Biological Anthropology
What is the problem with evidence of shelters and hearths constructed during the middle Stone Age (MSA)
it is impossible to say for sure that natural processes didn't produce the features believed to be shelters and hearts
WHY DO YOU SAY NO TO YOUR CREEPY UNCLE WHO TOLD YOU TO MARRY YOUR COUSIN?
it seems to be within our genes to avoid in breeding because we don't want to increase the chance of passing one deleterious allele. CULTURALLY it differs doe
High frequencies of lactase persistence among pastoralists suggest that
the lactase-persistence gene evolved in response to culture.
Chimps food collecting skills diff from other primates?
the most elaborate and complex of primate world
Where is Homo habilis found?
~East and South Africa
Why do researchers not accept Dart's conclusion?
~He over-interprets the archaeological record to show that A. africanus used tools
Name 2 traits that differentiate Homo sapiens and Neandertals:
~Homo sapiens have longer limbs ~Less robust than Neandertals
What conclusion did CK Brain come to regarding humans and tool use?
~Humans are huntED rather than huntERS ~Bones, teeth, and horns are not used as tools ~Humans did not kill animals for their bones, horns, and teeth
Describe the CRANIUM of Homo erectus:
~Large browridge ~Broad skull base
What is the received view today about the evolution of Homo sapiens?
~Partial replacement Genetic evidence: Europe & Asia Anatomical evidence: Middle Eastern and Central European sites
Describe the UPPER CRANIUM of Homo neanderthalensis:
~Rounded, thin walled cranium ~Low foreheads ~Rounded brow ridge ~Mid-face prognathism ~Large nasal opening
Define TOPHONOMY:
~The study of what happens to something after it dies
Define OSTEODONTOKRATIC:
~Tools made from teeth, bone, or horns.
How did Neandertals utilize their teeth as a tool?
~Used to hold hides ~Anterior teeth often chipped
What differentiates ROBUST and GRACILE forms in Australopithecines?
~Variation in dental and jaw morphology ~Dietary adaptations
Neandertals
A distinct group within the genus Homo inhabiting Europe and Southwest Asia from approximately 125,000 to 30,000 years ago. Represented as the classic cavemen. They had modern-sized brains with faces and skulls that were very different from later fossilized remains. Associated with the Mousterian tool industry.
Describe the early Homo sapien found in France: Where? When? Features?
~Cro-Magnon ~30kya ~Small anterior teeth ~Females have more modern features ~Males have more robust features
Who found the first fossils of Homo erectus? When? Where? What was found?
~Eugene DuBois ~1891 ~Trinil village, Java; Solo river ~Skull cap, femur
Describe the DEVELOPMENT of Australopithecines: PLUS 1 example
~Faster to reach sexual maturity ~Less infant dependency ~A. africanus
Define CHATELPEROUIAN TOOLS:
~Found between 35-29kya ~Used by Neandertals ~Many fine blades and adornments
Describe the advantages to bipedalism for Homo habilis:
~Free hands ~Carrying tools ~Carrying scavenged meat
Describe the 3 parts in the COMPLETE REPLACEMENT MODEL:
~H. sapiens arose in Africa ~They moved into Europe and Asia ~They DID NOT interbreed with existing hominids in the area
Describe the 3 parts of the PARTIAL REPLACEMENT MODEL:
~H. sapiens arose in Africa ~They moved into Europe and Asia ~They interbred with existing hominids in the area
Describe the 3 parts in the REGIONAL CONTINUITY MODEL:
~H. sapiens arose in all parts of the world ~Their ancestors were the hominids who previously occupied these regions ~Extensive gene flow
Describe the LOCOMOTION of Australopithecines: PLUS 2 examples
~Have bipedal adaptations, but can also climb ~A. afarensis, A. africanus
How did Neandertals display "sheltering behavior"?
~Hearths ~Cooking ~Wind-breaks ~Clothing with skins
Describe the diet of Australopithecines:
~Herbivores + some meat-eating
African forms of Homo erectus are now called what?
~Homo ergaster
What does the term "archaic Homo sapiens" refer to?
~Homo heidelbergensis
Describe the diet of Neandertals:
~LARGE quantities of meat ~Hunted big game ~Cannibalism
How does the Acheulian tool industry differ from the Oldowan tool industry?
~Larger ~More symmetrical
Describe the CRANIUM of Homo heidelbergensis:
~Larger cranial capacity ~Rounded browridge
What is required of vocal chords to make sound?
~Length of A must equal B
What caused the breakage patterns on discovered bones?
~Leopard predation ~Hyena foraging
Who discovered and named the Oldowan Industry?
~Louis Leakey
Who found the first Homo habilis fossil? Where? When?
~Louis Leakey ~Olduvai Gorge ~1960's
South African fossil sites are characterized by what?
~Many sharp-shaped bones
Describe the DIET of Homo habilis:
~Meat + vegetation ~Evidence of hunting/scavenging
Homo heidelbergensis was a ______ __________ species.
~Middle Pleistocene
Describe the SEXUAL DIMORPHISM of Australopithecines: PLUS 2 examples
~Moderate canine dimorphism ~Moderate - high size dimorphism ~Polygynous social system ~A. afarensis, robust species
Describe the LOCOMOTION of Homo habilis:
~Modern bipedal gait ~Better ability to manipulate hands
What does the high variability in Homo habilis fossils indicate?
~Multiple species rather than just one species
H. heidelbergensis is ancestral to _________ and ______________.
~Neandertals ~Homo sapiens
Why do Africans not have Neandertal ancestral DNA?
~Neandertals lived in colder, northern climates ~Homo sapiens who remained in Africa did not meet or interbreed with Neandertals
What made Homo habilis different from P. boisei?
~No sagittal crest ~Small molar teeth ~Associations with tools
Describe the BRAIN EXPANSION of Homo habilis:
~Observation, learning, and memory ~The need to learn large carnivore habits
Describe the LOWER CRANIUM of Homo neanderthalensis:
~Occipital bun ~No chin ~Worn back teeth ~Taurodont tooth roots
Dart argues that A. africanus had what type of tool culture?
~Osteodontokeratic
What was also found at the same site as Homo habilis?
~P. boisei
What was 'Turkana boy'?
~Set of fossils found in Africa ~Young boy 11-12 years of age ~Dates to 1.6mya ~Very complete skeleton and cranium
Describe the TORSO of Homo neanderthalensis:
~Short ~Heavily muscled ~Thick bones ~Large joints ~barrel-chested ~Adaptations to COLD weather
Describe the DETENTION of Homo erectus:
~Shovel-shaped incisors (also found in some modern populations)
What was Shanidar Cave?
~Site in northeastern Iraq ~4 partial skeletons found ~Deliberate burials
What did the Zhoukoudian fossil site uncover?
~Site was occupied for over 250,000 years ~Possible evidence of fire control and hunting
Describe the early Homo sapien found in Israel: Where? When? Features?
~Skhul Cave ~115kya ~High cranial vault ~Small anterior teeth ~1400cc
Name THREE traits associated with Australopithecus africanus:
~South African ~Faster maturation ~Anterior foramen magnum
Define AUSTRAL-:
~South, southern
What is the Oldowan Industry?
~Stone-tool industry ~Associated with Homo habilis
What kinds of tools are common in the Acheulian Industry?
~Tear dropped shaped hand axes ~Chipped on all sides to create a BIFACE ~Design consistent over 1 million years
What are the problems associated with the REGIONAL CONTINUITY MODEL:
~The species Homo is not a 'true' species because they interbred, thus not reproductively isolated from each other
Define MOUSTERIAN TOOLS:
~Thinner blades ~Complex tools ~More cutting edge
Why do we believe the Turkana boy did NOT have regulated breathing? Why do we still believe they had communication abilities?
~Thoracic vertebre ~Standardization of Acheulean tools
Describe 5 traits associated with Mousterian tools:
~Used by Neandertals ~Hafted spear head ~Glue to secure arrow to spear ~Planning of a template ~Non-stone materials
Name 5 physical traits of Homo sapiens:
~Vertical forehead ~Small browridge ~Chin ~Small incisors ~Pyramidal mastoid process
What are advantages to fire-control?
~Warmth ~Cooking ~Tool-making ~Light
What 3 groups coexisted around 35kya?
~Western and Central European sites ~Neandertals ~Modern humans
Was there overlap between Homo sapiens and other hominids?
~Yes. Homo sapiens were contemporaneous with other hominids for a portion of geological time.
primates behavior
Primates are social animals and most species live and travel in groups. A community is a unit of primate social organization composed of 50 or more individuals who inhabit a geographical area. Males and females can be organized into dominance hierarchies, an observed ranking system ordering individuals from high (alpha) to low standing corresponding to predictable behavioral interactions including domination
Primate characteristics
Primates developed characteristics as adaptations to insect predation and life in the trees: • A reduction in the number and size of teeth. • Binocular stereoscopic vision (depth perception) and a reduced sense of smell. • An intensified sense of touch. • An enlarged, responsive cerebral cortex. • Changes to the skeleton included a reduction of the snout, an enlargement of the braincase, and adaptations for upright posture and flexibility of limb movement.
Primates as mammals
Primates, like most mammals, are intelligent animals whose young are born live and nourished with milk from their mothers. They maintain constant body temperature and have respiratory and circulatory systems that will sustain high activity levels. Their skeleton and teeth also resemble those of other mammals.
Natural Selection
Process through which heritable traits become more or less common in a population due to reproductive success of organisms interacting in their environments
The process of neoteny in humans essentially means that
humans are apes who retain juvenile characteristics into adulthood.
True of the development of mod human behavior
humans could have evolved new cognitive abilities that were not reflected in their physical anatomy
Neanderthals probably contributed a small percentage
of genes in modern human populations outside of Africa
a proportion of predatory carnivores in mod Africa
often savage for meat rather than hunting all the time
Name FIVE traits specific to Australopithecines:
1. Bipedal locomotion 2. Ape-like features 3. Small brains 4. Sexual dimorphism in body size, but not in canine size 5. Small incisors and canines
Describe 4 behaviors consistent with Homo erectus:
1. First widespread species 2. Used fire 3. Tools used to hunt big game 4. Used culture as an adaptive strategy
Leakey emphasized what key traits in Homo habilis?
1. Larger brain than any other Australopithecine. 2. Tool-making
Describe 5 PHYSICAL TRAITS of the Robust Australopithecines:
1. Larger cheek teeth / smaller anterior teeth 2. Larger attachment sites for chewing muscles 3. Sagittal crest 4. Broad cheek bones 5. Large infratemporal fossae
Name the 3 current viewpoints regarding the origin of modern humans:
1.) Complete replacement model 2.) Partial replacement model 3.) Regional continuity model
H ergaster may have first appeared in Eurasia
1.8 mya
H. erectus
1.8mya to 300,000 years ago provided evidence of Acheulian tool technology
Neanderthals appeared in? and disappeared in ?
130kya; 30kya
G. Paranthropus
2.7 1 mya larger brains, broad "dish-shaped" face, small foreheads, pronounced sagittal crest, megadontia: large molars, tool users, bipedal
H. erectus & H. Heidelbergensis may have coexisted in E Asia
200 kya
G. Australopthecus
2mya 1.2 and 1.4m tall, sexual dimorphism, gracine: slender, large brain sizes, gripping hand, processed food, partly arboreal, bipedal
G. Homo
3 to 2mya large cranial capacity, competent bipeds, made OLDUWAN tools: rocks that were modified to produce sharp flakes and edged choppers
Taiwanese minor marriages result in
30% fewer children
CC of H ergaster
800cc
When does a selective sweep occur?
A beneficial mutation arises and then both the mutation and DNA linked to the mutation on the same chromosome spread through the population.
cultural resource management
A branch of archaeology that is concerned with survey and/or excavation of archaeological and historical remains threatened by construction or development. Also involved with policy surrounding protection of cultural resources.
Chronometic dating
A dating method that determines age of archaeological feature on some specified time scale
ethnographic method
A prolonged & intensive observation of & participation in the life of community
Qualitative Data Collection
A research strategy producing an in-depth & detailed description of social activities & beliefs
Culturally constructed concept of race
A set of cultural or ethnic factors combined with easily perceived morphological traits (e.g., skin reflectance, body shape, cranial structure) in an artificial "biologized" category.
Catastrophism is associated with which early scientific thinker
A. Cuvier
The first australopithecine to be found in association with tools is
A. garhi
Homo erectus is mostly associated with the following tool industry:
Achulean
Nocturnal
Active during the nighttime
Classification of the Family Hominidae
African apes, Asian apes, and humans all except gibbons have large bodies and brains, full rotation of the arm, greater hand movement
True about relative genetic variation in humans...
African populations are more variable than other human populations
Node 3 significance
All modern non African humans are connected to node l3
Physical Anthropology/Biological Anthropology
Also known as biological anthropology. The systematic study of humans as biological organisms. 1. Molecular anthropology is a branch of physical anthropology that studies genes and genetic relationships as a way to better understand human evolution, adaptation, and diversity.
cultural anthropology
Also known as social anthropology or sociocultural anthropology. The study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings. It focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures. Involves two main components: ethnography and ethnology
Genotype
An organisms genetic component
Applied Anthropology
Anthropological research commissioned to show an organizations needs
Relative Dating
Any dating techniques that provide us with rough assessments of the age of an artifact relative to other archaeological features
Developmental Systems Theory
Approach combining multiple dimensions toward understanding the development & evolutionary impact of organisms
Richard Klein places this at the base of his "working phylogeny"
Ardi
ethnocentrism
Assumption that ones on way of doing things is correct while dismissing others practices or views as wrong
A gap in the fossil records at 3.9-3.6 may has created uncertainties about?
Au. anamensis. and Au aferensis
When were near and remote Oceania settled?
Australia/Near Oceania: 45kya Parts of remote Oceania: 4kya
subadult found at Taung in S Africa
Australopithecus Africanus
Which of the following is true of racial classification schemes?
Because genetic variation is continuous, the placement of individuals within any single category is arbitrary.
Evolution
Biological change over time and includes both: Microevolution - evolutionary change occurring in relatively short periods of time and relatively small changes; any change in the frequency of alleles in populations of organisms from generation to generation Macroevolution - evolutionary change occurring over longer periods of time; speciation Change occurs through gene flow, genetic drift, mutations and natural selection
charles lyell
Book of geology that give Darwin the deep time. Uniform materialism, father of geology
Why is it often difficult to separate the genetic and environmental causes of human variation in real situations?
Both genetic transmission and shared environments cause parents and offspring to be similar.
Chimps vs Human foraging
Both rely on different methods of food procurement
Linguistic Anthropology
Branch of anthropology that studies human languages including the study of 1. Descriptive- components of language (syntax and grammar) 2. Sociolinguistics - the way language is used in society 3. Historical linguistics - the way language changes over time
Mutation
Change at the level of the DNA
Although men typically report wanting more sexual partners than women, for what primary reason would we expect men to form committed relationships.
Children wo receive care from both parents are more likely to thrive
Chimp toolmaking
Chimps carefully select stones they use to hammer open nuts but don't modify them before they use them
Quantitative Data Collection
Classifies features of a phenomenon by counting or measuring them & constructing mathematical models to explain whats observed
charles darwin
Come up with the idea of natural selection
Melanin
Complex polymer that's main pigment in human skin, occurs in black & brown
The four subfields of psychology
Cultural anthropology Archaeology Biological anthropology Linguistic anthropology
Which ONE of the following statements is FALSE: A. H. erectus are as tall as modern humans B. H. erectus have thicker long-bones (i.e., bones of the arm/leg) than humans C. H. erectus are more sexually dimorphic than modern humans D. H. erectus have smaller posterior teeth (i.e., molars/premolars) than humans E. H. erectus has a low forehead
D. H. erectus have smaller posterior teeth (i.e., molars/premolars) than humans
Ardipithecus ramidus
Dated to 4.4 million years ago. The remains show that some of the earliest bipeds inhabited a forested environment
Traits that distinguish living nonhuman primates from other mammals include
Dermatoglyphs or "finger prints"
Sexual dimorphism
Difference between the sexes in body size or shape
Which of the following did geneticists find to be the difference between the amount of genetic variation within local groups, among groups within races, and between the races?
Differences within local groups account for 85% of the total variation in the species, and the rest was accounted for by differences among groups within races and between races themselves.
Charles Darwin A. proposed the theory of sexual selection B. had no interest in nature as a child C. was born in France D. only wrote one book in his life E. none of the above
E. None of the above
Anthropology consists of four subfields, they are: A. biological, linguistic, political, ethnographical B. physical, primatological, cultural, ethnological C. cultural, archaeology, linguistic, political D. primatological, biological, linguistic, cultural E. None of the above
E. None of the above (The answer would be Cultural, Linguistic, Archaeological, Biological)
Dominance A. relationships are the outcome of a dispute over a contested resource B. is the predictable relationship between individuals established via fighting or displays C. results from individuals competing over valuable, defendable resources D. results in "priority of access" to resources E. all of the above
E. all of the above
A. afarensis
East Africa 3.9 to 3mya Example "Lucy" cranial capacity of 375 to 500 ape like face more evidence found in the form of footprints dates 3.8 to 3.6mya
A. aetheopicus
East Africa, 2.6mya, powerful jaw, well developed sagittal crest, hyper robust, megadontia, "black skull"
H. habilus
East and South Africa 2.4 to 1.4 mya provided evidence of Oldowan tool technology
Industrialization
Economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory based one
Holism
Efforts to synthesize distinct approaches & findings into a single comprehensive interpretation
Hadar located?
Ethiopia
H. neanderthalensis
Europe, Asia 300,000 to 30,000 years ago brains larger than average human rock shelters found in Europe and Asia Buried their dead
macroevolution
Evolutionary change occurring over longer periods of time; speciation
how does the evolutionary theory explain why chastity is considered essential in China but unimportant in Sweden?
Evolutionary theory cannot yet explain why chastity is considered essential
Sickle cell anemia
Example of natural selection A disease in which the oxygen-carrying red blood cells change shape and clog the circulatory system
epigenetic system of inheritance
External modifications to DNA that turn genes "on" or "off." Modifications do not change the DNA sequence, but instead, they affect how cells "read" genes
most distinct feature of the Kenyanthropus platyops
FLAT ASS FACE
__________ is a subfield of biological anthropology.
Forensic anthropology
Three Hominin Genera
Genus Australopithecus Paranthropus Homo
Anthropocene
Geological time where human heavily influenced ecosystems
Homo habilis
Handy human." The first fossil members of the genus Homo appearing 2.5 million years ago, with larger brains and smaller faces than australopithecines. May have been a tertiary scavenger
Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 7-6 Mya is unique because?
Has large browridge and a flat face. features of much later hominins
Which species of hominid is characterized by shovel-shaped incisors
Homo erectus
What is the problem with trying to classify people the same way we classify organisms into species categories—by using genetic measures of shared descent?
Human genetic variation changes smoothly from one place to another.
Thomas Malthus
Idea of competition for survival, starvation create the need of food
Determinism
Idea that all human actions are the product of culture which denies influence of other factors
analogies
In biology, structures possessed by different organisms that are superficially similar due to similar function; without sharing a common developmental pathway or structure. Ex: bat wings to human arm both have all bones
homologies
In biology, structures possessed by two different organisms that arise in similar fashion and pass through similar stages during embryonic development though they may possess different functions. Ex: bat wings to fly, human arm to pick up and hold on
Participant Observation
In ethnography, the technique of learning a people's culture through participation and personal observation within the community being studied, as well as interviews and discussion with members of the group over an extended period of time.
Hominine
Includes humans & our recent ancestors
One condition for the evolution of reciprocal altruism is
Individuals interact on more than one occasion
Robust australopithecines
Known for the rugged nature of their chewing apparatus (large back teeth, large chewing muscles, and bony ridge on their skull tops for the insertion of these large muscles).
Au. Afarensis were efficient bipeds and we know bc...
Laetoli footprints
Symbolic system of inheritance
Linguistic system through which humans store & communicate knowledge & conventional understandings using symbols
The ocean floor and continents are positioned on major plates called
Lithospheric plates
Arboreal
Living in the trees
terrestrial
Living on the ground
Lemurs are found in _______.
Madagascar
Parental investment
Many primates are able to breed at anytime. The average adult female monkey or ape spends most of her adult life pregnant or nursing her young. After her infant is weaned, she will become pregnant again. Primates bear few young but devote more time and effort to the care of each individual. The long intervals between births results in a slow population growth.
According to one theory, cultural rules are ALL that prevent widespread incest from happening. How can we disprove?
Matings better close relatives are exceedingly rare among all primates including humans
The flawed propositions on which the North American concept of race is based includes which idea?
Members of different races are different in important ways.
Gracile australopithecines
Members of the genus Australopithecus possessing a more lightly built chewing apparatus. Likely had a diet that included more meat than that of the robust australopithecines.
Men's diets in contemporary foraging societies
Men produce more food than they can eat when reach adulthood
By comparing the patterns of genetic variation w/in living people and genetic material extracted from fossils
Mod human outside of Africa are all descended from a population that left Africa 60kya
Homo Erectus category of technology
Mode 1
oldowan tools represent?
Mode 1 technology
Cultural relativism
Moral & intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs & practices
mutation
Mutation is the ultimate source of evolutionary change that constantly introduces new genetic variation. Mutations occur randomly and do not arise out of need for some new adaptation. Mutations may arise whenever copying mistakes are made during cell division
four forces of evolutions
Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection— create and pattern biological diversity.
H. Heidelbergensis have shared characteristics with
Neanderthals
Late Pleistocene
Neanderthals were found in Europe
Characteristics of New World Monkeys
New World monkeys live in tropical forests of South and Central America. All are arboreal with long tails. Some New World monkeys possess prehensile or grasping tails, which they use as a fifth limb.
Which of the following has been discovered by the genomewide association studies on height?
None of the genes that affect height has a large effect.
Characteristics of Old World monkeys
Old World monkeys and apes, including humans, have a 40-million-year shared evolutionary history in Africa distinct from anthropoid primates in the tropical Americas. Old World monkeys are divided from apes at the taxonomic level of superfamily. They possess nonprehensile tails and may live on the ground or in trees, using quadrupedal locomotion on the ground or a palms-down position in the trees
Tool industry of H. ergaster (1.8 mya)
Oldowan
Plasticity
Organism responds to its environment by changing during its lifetime
Carolus Linneaus
Organizer, the one who classified all lives on earth.
microevolution
Over generations, the relative proportions of alleles in a population changes according to the reproductive success of individuals within that population -- called microevolution.
Paranthropus vs. Au. Africanus
Paranthropus had a larger chewing apparatus
Human behavioral ecology
Perspective that focuses on how ecological & social factors affect behavior through natural selection
Anthropoid
Primate super-family including monkeys, apes, & humans
Hominoid
Primate super-family that includes all apes & the humans
speciation
Process by which new species arise
Comparitive Method
Research method that derives insights from comparisons of aspects of 2 or more different cultures
What are the differences in DIET between ROBUST and GRACILE Australopithecines?
Robust: Herbivory and hard seeds Gracile: Omnivorous
Biodiversity
Similarities & differences within & across groups that have biological dimensions
Key component of Neanderthal morphology
Small back teeth and large heavily worn front teeth
Extra-genetic inheritance
Socially transmitted & epigenetic factors that aids in adaptive success of organisms
Which of the following statements about body size or height in human populations is accurate?
Some variation in body size among humans is adaptive.
Ethics
Standards of appropriate behavior
eugenics
Study of genetics w/ notion of improving human biology & biological potential
Anthropology
Study of human beings, their biology, history, linguistics, culture, & social institutions
forensic anthropology
Subfield of applied physical anthropology that specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes. Forensic anthropologists use details of skeletal anatomy to establish age, sex, population affiliation, and stature of the deceased.
Prehensile Tail
The ability to grasp things, using the tail
natural selection
The evolutionary process through which genetic variation at the population level is shaped to fit local environmental conditions.
Ellis-van Kreveld disease
The example of genetic drift
Deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a genetic locus implies
The genetic locus is evolving.
Hominin branches
The genus Australopithecus had jaws adapted to a generalized diet.
Foramen magnum
The hole in the skull where spinal core connect to.
holism
The idea that the various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence. A fundamental principle of anthropology which helps anthropologists avoid the pitfalls of ethnocentrism.
gene flow
The introduction of new alleles from nearby populations. Interbreeding allows genes to flow in and out of populations, increasing variation within a population.
intelligent design
The non-scientific argument that complex biological structures have been designed by an unidentified supernatural or extraterrestrial intelligence
Phenotype
The observable & measurable traits of an organisms
ethnography
The report of certain pieces
Where the Temporalis muscle attaches in skulls you can conclude?
The species ate different diets.
Purpose of Acheulean industry and axes?
The specific purposes are unknown
culture
The standards or rules by which societies operate. These standards are socially learned, rather than acquired through biological inheritance. No person is "more cultured" in the anthropological sense than any other. Anthropology's distinguishing feature.
archeology
The study of human cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data
Anthropology
The study of humankind in all times and places. The focus is the interconnections and interdependence of all aspects of the human experience in all places, in the present and deep into the past, well before written history.
primatory
The study of living and fossil primates. 1. Primates include the Asian and African apes, monkeys, lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. 2. Biologically, humans are members of the ape family.
Paleoanthropology
The study of the origins and predecessors of the present human species (human evolutionary studies). Uses a biocultural approach, focusing on the interaction of biology and culture. Genetic analyses indicate that the human line originated 5 to 8 million years ago
applied anthropology
The use of anthropology knowledge/methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client. Involves collaboration with communities to set goals, solve problems, and conduct research together.
culture-bound theory
Theories about the world and reality based on the assumptions and values of one's own culture. The cross-cultural and long-term evolutionary perspective of anthropology distinguishes it from other social sciences and guards against culture-bound behavior.
Alfred Wallace
Theory of natural selection but a little bit after Darwin
Which of the following has been demonstrated by the change, or lack of change, in average height among immigrants to the United States?
There have been substantial changes in average height in the course of a few generations, indicating a major role for environment in determining height.
What action is performed by nonsynonymous substitutions?
They alter the amino acid sequence of proteins.
What have data suggested about temperate and arctic foragers in comparison to tropical foragers?
They depend more on meat
What was a drawback of the blade tools used by the Upper Paleo pals in comparison to older types of cutting tools?
Took more time to manufacture
Behavioral System of Inheritance
Types of patterned behaviors that parents & adults pass on to young in group by learning & imitation
Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens
Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens Between 400,000 and 200,000 years ago, evolving humans achieved the brain capacity of contemporary Homo sapiens. Several variations of the genus Homo existed around this time, including the Neandertals.
Homo erectus
Upright human." A species within the genus Homo first appearing just after 2 million years ago in Africa and spreading through the Old World. Had a brain close in size to that of modern humans. Had sophisticated behaviors including use of fire for warmth, cooking, and protection. Made smaller and lighter tools
The Upper Paleolithic peoples were humans from
W Eurasia who created tool industries different from those of earlier hominins
When does the founder effect occur?
When genetic drift is caused by the expansion of a small original population.
Constructivist evolutionary approaches
a core dynamic of human biology and culture is the construction of meanings, social relationships, ecological niches, and developing bodies
bipedalism
a form of locomotion on two feet
Which of the following describes a single nucleotide polymorphism?
a location in the DNA sequence where individuals differ by a single base
Traits that distinguish living nonhuman primates from all other mammals include
a mostly tropical distribution
Fitness is defined as
a trait produced by natural selection for a particular function that ultimately leads to survivorship or reproduction
Not favored by natural selection?
allowed for more efficient harvesting of fruit from small trees.
The extinction of competitors or an "adaptive breakthrough" can trigger
an adaptive radiation
H heidelbergensis had
an increased cranial capacity relative to H ergaster
What has never been found outside of Africa earlier than 60kya
anatomically modern human fossils
Chatelperronian industry
and Aurignacian industries co existed in S france
the skull of Australopithecus Afarensis is
apelike
Dizygotic twins differ from the majority of other pairs of full siblings in that they
are born at the same time.
Stone tools found at the herto site
are much like those found in association with earlier African Homo Heidelbergensis
Whats true of age preferences in mate selection among humans
as men age the difference between they wives increases
Contest competition for food is
associated with strong, differentiated dominance relationships
What is the state of two alleles remaining in a population because the heterozygotes have a higher fitness than either homozygote?
balanced polymorphism
Beginning in about 75kya the global environment of various hominins
begin to grow consistently colder
ethnocentrism
believe that your own culture is superior to other culture
Disease resistance
biocultural practices shapes the experience and effects of disease evolutionary pressures of disease affect different populations differently because of access to healthcare
derived feature of Au. Afarensis
bipedalism
Nearly all ethnographic data from cultural Anthro point to what conclusion
bro and sis incest is RARE af
Genetic Drift
change in genetic variation across generations due to random factors
whats another major reason foraging groups exhibit strong gender diversity?
childcare is more compatible with gathering and hunting
What is true of mtDNA
children share it with their mothers
Oldowan tools included
choppers
In order to get an absolute date for a particular fossil, paleoanthropologists would use
chronometric dating techniques
Simps rely more on___ resources while ppl focus on____ resources
collected; extracted and hunted
we first see evidence of ____ in archaeological record of H ergaster
controlled use of fire
All of the following are anatomical traits found in modern Homo sapiens except
curved fingers
The amount of genetic variation for human populations
decreased as the distance from Africa increased
Serves as sufficient evidence that hominins ate meat?
definite stone tool marks found on animal bones at hominin sites
Traits such as slower development and habitual bipedality in modern humans are considered...
derived
extremely heavy browridge characterizing H ergaster is an
derived hominin feature
A 1% difference between the human genome and the chimpanzee means
differences in about 30 million nucleotides.
Borgerhoff Mulder suggest the reason why there is no relationship between wealth and bride wealth among Kipsigis is...
differences in wealth among Kipsigis are very unstable
Disease & Evolution
disease has an impact on evolution human history is marked by the constant circulation of population-shaping diseases
The process of the selection-mutation balance explains why
diseases like cystic fibrosis do not disappear from the species through natural selection.
Main morphological diff that can be seen between H Erectus and H ergaster
dramatic skull differences. H Erectus have massive face and thicker cranial walls
Effects of Larger cranial capacity
enabled us to acquire a degree of social complexity and tool use not seen in other apes
behavioral traits and their expression are usually slightly more sensitive to ___ than morphological traits are
environment
The high occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDD) in some populations could potentially be explained by recent and sudden changes in
environments.
What is the best evidence for the existence of large social networks during the MSA?
evidence of long-distance transport or trade of raw materials.
why do womens make more false negative errors when judging a partners potential intentions
fear of becoming pregnant causes them to err on the side of caution about there partners intention
Orrin tungenesis has chimp like features including..
finger bones adapted to climbing
Carolus Linneaus
first proposed the terms "class" and "order" (John Ray proposed "genus" and "species")
in human foraging groups, hunting and extractive foraging linked to
food sharing
6 Benefits of bipedal movement
frees up arms (carry food, make tools), to protect from sunlight, used less energy walking on 2 legs,
Scientists conventionally divide the causes of human variation into what two categories?
genetic variation and environmental variation
Why did Mulder find bridewealth payments increase as the age of the bride at the time menarche decreased?
greatest value was placed on the brides reproductive potential
The diet of robust australopithecines mostly consisted of items such as
hard objects such as nuts
Lake Turkana Significance
has produced the most diverse range of hominin fossils.
Tarsiers
have a grooming claw
Strepsirrhines (suborder of lemurs and lorises)
have a tooth comb
In a malaria-present environment, a heterozygote individual (genotype = AS) who carries one normal and one sickle cell allele is more likely to
have better survival relative to the AA and SS genotypes
Robust australopithecines (Paranthropus, extinct bipedal hominids)
have molar teeth with thick enamel
Prosimians differ from anthropoids because anthropoids
have postorbital closure
The field of anthropology is
holistic, evolutionary, comparative
40 years ago paleoanthropologist would have incorrectly answered the question "why morphological diversity among hominins of 100kya disappeared by 30 kya
hominids were a single worldwide species that gradually evolved more modern morphology through out the world.
Find antelope bone with tool marks and carnivore teeth marks
hominin scavenged the meat after carnivore killed the antelope
Embodiment
how people literally biologically incorporate the material & social worlds they live in from conception to death
Why are anthropologists interested in human environment of evolutionary adaptedness and studying food gathering practices of hunter gathering societies
humans were foragers for the majority of our existence it is thought that our brains are designed to experience life in foraging societies
evidence points to the conclusion that hominins were
hunters and scavengers
Developmental Bias
idea not all variations are random, but a function of the developmental processes organisms undergo during their lives that generates forms more readily than others
Brachiation
initial adaptation for swinging from limb to limb eventually lead tp bipedalism
Ardipithecus is anatomically
intermediate between hominins and apes
genetic drift
is chance fluctuations of allele frequencies of the gene pool of a population
The FOXP2 gene
is important for proper language function in humans
What is true of the Middle Stone Age? Sally McBrearty & Alison George
it involved symbolic behavior, including the performance of ritual burials
The position of a species within its physical and biotic environment is called
its ecological niche
Function of abductor muscle in bipedalism..
keeps one upright (prevents the tip of the hip) while walking
Mate selection
know where a person lives provides more info about what he or she wants than knowing the persons gender
True of what we can or cannot determine using genetic info about TMRCA and mutations
knowing the age of TMRCA allows biologists to estimate population sizes in the past.
Paranthropus aethiopicus differs bc...
larger molars designed for heavy chewing
Which is a derived feature that fossils classified as anatomically moderns homo sapiens share with contemporary humans
less robust post cranial skeletons
What would challenge John Toobys and Cosmides arguments about the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness
life ways that characterize contemporary foragers did not emerge until 40kya
Homo erectus
lived primarily in E. Asia
A prolonged juvenile period generates selection for
long life span
The acquisition and use of meat for food is efficient and beneficial because
meat provides a large amount of nutrients in a small serving
Mode 5 tool
microliths
Australopithecus Afarensis dental anatomy
more sexually dimorphic canines than modern humans
Gene Flow
movement of genetic material within & between populations
what traits do contemporary men and women around the world rate as the most important in mates
mutual attraction
Not everyone agrees on the characterization of fossils why?
not many fossils 5-7 mya. && they are fossils from a time when lineage began to diverge
Appearance of modern humans in Africa..
of 2 fossil skulls found in Omo Kibish dating 190 kya only one of them has the modern features of high rounded braincases
opposable thumb
opposite site of thumb
brachiation
or arm swinging, is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms.
Niche construction
organisms play an active role in their evolution by reshaping the environment to suit their own needs
A team of geneticists led by Joel N. Hirschhorn of Harvard University discovered that height differences between northern and southern Europeans are
partly due to small genetic differences at a large number of loci.
The 2 migration scenario for human expansion throughout the world is supported by
patterns of climate and ecology over the period
evolutionary psychology
perspective focused on understanding the evolution of psychological mechanisms resulting in human behavior
integration between genes and environment produces
phenotypes
Benefit of finding Dikika child skeleton?
provided a more complete As. Afrarensis
The hypothesis suggesting that the fossil record shows long periods of no change and new adaptive characters form "quickly" at speciation events is called
punctuated equilibrium
Diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU), Tay-Sachs disease, and cystic fibrosis are caused by
recessive mutant genes that code for proteins that do not serve their normal function.
Ecological System of Inherietence
reorganizing ecosystems creates conditions for a co-evolutionary process in which humans, plants, animals, and microorganisms can mutually shape each other's evolutionary prospects (niche constructions)
New data results on Denisovan skeletal remains showed hominins were genetically diff from Neanderthals and mod humans
represents the descendants of distinct wave of migration out of Africa, earlier than Neanderthals and mod humans but after H. Erectus
Most early hominin toolmakers were
right handed
Bouri hominins
sagittal crest
flexible, behavioral traits can be shaped by natural selection bc
sensitive to environmental conditions
bone and tool assemblages at Olduval most likely represent
sites where animals were butchered
the EEA for human beings is envisioned many evolutionary psychologists to be
small scale foraging
The average brain size of Homo ergaster was
smaller than neanderthals
Why don't scientists assign species name to Neanderthals
some anthropologists consider Neanderthals a species an some group them with other hominin species
The genetic evidence for the evolution of modern humans
supports partial replacement model in Europe.
Elements of Culture
symbols, traditions, norms, values dynamic, integrated with daily experience, it is learned, it is shared
hunting efficiency of Ache men doesn't reach its peak until about 35 even though peak age is 20
take many years know the complex hunting skills
great chain of being
the arrangement of species from the highest to the lowest
Heritability is defined as
the extent to which offspring resemble their parents
Recen African Origins
the hypothesis that all modern people are derived from a single population of archaic H.sapiens from Africa
Multiregional hypothesis
the hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world
Characteristics of Strepsirrhini
the infraorder of primates including lemurs, galagos, and lorises smaller bodies, smaller brain-to-body size ratio, keener sense of smell, arboreal, nocturnal
Characteristics of Haplorrhini
the infraorder of primates including monkeys, apes and humans larger bodies, larger brain-to-body size, lack wet nose, better vision, skeletons varied due to differences in living
Taphonomy is the study of
the processes that form archaeological sites
ethology
the study of a certain case/pieces
which is true based on the observed behavior of soapberry bugs in diff environments
there are small genetic differences in the male propensity to guard females
whats a misconception in the nature vs nurture debate
there is clear distinction between the effects of the environment and the effects of genes on an individual
True of shelter and clothing employed and used by Upper Paleo ppl
they covered many of their shelters with large animal hides
how were humans similar to Neanderthals?
they had similar subsistence economies
whats an example of egocentric empathy
third party aversions to incest
Difference between stone tool marks and tooth marks
tooth marks leave smooth grooves
Christine Harris suggests a big problem with forced choice paradigm studies jealously among mates
treats emotional and sexual infidelity as separate though they may be strongly linked in the minds of tests subjects
Individuals who are heterozygous for the Tay-Sachs allele may enjoy a higher resistance to
tuberculosis.
Dual-Inheritance Theory
understanding gene-culture co-evolution is the key to understanding human behavior 1. people aquire info from others from culture 2. change on the level of culture should be modeled as a Darwinian evolutionary process 3. human biology encompasses culture 4. human evolution is distinguished from other organisms 5. co-evolution takes place between genes and culture
Outbred matings are
unrelated individuals
Australians seem to have been the first to
use polished stone tools
Acheulian tools
used by homo erectus
Oldowan tool
used by homo habilis
mousterian tools
used by the neadertals
sociobiology
uses principles drawn from biological sciences to explain human social behavior & social institutions
Our body can adapt to cold environments over the short-term by
vasoconstriction
All of the following traits are found in A. afarensis except
very little sexual dimorphism in body mass
Anatomy of Neanderthals indicate (about their ability to speak)
vocal tracts were similar to apes than humans. they probably couldn't talk
Characteristics of the forelimbs and hands of Adripithecus suggests?
walked along tops of branches, bearing weight on its palms.
It is likely that the common ancestor of chimps and humans possessed some sort of ______ and ______.
warfare...culture (all 4: culture, tool use, warfare, hunting)
According to Marta Lahr and Robert Foley evidence of toolmaking supports the hypothesis
waves of hominins migrated out of Africa and replaced earlier species
Theres controversy over wether the Oldowan hominins
were hunters or scavengers
Genetic markers are genes
whose location in the genome is known.
if we assume avg adult need 2k cals a day
women who forage roots don't make enough food for themselves
Erasmus Darwin
wrote out a theory of evolution in verse (i.e., in a poem-like format)
which hominins were definitely the FIRST stone toolmakers?
yo no se
What is Homo habilis short for? Why?
~'Handyman' ~Presumed to have tool-making capabilities
There is a __-__% similarity between modern human DNA of ___________ and _________ (but not _________) and neandertal DNA.
~1-4% ~Europeans ~Asians ~Africans
Define LEVALLOIS TOOLS:
~More complex design
The larger the ________, the larger the group size.
~neocortex
South African sites represent a _____ ________ collection of _______.
~non-random ~bones
Industrial Melanin
Protect skin from UV rays, adaptation
Name 4 distinctions each between Australopithecines and Homo habilis:
Australopithecines- Less rounded skull Smaller brain Prognathic face Large molars Homo habilis- More rounded skull Larger brain Less prognathic face Small molars
Describe the technology of Homo heidelbergensis:
~Controlled fire ~Build shelters ~Many food sources ~Hunted large game ~Used levallois tools
Professor Lawler is a ________. A. Mammal B. Primate C. Hominoid D. member of the genus Homo E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE: A. Jean Baptiste de Lamark developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin's B. Darwin was the first scientist to develop the theory of evolution C. Both Linneaus and Darwin proposed theories of evolutionary change D. Darwin used Mendel's principles of inheritance to support his theory of natural selection E. Buffon suggested there was a dynamic relationship between organism and environment
E. Buffon suggested there was a dynamic relationship between organism and environment
Both ________ and ________ proposed natural (not supernatural) mechanisms for evolution A. Lyell...Wallace B. Charles Darwin...Cuvier x C. Buffon...Erasmus Darwin x D. Wallace...Malthus E. None of the above
E. None of the above
The present patterns of genetic variation will reflect the pattern of past migrations only if
there is not too much gene flow.
what was observed in the study of peer groups in Israeli kibbutzim
there was almost no sexual experimentation or marriage by children in kibbutz peer groups even though they didn't discourage it
why would selection have most likely shaped mens psychology so that they are attracted to female attributes such as symmetrical features
these features would be the marker of out, correspond to fertility
what can we conclude when we find long segments of DNA that are widely shared among human but not in Neanderthals?
these genes have been subject to selection
what can we determine from the fact that Neanderthals are very similar to each other even though they are widely dispersed sites
they all shared a common ancestor well after the Neanderthal lineage split from the lineage leading to the Denisovans
Based on our knowledge about the behavior of mod carnivores, hominins may have transported their kills because
they couldn't carry many stone tools with them
how did neanderthals differ from upper Paleolithic peoples
they lived at lower populations densities
Describe the symbolic burial evidence of Neandertals:
~Corpse in fetal position ~Animal bones and stones also buried with body
When did Neandertals exist?
~130-30kya
What is the average CC of Neandertals?
~1520cc
WHEN and WHERE were the EARLIEST discoveries of Homo sapiens?
~160-100kya ~Africa/Middle East
Describe the early Homo sapien found in Herto, Ethiopia: When? Features? Likely relative?
~160kya ~More robust facial features ~1450cc ~Doesn't have Neandertal traits (no midface prognathism, no wide nasal opening) ~Likely evolved from H. heidelbergensis
Describe the Homo floresiensis: When? Anatomical features?
~16kya STRANGE FEATURES: ~Small brain ~Large feet ~Australopithecine-like anatomy
When does Homo habilis date to?
~2.4-1.5 mya
When were the 2 New World migrations?
~20kya ~12kya
What was found in Shanidar Cave?
~4 partial skeletons 1 male 30-45 yrs. old 5'7", 1600 cc brain size -paralyzed right arm -several pathologies -evidence of compassion
Australopithecines date from what years?
~4.2-1.2 mya
WHEN and WHERE were the LATEST discoveries of Homo sapiens?
~50-30kya ~Europe/Asia/Australia
When did the species Homo heidelbergensis exist?
~800kya-200kya
Dart is convinced that WHO is a human ancestor?
~A. africanus
Describe the TOOL USE of Australopithecines:
~A. ghari first to use tools ~Tools found in Kenya date to 3.3 mya
Where are Neandertals mainly distributed?
~Across the western part of Eurasia (Europe, Middle East)
Name 4 anatomical benefits that aid in language:
~Adam's apple ~Basicranial flexion ~Small oral cavity ~Short tongue deep in throat
Where did the Homo heidelbergensis inhabit?
~Africa ~Asia ~Europe
Who found 'Turkana boy'?
~Alan Walker ~Richard Leakey ~Other colleagues
Define -PITHICUS:
~Ape
Describe the BODY SIZE of Homo erectus:
~As tall as modern humans
Name ONE trait of the Australopithecus ghari:
~Associated with PRIMATIVE TOOLS
Human origins link to colonization of...
~Australia ~The New World ~Remote Oceania
The AUSTRALOPITHICINES are members of what two genus? PLUS name the 2 distinguishing traits:
~Australopithecus (gracile) ~Paranthropus (robust)
Describe the BRAIN SIZE of Homo erectus:
~Avg. of 900cc
Describe THREE traits of the Australopithecus afarensis:
~BIPEDAL, but had some adaptations for climbing ~Mix of ape-like and human-like traits (i.e. prognathism) ~Difficult births (less difficult than modern females)
How is Homo erectus different from prior hominids?
~Bigger body and brain ~Found OUTSIDE of Africa ~More advanced tools ~Features similar to modern humans
Who began excavations in Zhoukoudian, China? When? What was found?
~Black, Weidenreich, and Wenshong ~1930's ~Over 100 fossils of H. erectus
What piece of evidence shows early hominids as SCAVENGERS instead of HUNTERS?
~Bones have tool marks ON TOP of animal tooth marks.
Describe the BRAIN SIZE of Australopithecines:
~Brain size similar to chimps ~Very little brain evolution until emergence of genus Homo
What are the 2 structures in the brain associated with speech production and comprehension?
~Broca's area: production ~Wernicke's area: comprehension
How did the bones collect at the South African sites?
~By falling and breaking in the bottom of the cave
What sites are similar to those in South Africa?
~Caverns in the Shenandoah Valley