BIOL2401_ UNIT 5 - CRANIAL DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

Which of these is *not* considered a part of the "higher" or "mammalian" brain? Limbic system Thalamus Premotor cortex Insula

Thalamus

Which of these brain regions acts as a sensory filter to prevent the conscious brain from being overwhelmed with information? midbrain thalamus pons cerebellum

thalamus

Which segment of the brain is mostly responsible for "bridging" signals, but does hold important control centers for breathing and urination? medulla oblongata pons thalamus midbrain

thalamus

What is the function of the brain structure indicated by the arrow? coordination of complex motor patterns relays sensory information to the thalamus and cerebellum. processes visual data conscious thought

*CEREBRUM conscious thought

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus? to regulate body temperature to secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to process and transmit visual information secretes melatonin

to regulate body temperature

The vestibule contains two sacs, the... (choose two) ampulla cupula utricle cochlea saccule

utricle saccule

The hypothalamus produces which two hormones? ADH and oxytocin growth hormone and melatonin oxytocin and melatonin ADH and epinephrine epinephrine and norepinephrine

ADH and oxytocin ADH = Antidiuretic hormone

What is the function of the thalamic nuclei indicated by the arrow? relays information from the basal nuclei of the cerebrum to somatic areas of cerebral cortex connects emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres part of limbic system involved with emotion and motivation receives visual information from the optic tract, and sends it to the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

Anterior Nuclei Limbic System* part of limbic system involved with emotion and motivation

MASTERING

Brain and Cranial Nerves (Ch. 14) Post-lab

What is the difference between concussion and contusion? How are they diagnosed? They are essentially the same. Contusion is when the injury causes localized bruising of the brain tissue. Concussion is the type of injury that affects brain function. CT scan and MRI are the methods of choice to determine the difference(s) between the two. They are both easily diagnosed by gross visual inspections. Concussion causes edema around the eye sockets and within the cranial cavity.

Contusion is when the injury causes localized bruising of the brain tissue. Concussion is the type of injury that affects brain function. CT scan and MRI are the methods of choice to determine the difference(s) between the two.

The _______ nerve (name, not number) innervates muscles of facial expression, tear and salivary glands, and provides part of your sense of taste

Facial

TRUE/FALSE: olfactory epithelium is composed of a single cell type. False True

False

The _______ nerve (name, not number) innervates speech and swallowing muscles and provides part of your sense of taste

Glossopharyngeal

The _______ nerve (name, not number) innervates muscles that move the tongue.

Hypoglossal

The optic disc, at the back of the retina, is a small "blind spot" where neurons assemble to form cranial nerve... II IV I III

II

The nuclei of which cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain? I and II III and IV V and VI II and III IV and V

III and IV III - Oculomotor nerve IV - Trochlear nerve

MASTERING

INTRO TO THE BRAIN

Wernicke's area, at the junction of the temporal and parietal lobes, is responsible for... Interpreting speech as language Interpreting musical sounds Interpreting text as language Making speech sounds

Interpreting speech as language

Why is LSD known as a powerful hallucinogenic drug? LSD destroys serotonin-secreting neurons. It can inhibit the production of serotonin. It binds to serotonin receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, preventing serotonin from binding. It activates serotonin receptors in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and limbic system, increasing the concentration of serotonin.

It activates serotonin receptors in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and limbic system, increasing the concentration of serotonin.

ACTIV

Lesson 5.1 - The Cranial Nerves

ACTIV

Lesson 5.2 - Brain Overview and Anatomy

ACTIV

Lesson 5.3 - The Lower Brain

ACTIV

Lesson 5.4 - The Higher Brain

ACTIV

Lesson 5.5 - The Autonomic Nervous System

ACTIV

Lesson 5.6 - Intro to the Senses

ACTIV

Lesson 5.7 - The Eyes and Vision

ACTIV

Lesson 5.8 - The Ears and Their Senses

What is the function of the thalamic nuclei indicated by the arrow? receives visual information from the optic tract, and sends it to the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. part of the limbic system involved with emotion and motivation connect emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres relays information from the basal nuclei of the cerebrum to somatic areas of cerebral cortex

Medial Nuclei* - Frontal Lobes connect emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

Which of these lobes is most responsible for your sense of vision? Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Insula

Occipital lobe

The _______ nerve (name, not number) conveys special sensory information for the sense of smell.

Olfactory

The _______ nerve (name, not number) conveys special sensory information for the sense of vision

Optic

Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of Parkinson's disease. myasthenia gravis. rabies. tetanus. Alzheimer's disease.

Parkinson's disease.

A "sensory homunculus" would describe the mapping of areas of the body onto areas of the brain in what major fold? Integration area of the temporal lobe Pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe Post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe Integration area of the occipital lobe

Post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe

Phineas Gage lost most of his socially-regulated behaviors and personality when he lost a portion of his... Somatosensory cortex Limbic cortex Prefrontal cortex Premotor cortex

Prefrontal cortex

In the typical pattern of cerebral lateralization, which of these would be found on the *right* hemisphere of the brain? Speech and language Remembering faces Artistic/Representational Music Remembering names Logical/Categorical/Organizational Spatial relationships Mathematics

Remembering faces Spatial relationships Artistic/Representational Music

Terry has recently been diagnosed with an inherited form of depression. Which of the following is the most likely cause for the depression? Terry has an overabundance of serotonin secretion. Terry has a mutation in the enzyme involved in NE synthesis. Terry is experiencing the destruction of GABA-secreting neurons in the basal nuclei. Terry's depression is a result of excessive production of dopamine.

Terry has a mutation in the enzyme involved in NE synthesis.

The _______ nerve (name, not number) is a mixed-function nerve that senses facial skin and the corneas and innervates muscles of mastication

Trigeminal

TRUE/FALSE: the brain ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, and central canal of the spinal cord form one continuous body of cerebrospinal fluid. False True

True

Cranial nerves are numbered in Roman numerals. Give the Roman numeral for the facial nerve, CN ____

VII

The _______ nerve (name, not number) innervates speech and swallowing muscles; it also provides sensory and autonomic links to most ventral body cavity organs.

Vagus

If you experience test anxiety that overwhelms your ability to remember key facts, that is your _______ taking over. pathetica hippocampus insula amygdala

amygdala

Fluid in the middle ear is drained by a passageway called the... auditory tube scala vestibuli external auditory canal external acoustic meatus

auditory tube

What makes up the gray matter in the cerebellum? (Figure 14-9) arbor vitae and superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei transverse pontine fibers and cerebellar nuclei transverse pontine fibers and arbor vitae superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles

cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei

The arbor vitae ("tree of life") is the central white-matter structure of which major brain division? diencephalon cerebellum brainstem cerebrum

cerebellum

Which of these brain regions plays a major role in adjusting motor commands that come from the higher brain? (choose two) midbrain medulla oblongata cerebellum epithalamus

cerebellum midbrain

Most of the blood supply to the eye is provided by the structure called the... choroid sclera vitreous humor cornea

choroid

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the... arachnoid villi choroid plexus septum pellucidum cerebral aqueduct

choroid plexus

The _______ muscle focuses the lens.

ciliary

The transparent front of the eye is called the... lens cornea sclera retina

cornea

The *parasympathetic* nervous system is *anatomically* known as the _______ division of the ANS. thoracolumbar craniosacral stress-response chain ganglion

craniosacral

Which part of the brain contains the hypothalamus, the body's control center for thirst and hunger, among many other things? cerebrum diencephalon brainstem cerebellum

diencephalon

Which segment of the brain is most directly responsible for putting you to sleep at night? hypothalamus epithalamus pons midbrain

epithalamus

_____ceptors sense stimuli from the outside world.

extero

The *sympathetic* nervous system is *functionally* known as the _______ division of the ANS. fight-or-flight rest-and-digest craniosacral more homeostatic

fight-or-flight

The tiny portion of the retina that provides central, 3D, color vision is called the... (two possible answers) macula lutea fovea centralis

fovea centralis

The corpus callosum allows different regions of cortical gray matter to communicate... with neighboring brain regions from one hemisphere to another with "lower" portions of the brain and spinal cord from one lobe to another

from one hemisphere to another

The central sulcus divides which two lobes? (Figure 14-13) frontal lobe and parietal lobe occipital lobe and parietal lobe parietal lobe and temporal lobe frontal lobe and temporal lobe left parietal lobe and right parietal lobe

frontal lobe and parietal lobe

The most common sensory papillae on the tongue, which have only a few taste buds each, are the _______ papillae. filiform vallate foliate fungiform

fungiform

In addition to muscle tissues, autonomic motor pathways also stimulate... glands blood vessels hair follicles digestive organs

glands

Which portion of the lentiform nucleus is more medial and which portion is more lateral? (Figure 14-15) septum pellucidum is medial; claustrum is lateral globus pallidus is more medial; putamen is more lateral insula is medial; caudate nucleus is lateral claustrum is medial; septum pellucidum is lateral putamen is more medial; globus pallidus is more lateral

globus pallidus is more medial; putamen is more lateral

The _____ cells contain stereocilia that convert mechanical movement into action potentials otolith hair vestibular cochlear

hair

If you can remember the answer to this question, you can thank your... basal nuclei hippocampus amygdala corpuscle

hippocampus

What portion of the brain is the main link between neural and endocrine body control systems? cerebellum epithalamus midbrain hypothalamus

hypothalamus

The lateral ventricles are found in the spinal cord. in the cerebral hemispheres. in the cerebellar hemispheres. in the diencephalon. between the pons and the midbrain.

in the cerebral hemispheres.

Parkinson's disease is the result of excess production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei. inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons. weak response of the red nuclei of the mesencephalon. hyperactivity of the limbic system. decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra.

inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.

The medulla oblongata relays auditory stimuli to the inferior colliculi. red nuclei. superior colliculi. substantia nigra. cerebral peduncles.

inferior colliculi.

Our sense of empathy comes from the... insula pacifica amygdala pathetica

insula

There are five cerebral lobes. Which one *does not* share the name of a cranial bone?

insular

The smooth muscle structure that functions as an aperture diaphragm (adjusts pupil size) to control light entering the eye is called the... iris vitreous humor ciliary muscle lens

iris

Photoreceptors detect _____ energy.

light

The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by the __________. central sulcus postcentral gyrus longitudinal fissure corpus callosum

longitudinal fissure

Parasympathetic activity mostly _______ homeostasis and _______ energy. maintains; conserves maintains; expends disrupts; expends disrupts; conserves

maintains; conserves

Which segment of the brain would kill you fastest if it were damaged (because you would not be able to breathe)? cerebellum pons midbrain medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata

Which segment of the brainstem is continuous with (connected to) the spinal cord? pons medulla oblongata thalamus midbrain

medulla oblongata

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the medulla oblongata. midbrain. diencephalon. cerebellum. pons.

medulla oblongata.

The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the cerebrum. cerebellum. diencephalon. thalamus. medulla oblongata.

medulla oblongata.

Which of these is *not* one of the four major divisions of the brain? cerebrum cerebellum diencephalon mesencephalon

mesencephalon

Which segment of the brain is most directly responsible for waking you up in the morning? hypothalamus epithalamus midbrain pons

midbrain

Which of the following tracts is correctly matched? middle cerebellar peduncles: link cerebellum with nuclei in the pons inferior cerebellar peduncles: link cerebellum with nuclei in the cerebrum superior cerebellar peduncles: link cerebellum with nuclei in the medulla oblongata superior cerebellar peduncles: link cerebellum with nuclei in the spinal cord inferior cerebellar peduncles: link cerebellum with nuclei in the midbrain

middle cerebellar peduncles: link cerebellum with nuclei in the pons

Two cranial nerves have multiple named branches. Choose the two: oculomotor nerve accessory nerve facial nerve trigeminal nerve

oculomotor nerve trigeminal nerve

The region(s) of the cerebral cortex superior to the lateral sulcus is/are the parietal lobe. frontal lobe. parietal and frontal lobes. occipital lobe. temporal lobe.

parietal and frontal lobes.

The dural sinuses form between which two layers of the cranial dura mater? periosteal and endosteal layers superior and inferior sagittal layers pia and arachnoid layers meningeal and cranial layers periosteal and meningeal layers

periosteal and meningeal layers

The blood-brain barrier is formed from which of these? (choose two) oligodendrocytes ependymal cells perivascular feet of astrocytes capillary endothelial cells

perivascular feet of astrocytes capillary endothelial cells

What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain? dura mater choroid plexus arachnoid mater pia mater cranial plexus

pia mater

Which of the following is NOT a component of the limbic system? fornix cingulate gyrus amygdaloid body precentral gyrus

precentral gyrus

According to the video, the most important function of eyebrows is to... prevent dust and objects from impacting the eye prevent sweat from dripping into the open eye help shade the eye control the amount of light that enters the eye

prevent sweat from dripping into the open eye

Which is *not* a function of cerebrospinal fluid? helps to remove waste products from active brain tissue prevents the brain from collapsing under its own weight provides nutrients to active brain tissue promotes cell division in active brain tissue provides a liquid cushion to prevent damage from sudden movements

promotes cell division in active brain tissue

The _______ is the area of skin that is sensed by a single sensory neuron. sensory area dermatome receptorama receptive field

receptive field

The main jobs of the basal nuclei include... learn "stereotyped" or "muscle memory" patterns choose and modify motor movement plans regulate and smooth out motor commands control impulsive thoughts and actions regulate and even out emotional responses regulate and focus attention

regulate and smooth out motor commands choose and modify motor movement plans learn "stereotyped" or "muscle memory" patterns

Somatic motor pathways stimulate _______ muscles, while autonomic pathways stimulate the other two types of muscles.

skeletal

Cranial nerves, unlike named nerves of the arms and legs, do not branch of from a _______.

spine

The part of the cochlea that translates sound wave vibrations into membrane potentials is the... spiral organ helicotrema scala tympani scala vestibuli

spiral organ