 principles
1. study the way workers perform their tasks, gather all informal job knowledge the at workers possess, and experiment with ways of improving how tasks are performed (optimize) 2. codify the new methods of performing tasks into written rules and standard operating procedures (SOP) (standardize) 3. carefully select workers who possess sills and abilities that math the needs of the task, and train them to perform the task according the task according to established rules and procedures (staff) 4. establish a fair or acceptable level of performance for a task and then develop a pay system that rewards performance above and beyond (reward)
Fayol contribution
14 princples, need for unity of directions
How to make the production process more efficient?
By increasing specialization and the division of labor
Unity of Command
A reporting relationship in which an employee receives orders from, and reports to, only one superior.
Closed system
A self-contained system that is not affected by changes in its external environment
Theory X
A set of negative assumptions about workers that leads to the conclusion that a manger's task is to supervise workers closely and control their behavior
Theory Y
A set of positive assumptions about workers that leads to the conclusion that a manger's task is to create a work setting that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise initiative and self-direction
Closed system
A system that is self-contained and thus not affected by changes occurring in its external environment
Open system
A system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers
T or F: One of the major implications of the Hawthorne studies was that the behavior of managers and workers in the work setting is less important than the technical aspects of the task in explaining the level of performance.
False
Initiative
Ability to act on one's own without direction from a superior
Organic Structure
An organizational structure in which authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond quickly to the unexpected
Management science theory
Approach to management that uses rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources
Managers have the formal _______ to direct & control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals.
Authority
Fayol's principal of _____ states that managers have the right to give orders and the power to exhort subordinates to obey.
Authority and Responsibility
Mechanistic structure
Authority is centralized at the top of the managerial hierarchy, & the vertical hierarchy of authority is the main means used to control subordinates' behavior
Oldest to most recent theories: Scientific Management
Behavioral Management Theory, Management Science Theory, Organizational Environment Theory, & Administrative Management,Oldest: Scientific Management Administrative Management Behavioral Management Theory Management Science Theory Most recent: Organizational Environment Theory
What do rules, sops, and norms provide?
Behavioral guidelines that increase the performance of a bureaucratic system because they specify the best ways to accomplish organizational tasks
F.W. Taylor
Best knwon for defining the techniques of scientific management
What theory has the premise that there is no best way to organize & that the organizational structures and control systems that managers choose will be based on factors occurring in the external environmental?
Contingency
____ involves identifying key variables, understanding their relationships, and recognizing the causes and effects of managerial decisions.
Contingency thoory
In the open systems view, an organization transforms its inputs into outputs, or finished goods and services, during the _____ stage, the second stage in the process.
Conversion
Who developed the open system
Daniel Katz, Robert Kahn, and James Thompson
_____ is known for introducing continuous improvement and statistical process control to improve quality.
Deming
Contingency Theory
Developed by Tom Burns, G.M. Stalker, Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch
Esprit de Corps
Encourages employees & managers to engage in comradeship by communicating with each other to solve problems and implement solutions
The Fayol principle of management that stated all organizational members are entitled to justice and respect is:
Equity
T or F: Fayol's 14 principles of management were well respected until the late 20th century, but recent theory and research has been based on more efficient, modern principles.
False
T or F: In an organic structure, supervisors make all important decisions, and employees are supervised closely and follow well-designed rules and standard operating procedures. In contrast, in a mechanistic structure, authority is decentralized and managers are encouraged to take responsibility to act quickly to pursue scarce resources.
False
T or F: Individuals who performed below the group norm were typically called ratebusters.
False
Authority
The power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources
Job specialization
The process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over time
Organizational environment
The set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization's boundaries but affect a manager's ability to acquire and utilize resources
Unity of direction
The singleness of purpose that makes possible the creation of one plan of action to guide managers & workers as they use organizational resources
Unity of direction
The singleness of purpose that makes possible the creation of one plan of action to guide managers and workers as they use organizational resources.
Behavioral Management
The study of how managers should behave to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be committed to the achievement of organizational goals
Administrative management
The study of how to create an organizational structure and control system that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness
Scientific Management
The systematic study of relationships between people & tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increases efficiency
Entropy
The tendency of a closed system to lose its ability to control itself and thus to dissolve and disintegrate
The Gilbreths
Their aims were to 1. analyze every individual action necessary to perform a particular task (break down) 2. find better ways to perform each component action 3. reorganize each of the component actions to make it more efficient (less cost in time + effort)
Which theory suggests that it is the manager's task to create a work setting that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to exercise self-direction?
Theory Y
_____ is a set of positive assumptions about workers that leads to the conclusion that a manager's task is to create an environment that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise intimate and self-direction.
Theory Y
is a set of positive assumptions about workers that lead to the conclusion that a manager's task is to create an environment that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise initiative and self-direction.
Theory Y
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), rules, and norms are important in a bureaucratic system because:
They guide performance by specifying the best ways to accomplish tasks.
What should be the goal of rewards systems?
To be fair to the employees To be feasible for the organization to implement
Behavioral management is the study of how managers should personally behave:
To encourage employees to perform at high levels To motivate employees to be committed to organizational goals
Which brand of management science focuses on analyzing an organization's input, conversion, and output activities to increase product quality?
Total quality management
Which are considered branches of management science theory?
Total quality management, operations management, quantitative management, and management information systems
Reward systems should:
be fair to the employees and be feasible for the organization to implement
The view of management that stresses understanding the importance of peoples' needs and attitudes within an organization is the basis of the _____.
behavioral approach
which 3 were gilbreths main goals
break up tasks into individual components, reorganize each component action so that it can performed more efficiently, find better ways to perform each component action
The first principle of Weber's theory states, "a manager's formal authority derives from the position he or she holds in the organization."
bureaucracy
espirit de corp
camaraderie
When there is a high concentration of authority figures within the managerial hierarchy is called
centralization
Which of Fayol's principles considers where authority should reside?
centralization
a high concentration of authority figures within the managerial hierarchy is called ________
centralization
line of authority
chain of command
In Mayo's and Roethlisberger's bank wiring room experiments, they determined that both ratebusters and affect the performance of the work group as a whole.
chiselers
A system that is self-contained and, thus, not affected by changes occurring in its external environment is known as a _____ system.
closed
A system that is self-contained and, thus, not affected by changes occurring in its external environment is known as a system
closed
An open system draws from and interacts with its external environment in order to survive, whereas a(n) _____ system is self-contained and does not draw from or interact with the external environment.
closed
An open system draws from and interacts with its external environment in order to survive, whereas a(n) system is self-contained and does not draw from or interact with the external environment.
closed
a system that is self-contained and, thus, not affect by changes occurring in its external environment is knows as a
closed system
centralization
concentration of authority at top of managerial hierarchy
_____ theory is the idea that the organizational structures and control systems managers choose depend on the characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates. The crucial message is that there is no one best way to organize.
contingency
theory is the idea that the organizational structures and control systems managers choose depend on the characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates. The crucial message is that there is no one best way to organize.
contingency
During which stage does an organization transform inputs into outputs of finished goods and services
conversion
during which stage does an organization transform inputs into outputs of finished goods and services ?
conversion
Ellie Rollin's manager had been in a horrendous mood since the third quarter report came out. no matter what she does, the feedback from her manager is discouraging. according to the hawthorne effect , ellie's work performance is likely to
decrease
A lack of unity of _____ results in an ineffective organization where activities are unfocused and individuals and groups work at cross-purposes.
direction
A lack of unity of results in an ineffective organization where activities are unfocused and individuals and groups work at cross-purposes.
direction
According to Fayol, _____ results in respectful relations between organizational members and reflects the quality of an organization's leadership and a manager's ability to act fairly and equitably.
discipline
according to the assumptions of theory X , managers believe that workers
do not like work do not have ambition want to do as little as possible
Weber believe that if organizations implemented all five of the principals of bureaucracy, the organization would:
encourage organizational members to act ethically, reduce stress throughout the organization, make it easier for managers to organize and control the work of the subordinates, further promote the interests of the organization, and improve managers' feelings of security
The tendency of a closed system to lose its ability to control itself and thus to dissolve and disintegrate is referred to as:
entropy
The Gilbreth's goal was to maximize the _____ with which each individual task was performed so that gains across tasks would result in enormous savings of time and effort.
efficiency
The Gilbreth's goal was to maximize the with which each individual task was performed so that gains across tasks would result in enormous savings of time and effort.
efficiency
The first issue that management theories wanted to know about was why the new machine ships and factory systems were more _____ and produced greater qualities of goods and services than older, crafts-style production operations.
efficient and productive
theory y
emplyoyess are good, managers must create a setting that provies opportunities for intiative, managers should decentralize authority
Max Weber (1864-1920) wrote at the turn of the 20th century, when Germany was undergoing its _____ revolution.
industrial
In a bureaucratic system, when specifying the best ways to accomplish organizational tasks or increase performance, behavioral guidelines must be set. What is not important to include when defining these guidelines?
industry ratios and benchmarks
Mcgregor contributions
influenced HP way, theory x and y
an organizational _________ is an unwritten
informal code of conduct that most, if not all members accept and practice,norm
norms
informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in situations and are considere important by most members of a group
The system of behavioral rules and norms that emerge in a group is known as:
informational organization
Innovation & creativity could not occur within an organization if there was not someone who took the ___________ to try something new
initiative
What is it called when employees feel free to work independently and exercise their creativity?
initiative
Which of Fayol's principles suggests that employees need the ability to act on their own without direction from a superior?
initiative
innovation and creativity could not occur within organizations if employees didn't take ____ by trying something new
initiative
innovation and creativity could not occur within organizations if employees didn't take ________ by trying smth new
initiative
During the first stage, referred to as the _____ stage, an organization acquires resources.
input
During the first stage, referred to as the stage, an organization acquires resources.
input
during the first stage , referred as the ____ stage , an organization acquires resources
input
three stages in an open system
input conversion output
The three stages in an open system are
input, conversion, and output
The three stages in an open system are _____, _____, and _____.
input, conversion, output
Organizations perform at higher levels when
its departments work together rather than separately
fayol suggested that workers be give more ______ in order to counteract the boredom that many workers feel that can arise from too much nonspecializing
job duties
Fayol suggested that workers be given more in order to counteract the boredom that many workers feel that can arise from too much specialization
job duties or responsibility
systems theorists believe that when departments work together , synergy is created that allows them to achieve more together , than separately . this is of special interest to researchers studying the ____ systems view because they are interested in how the various parts of a system work together to increase efficiency and effectiveness
open
a system that takes in resources from its external environment and coverts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers is an
open system
While a(n) __________ system may be impacted by floods or drought, a(n) _________ system is not impacted by the external environment open or closed
open; closed
management gives managers a set of techniques so they can analyze an organization's production system and increase efficiency.
operations
branches of management science theory
operations management, management information systems, quantitative management, total quality management
Which of Fayol's principles meant the methodical arrangement of positions to provide employees with career opportunities that satisfy their needs?
order
A more open organizational structure in which authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond quickly to the unexpected is an _____ structure.
organic
A more open organizational structure in which authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond quickly to the unexpected is an structure
organic
Which type of structure reacts more quickly to a changing environment?
organic
what organizational structure promotes collaboration among employees and loosely defined roles with responsibilities ?
organic
which type of structure reacts more quickly to changing environment ?
organic
a more open organizational structure in which authority is decentralized to middle and first line managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond quickly to the unexpected
organic structure
input stage
organization acquires resources
According to Fayol, the interests of the must take precedence over the interests of the .
organization; individual
Fayol suggested companies use charts as a method of providing order and structure in an organization
organizational
The set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization's boundaries, but affect a manager's ability to acquire and utilize resources is referred to as the environment
organizational
fayol suggested companies use ____ charts as a method of providing order and structure in an organization
organizational