Biological Anthropology

What is the problem with evidence of shelters and hearths constructed during the middle Stone Age (MSA)

it is impossible to say for sure that natural processes didn't produce the features believed to be shelters and hearts

WHY DO YOU SAY NO TO YOUR CREEPY UNCLE WHO TOLD YOU TO MARRY YOUR COUSIN?

it seems to be within our genes to avoid in breeding because we don't want to increase the chance of passing one deleterious allele. CULTURALLY it differs doe

High frequencies of lactase persistence among pastoralists suggest that

the lactase-persistence gene evolved in response to culture.

Chimps food collecting skills diff from other primates?

the most elaborate and complex of primate world

Where is Homo habilis found?

~East and South Africa

Why do researchers not accept Dart's conclusion?

~He over-interprets the archaeological record to show that A. africanus used tools

Name 2 traits that differentiate Homo sapiens and Neandertals:

~Homo sapiens have longer limbs ~Less robust than Neandertals

What conclusion did CK Brain come to regarding humans and tool use?

~Humans are huntED rather than huntERS ~Bones, teeth, and horns are not used as tools ~Humans did not kill animals for their bones, horns, and teeth

Describe the CRANIUM of Homo erectus:

~Large browridge ~Broad skull base

What is the received view today about the evolution of Homo sapiens?

~Partial replacement Genetic evidence: Europe & Asia Anatomical evidence: Middle Eastern and Central European sites

Describe the UPPER CRANIUM of Homo neanderthalensis:

~Rounded, thin walled cranium ~Low foreheads ~Rounded brow ridge ~Mid-face prognathism ~Large nasal opening

Define TOPHONOMY:

~The study of what happens to something after it dies

Define OSTEODONTOKRATIC:

~Tools made from teeth, bone, or horns.

How did Neandertals utilize their teeth as a tool?

~Used to hold hides ~Anterior teeth often chipped

What differentiates ROBUST and GRACILE forms in Australopithecines?

~Variation in dental and jaw morphology ~Dietary adaptations

Neandertals

A distinct group within the genus Homo inhabiting Europe and Southwest Asia from approximately 125,000 to 30,000 years ago. Represented as the classic cavemen. They had modern-sized brains with faces and skulls that were very different from later fossilized remains. Associated with the Mousterian tool industry.

Describe the early Homo sapien found in France: Where? When? Features?

~Cro-Magnon ~30kya ~Small anterior teeth ~Females have more modern features ~Males have more robust features

Who found the first fossils of Homo erectus? When? Where? What was found?

~Eugene DuBois ~1891 ~Trinil village, Java; Solo river ~Skull cap, femur

Describe the DEVELOPMENT of Australopithecines: PLUS 1 example

~Faster to reach sexual maturity ~Less infant dependency ~A. africanus

Define CHATELPEROUIAN TOOLS:

~Found between 35-29kya ~Used by Neandertals ~Many fine blades and adornments

Describe the advantages to bipedalism for Homo habilis:

~Free hands ~Carrying tools ~Carrying scavenged meat

Describe the 3 parts in the COMPLETE REPLACEMENT MODEL:

~H. sapiens arose in Africa ~They moved into Europe and Asia ~They DID NOT interbreed with existing hominids in the area

Describe the 3 parts of the PARTIAL REPLACEMENT MODEL:

~H. sapiens arose in Africa ~They moved into Europe and Asia ~They interbred with existing hominids in the area

Describe the 3 parts in the REGIONAL CONTINUITY MODEL:

~H. sapiens arose in all parts of the world ~Their ancestors were the hominids who previously occupied these regions ~Extensive gene flow

Describe the LOCOMOTION of Australopithecines: PLUS 2 examples

~Have bipedal adaptations, but can also climb ~A. afarensis, A. africanus

How did Neandertals display "sheltering behavior"?

~Hearths ~Cooking ~Wind-breaks ~Clothing with skins

Describe the diet of Australopithecines:

~Herbivores + some meat-eating

African forms of Homo erectus are now called what?

~Homo ergaster

What does the term "archaic Homo sapiens" refer to?

~Homo heidelbergensis

Describe the diet of Neandertals:

~LARGE quantities of meat ~Hunted big game ~Cannibalism

How does the Acheulian tool industry differ from the Oldowan tool industry?

~Larger ~More symmetrical

Describe the CRANIUM of Homo heidelbergensis:

~Larger cranial capacity ~Rounded browridge

What is required of vocal chords to make sound?

~Length of A must equal B

What caused the breakage patterns on discovered bones?

~Leopard predation ~Hyena foraging

Who discovered and named the Oldowan Industry?

~Louis Leakey

Who found the first Homo habilis fossil? Where? When?

~Louis Leakey ~Olduvai Gorge ~1960's

South African fossil sites are characterized by what?

~Many sharp-shaped bones

Describe the DIET of Homo habilis:

~Meat + vegetation ~Evidence of hunting/scavenging

Homo heidelbergensis was a ______ __________ species.

~Middle Pleistocene

Describe the SEXUAL DIMORPHISM of Australopithecines: PLUS 2 examples

~Moderate canine dimorphism ~Moderate - high size dimorphism ~Polygynous social system ~A. afarensis, robust species

Describe the LOCOMOTION of Homo habilis:

~Modern bipedal gait ~Better ability to manipulate hands

What does the high variability in Homo habilis fossils indicate?

~Multiple species rather than just one species

H. heidelbergensis is ancestral to _________ and ______________.

~Neandertals ~Homo sapiens

Why do Africans not have Neandertal ancestral DNA?

~Neandertals lived in colder, northern climates ~Homo sapiens who remained in Africa did not meet or interbreed with Neandertals

What made Homo habilis different from P. boisei?

~No sagittal crest ~Small molar teeth ~Associations with tools

Describe the BRAIN EXPANSION of Homo habilis:

~Observation, learning, and memory ~The need to learn large carnivore habits

Describe the LOWER CRANIUM of Homo neanderthalensis:

~Occipital bun ~No chin ~Worn back teeth ~Taurodont tooth roots

Dart argues that A. africanus had what type of tool culture?

~Osteodontokeratic

What was also found at the same site as Homo habilis?

~P. boisei

What was 'Turkana boy'?

~Set of fossils found in Africa ~Young boy 11-12 years of age ~Dates to 1.6mya ~Very complete skeleton and cranium

Describe the TORSO of Homo neanderthalensis:

~Short ~Heavily muscled ~Thick bones ~Large joints ~barrel-chested ~Adaptations to COLD weather

Describe the DETENTION of Homo erectus:

~Shovel-shaped incisors (also found in some modern populations)

What was Shanidar Cave?

~Site in northeastern Iraq ~4 partial skeletons found ~Deliberate burials

What did the Zhoukoudian fossil site uncover?

~Site was occupied for over 250,000 years ~Possible evidence of fire control and hunting

Describe the early Homo sapien found in Israel: Where? When? Features?

~Skhul Cave ~115kya ~High cranial vault ~Small anterior teeth ~1400cc

Name THREE traits associated with Australopithecus africanus:

~South African ~Faster maturation ~Anterior foramen magnum

Define AUSTRAL-:

~South, southern

What is the Oldowan Industry?

~Stone-tool industry ~Associated with Homo habilis

What kinds of tools are common in the Acheulian Industry?

~Tear dropped shaped hand axes ~Chipped on all sides to create a BIFACE ~Design consistent over 1 million years

What are the problems associated with the REGIONAL CONTINUITY MODEL:

~The species Homo is not a 'true' species because they interbred, thus not reproductively isolated from each other

Define MOUSTERIAN TOOLS:

~Thinner blades ~Complex tools ~More cutting edge

Why do we believe the Turkana boy did NOT have regulated breathing? Why do we still believe they had communication abilities?

~Thoracic vertebre ~Standardization of Acheulean tools

Describe 5 traits associated with Mousterian tools:

~Used by Neandertals ~Hafted spear head ~Glue to secure arrow to spear ~Planning of a template ~Non-stone materials

Name 5 physical traits of Homo sapiens:

~Vertical forehead ~Small browridge ~Chin ~Small incisors ~Pyramidal mastoid process

What are advantages to fire-control?

~Warmth ~Cooking ~Tool-making ~Light

What 3 groups coexisted around 35kya?

~Western and Central European sites ~Neandertals ~Modern humans

Was there overlap between Homo sapiens and other hominids?

~Yes. Homo sapiens were contemporaneous with other hominids for a portion of geological time.

primates behavior

Primates are social animals and most species live and travel in groups. A community is a unit of primate social organization composed of 50 or more individuals who inhabit a geographical area. Males and females can be organized into dominance hierarchies, an observed ranking system ordering individuals from high (alpha) to low standing corresponding to predictable behavioral interactions including domination

Primate characteristics

Primates developed characteristics as adaptations to insect predation and life in the trees: • A reduction in the number and size of teeth. • Binocular stereoscopic vision (depth perception) and a reduced sense of smell. • An intensified sense of touch. • An enlarged, responsive cerebral cortex. • Changes to the skeleton included a reduction of the snout, an enlargement of the braincase, and adaptations for upright posture and flexibility of limb movement.

Primates as mammals

Primates, like most mammals, are intelligent animals whose young are born live and nourished with milk from their mothers. They maintain constant body temperature and have respiratory and circulatory systems that will sustain high activity levels. Their skeleton and teeth also resemble those of other mammals.

Natural Selection

Process through which heritable traits become more or less common in a population due to reproductive success of organisms interacting in their environments

The process of neoteny in humans essentially means that

humans are apes who retain juvenile characteristics into adulthood.

True of the development of mod human behavior

humans could have evolved new cognitive abilities that were not reflected in their physical anatomy

Neanderthals probably contributed a small percentage

of genes in modern human populations outside of Africa

a proportion of predatory carnivores in mod Africa

often savage for meat rather than hunting all the time

Name FIVE traits specific to Australopithecines:

1. Bipedal locomotion 2. Ape-like features 3. Small brains 4. Sexual dimorphism in body size, but not in canine size 5. Small incisors and canines

Describe 4 behaviors consistent with Homo erectus:

1. First widespread species 2. Used fire 3. Tools used to hunt big game 4. Used culture as an adaptive strategy

Leakey emphasized what key traits in Homo habilis?

1. Larger brain than any other Australopithecine. 2. Tool-making

Describe 5 PHYSICAL TRAITS of the Robust Australopithecines:

1. Larger cheek teeth / smaller anterior teeth 2. Larger attachment sites for chewing muscles 3. Sagittal crest 4. Broad cheek bones 5. Large infratemporal fossae

Name the 3 current viewpoints regarding the origin of modern humans:

1.) Complete replacement model 2.) Partial replacement model 3.) Regional continuity model

H ergaster may have first appeared in Eurasia

1.8 mya

H. erectus

1.8mya to 300,000 years ago provided evidence of Acheulian tool technology

Neanderthals appeared in? and disappeared in ?

130kya; 30kya

G. Paranthropus

2.7 1 mya larger brains, broad "dish-shaped" face, small foreheads, pronounced sagittal crest, megadontia: large molars, tool users, bipedal

H. erectus & H. Heidelbergensis may have coexisted in E Asia

200 kya

G. Australopthecus

2mya 1.2 and 1.4m tall, sexual dimorphism, gracine: slender, large brain sizes, gripping hand, processed food, partly arboreal, bipedal

G. Homo

3 to 2mya large cranial capacity, competent bipeds, made OLDUWAN tools: rocks that were modified to produce sharp flakes and edged choppers

Taiwanese minor marriages result in

30% fewer children

CC of H ergaster

800cc

When does a selective sweep occur?

A beneficial mutation arises and then both the mutation and DNA linked to the mutation on the same chromosome spread through the population.

cultural resource management

A branch of archaeology that is concerned with survey and/or excavation of archaeological and historical remains threatened by construction or development. Also involved with policy surrounding protection of cultural resources.

Chronometic dating

A dating method that determines age of archaeological feature on some specified time scale

ethnographic method

A prolonged & intensive observation of & participation in the life of community

Qualitative Data Collection

A research strategy producing an in-depth & detailed description of social activities & beliefs

Culturally constructed concept of race

A set of cultural or ethnic factors combined with easily perceived morphological traits (e.g., skin reflectance, body shape, cranial structure) in an artificial "biologized" category.

Catastrophism is associated with which early scientific thinker

A. Cuvier

The first australopithecine to be found in association with tools is

A. garhi

Homo erectus is mostly associated with the following tool industry:

Achulean

Nocturnal

Active during the nighttime

Classification of the Family Hominidae

African apes, Asian apes, and humans all except gibbons have large bodies and brains, full rotation of the arm, greater hand movement

True about relative genetic variation in humans...

African populations are more variable than other human populations

Node 3 significance

All modern non African humans are connected to node l3

Physical Anthropology/Biological Anthropology

Also known as biological anthropology. The systematic study of humans as biological organisms. 1. Molecular anthropology is a branch of physical anthropology that studies genes and genetic relationships as a way to better understand human evolution, adaptation, and diversity.

cultural anthropology

Also known as social anthropology or sociocultural anthropology. The study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings. It focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures. Involves two main components: ethnography and ethnology

Genotype

An organisms genetic component

Applied Anthropology

Anthropological research commissioned to show an organizations needs

Relative Dating

Any dating techniques that provide us with rough assessments of the age of an artifact relative to other archaeological features

Developmental Systems Theory

Approach combining multiple dimensions toward understanding the development & evolutionary impact of organisms

Richard Klein places this at the base of his "working phylogeny"

Ardi

ethnocentrism

Assumption that ones on way of doing things is correct while dismissing others practices or views as wrong

A gap in the fossil records at 3.9-3.6 may has created uncertainties about?

Au. anamensis. and Au aferensis

When were near and remote Oceania settled?

Australia/Near Oceania: 45kya Parts of remote Oceania: 4kya

subadult found at Taung in S Africa

Australopithecus Africanus

Which of the following is true of racial classification schemes?

Because genetic variation is continuous, the placement of individuals within any single category is arbitrary.

Evolution

Biological change over time and includes both: Microevolution - evolutionary change occurring in relatively short periods of time and relatively small changes; any change in the frequency of alleles in populations of organisms from generation to generation Macroevolution - evolutionary change occurring over longer periods of time; speciation Change occurs through gene flow, genetic drift, mutations and natural selection

charles lyell

Book of geology that give Darwin the deep time. Uniform materialism, father of geology

Why is it often difficult to separate the genetic and environmental causes of human variation in real situations?

Both genetic transmission and shared environments cause parents and offspring to be similar.

Chimps vs Human foraging

Both rely on different methods of food procurement

Linguistic Anthropology

Branch of anthropology that studies human languages including the study of 1. Descriptive- components of language (syntax and grammar) 2. Sociolinguistics - the way language is used in society 3. Historical linguistics - the way language changes over time

Mutation

Change at the level of the DNA

Although men typically report wanting more sexual partners than women, for what primary reason would we expect men to form committed relationships.

Children wo receive care from both parents are more likely to thrive

Chimp toolmaking

Chimps carefully select stones they use to hammer open nuts but don't modify them before they use them

Quantitative Data Collection

Classifies features of a phenomenon by counting or measuring them & constructing mathematical models to explain whats observed

charles darwin

Come up with the idea of natural selection

Melanin

Complex polymer that's main pigment in human skin, occurs in black & brown

The four subfields of psychology

Cultural anthropology Archaeology Biological anthropology Linguistic anthropology

Which ONE of the following statements is FALSE: A. H. erectus are as tall as modern humans B. H. erectus have thicker long-bones (i.e., bones of the arm/leg) than humans C. H. erectus are more sexually dimorphic than modern humans D. H. erectus have smaller posterior teeth (i.e., molars/premolars) than humans E. H. erectus has a low forehead

D. H. erectus have smaller posterior teeth (i.e., molars/premolars) than humans

Ardipithecus ramidus

Dated to 4.4 million years ago. The remains show that some of the earliest bipeds inhabited a forested environment

Traits that distinguish living nonhuman primates from other mammals include

Dermatoglyphs or "finger prints"

Sexual dimorphism

Difference between the sexes in body size or shape

Which of the following did geneticists find to be the difference between the amount of genetic variation within local groups, among groups within races, and between the races?

Differences within local groups account for 85% of the total variation in the species, and the rest was accounted for by differences among groups within races and between races themselves.

Charles Darwin A. proposed the theory of sexual selection B. had no interest in nature as a child C. was born in France D. only wrote one book in his life E. none of the above

E. None of the above

Anthropology consists of four subfields, they are: A. biological, linguistic, political, ethnographical B. physical, primatological, cultural, ethnological C. cultural, archaeology, linguistic, political D. primatological, biological, linguistic, cultural E. None of the above

E. None of the above (The answer would be Cultural, Linguistic, Archaeological, Biological)

Dominance A. relationships are the outcome of a dispute over a contested resource B. is the predictable relationship between individuals established via fighting or displays C. results from individuals competing over valuable, defendable resources D. results in "priority of access" to resources E. all of the above

E. all of the above

A. afarensis

East Africa 3.9 to 3mya Example "Lucy" cranial capacity of 375 to 500 ape like face more evidence found in the form of footprints dates 3.8 to 3.6mya

A. aetheopicus

East Africa, 2.6mya, powerful jaw, well developed sagittal crest, hyper robust, megadontia, "black skull"

H. habilus

East and South Africa 2.4 to 1.4 mya provided evidence of Oldowan tool technology

Industrialization

Economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory based one

Holism

Efforts to synthesize distinct approaches & findings into a single comprehensive interpretation

Hadar located?

Ethiopia

H. neanderthalensis

Europe, Asia 300,000 to 30,000 years ago brains larger than average human rock shelters found in Europe and Asia Buried their dead

macroevolution

Evolutionary change occurring over longer periods of time; speciation

how does the evolutionary theory explain why chastity is considered essential in China but unimportant in Sweden?

Evolutionary theory cannot yet explain why chastity is considered essential

Sickle cell anemia

Example of natural selection A disease in which the oxygen-carrying red blood cells change shape and clog the circulatory system

epigenetic system of inheritance

External modifications to DNA that turn genes "on" or "off." Modifications do not change the DNA sequence, but instead, they affect how cells "read" genes

most distinct feature of the Kenyanthropus platyops

FLAT ASS FACE

__________ is a subfield of biological anthropology.

Forensic anthropology

Three Hominin Genera

Genus Australopithecus Paranthropus Homo

Anthropocene

Geological time where human heavily influenced ecosystems

Homo habilis

Handy human." The first fossil members of the genus Homo appearing 2.5 million years ago, with larger brains and smaller faces than australopithecines. May have been a tertiary scavenger

Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 7-6 Mya is unique because?

Has large browridge and a flat face. features of much later hominins

Which species of hominid is characterized by shovel-shaped incisors

Homo erectus

What is the problem with trying to classify people the same way we classify organisms into species categories—by using genetic measures of shared descent?

Human genetic variation changes smoothly from one place to another.

Thomas Malthus

Idea of competition for survival, starvation create the need of food

Determinism

Idea that all human actions are the product of culture which denies influence of other factors

analogies

In biology, structures possessed by different organisms that are superficially similar due to similar function; without sharing a common developmental pathway or structure. Ex: bat wings to human arm both have all bones

homologies

In biology, structures possessed by two different organisms that arise in similar fashion and pass through similar stages during embryonic development though they may possess different functions. Ex: bat wings to fly, human arm to pick up and hold on

Participant Observation

In ethnography, the technique of learning a people's culture through participation and personal observation within the community being studied, as well as interviews and discussion with members of the group over an extended period of time.

Hominine

Includes humans & our recent ancestors

One condition for the evolution of reciprocal altruism is

Individuals interact on more than one occasion

Robust australopithecines

Known for the rugged nature of their chewing apparatus (large back teeth, large chewing muscles, and bony ridge on their skull tops for the insertion of these large muscles).

Au. Afarensis were efficient bipeds and we know bc...

Laetoli footprints

Symbolic system of inheritance

Linguistic system through which humans store & communicate knowledge & conventional understandings using symbols

The ocean floor and continents are positioned on major plates called

Lithospheric plates

Arboreal

Living in the trees

terrestrial

Living on the ground

Lemurs are found in _______.

Madagascar

Parental investment

Many primates are able to breed at anytime. The average adult female monkey or ape spends most of her adult life pregnant or nursing her young. After her infant is weaned, she will become pregnant again. Primates bear few young but devote more time and effort to the care of each individual. The long intervals between births results in a slow population growth.

According to one theory, cultural rules are ALL that prevent widespread incest from happening. How can we disprove?

Matings better close relatives are exceedingly rare among all primates including humans

The flawed propositions on which the North American concept of race is based includes which idea?

Members of different races are different in important ways.

Gracile australopithecines

Members of the genus Australopithecus possessing a more lightly built chewing apparatus. Likely had a diet that included more meat than that of the robust australopithecines.

Men's diets in contemporary foraging societies

Men produce more food than they can eat when reach adulthood

By comparing the patterns of genetic variation w/in living people and genetic material extracted from fossils

Mod human outside of Africa are all descended from a population that left Africa 60kya

Homo Erectus category of technology

Mode 1

oldowan tools represent?

Mode 1 technology

Cultural relativism

Moral & intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs & practices

mutation

Mutation is the ultimate source of evolutionary change that constantly introduces new genetic variation. Mutations occur randomly and do not arise out of need for some new adaptation. Mutations may arise whenever copying mistakes are made during cell division

four forces of evolutions

Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection— create and pattern biological diversity.

H. Heidelbergensis have shared characteristics with

Neanderthals

Late Pleistocene

Neanderthals were found in Europe

Characteristics of New World Monkeys

New World monkeys live in tropical forests of South and Central America. All are arboreal with long tails. Some New World monkeys possess prehensile or grasping tails, which they use as a fifth limb.

Which of the following has been discovered by the genomewide association studies on height?

None of the genes that affect height has a large effect.

Characteristics of Old World monkeys

Old World monkeys and apes, including humans, have a 40-million-year shared evolutionary history in Africa distinct from anthropoid primates in the tropical Americas. Old World monkeys are divided from apes at the taxonomic level of superfamily. They possess nonprehensile tails and may live on the ground or in trees, using quadrupedal locomotion on the ground or a palms-down position in the trees

Tool industry of H. ergaster (1.8 mya)

Oldowan

Plasticity

Organism responds to its environment by changing during its lifetime

Carolus Linneaus

Organizer, the one who classified all lives on earth.

microevolution

Over generations, the relative proportions of alleles in a population changes according to the reproductive success of individuals within that population -- called microevolution.

Paranthropus vs. Au. Africanus

Paranthropus had a larger chewing apparatus

Human behavioral ecology

Perspective that focuses on how ecological & social factors affect behavior through natural selection

Anthropoid

Primate super-family including monkeys, apes, & humans

Hominoid

Primate super-family that includes all apes & the humans

speciation

Process by which new species arise

Comparitive Method

Research method that derives insights from comparisons of aspects of 2 or more different cultures

What are the differences in DIET between ROBUST and GRACILE Australopithecines?

Robust: Herbivory and hard seeds Gracile: Omnivorous

Biodiversity

Similarities & differences within & across groups that have biological dimensions

Key component of Neanderthal morphology

Small back teeth and large heavily worn front teeth

Extra-genetic inheritance

Socially transmitted & epigenetic factors that aids in adaptive success of organisms

Which of the following statements about body size or height in human populations is accurate?

Some variation in body size among humans is adaptive.

Ethics

Standards of appropriate behavior

eugenics

Study of genetics w/ notion of improving human biology & biological potential

Anthropology

Study of human beings, their biology, history, linguistics, culture, & social institutions

forensic anthropology

Subfield of applied physical anthropology that specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes. Forensic anthropologists use details of skeletal anatomy to establish age, sex, population affiliation, and stature of the deceased.

Prehensile Tail

The ability to grasp things, using the tail

natural selection

The evolutionary process through which genetic variation at the population level is shaped to fit local environmental conditions.

Ellis-van Kreveld disease

The example of genetic drift

Deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a genetic locus implies

The genetic locus is evolving.

Hominin branches

The genus Australopithecus had jaws adapted to a generalized diet.

Foramen magnum

The hole in the skull where spinal core connect to.

holism

The idea that the various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence. A fundamental principle of anthropology which helps anthropologists avoid the pitfalls of ethnocentrism.

gene flow

The introduction of new alleles from nearby populations. Interbreeding allows genes to flow in and out of populations, increasing variation within a population.

intelligent design

The non-scientific argument that complex biological structures have been designed by an unidentified supernatural or extraterrestrial intelligence

Phenotype

The observable & measurable traits of an organisms

ethnography

The report of certain pieces

Where the Temporalis muscle attaches in skulls you can conclude?

The species ate different diets.

Purpose of Acheulean industry and axes?

The specific purposes are unknown

culture

The standards or rules by which societies operate. These standards are socially learned, rather than acquired through biological inheritance. No person is "more cultured" in the anthropological sense than any other. Anthropology's distinguishing feature.

archeology

The study of human cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data

Anthropology

The study of humankind in all times and places. The focus is the interconnections and interdependence of all aspects of the human experience in all places, in the present and deep into the past, well before written history.

primatory

The study of living and fossil primates. 1. Primates include the Asian and African apes, monkeys, lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. 2. Biologically, humans are members of the ape family.

Paleoanthropology

The study of the origins and predecessors of the present human species (human evolutionary studies). Uses a biocultural approach, focusing on the interaction of biology and culture. Genetic analyses indicate that the human line originated 5 to 8 million years ago

applied anthropology

The use of anthropology knowledge/methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client. Involves collaboration with communities to set goals, solve problems, and conduct research together.

culture-bound theory

Theories about the world and reality based on the assumptions and values of one's own culture. The cross-cultural and long-term evolutionary perspective of anthropology distinguishes it from other social sciences and guards against culture-bound behavior.

Alfred Wallace

Theory of natural selection but a little bit after Darwin

Which of the following has been demonstrated by the change, or lack of change, in average height among immigrants to the United States?

There have been substantial changes in average height in the course of a few generations, indicating a major role for environment in determining height.

What action is performed by nonsynonymous substitutions?

They alter the amino acid sequence of proteins.

What have data suggested about temperate and arctic foragers in comparison to tropical foragers?

They depend more on meat

What was a drawback of the blade tools used by the Upper Paleo pals in comparison to older types of cutting tools?

Took more time to manufacture

Behavioral System of Inheritance

Types of patterned behaviors that parents & adults pass on to young in group by learning & imitation

Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens

Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens Between 400,000 and 200,000 years ago, evolving humans achieved the brain capacity of contemporary Homo sapiens. Several variations of the genus Homo existed around this time, including the Neandertals.

Homo erectus

Upright human." A species within the genus Homo first appearing just after 2 million years ago in Africa and spreading through the Old World. Had a brain close in size to that of modern humans. Had sophisticated behaviors including use of fire for warmth, cooking, and protection. Made smaller and lighter tools

The Upper Paleolithic peoples were humans from

W Eurasia who created tool industries different from those of earlier hominins

When does the founder effect occur?

When genetic drift is caused by the expansion of a small original population.

Constructivist evolutionary approaches

a core dynamic of human biology and culture is the construction of meanings, social relationships, ecological niches, and developing bodies

bipedalism

a form of locomotion on two feet

Which of the following describes a single nucleotide polymorphism?

a location in the DNA sequence where individuals differ by a single base

Traits that distinguish living nonhuman primates from all other mammals include

a mostly tropical distribution

Fitness is defined as

a trait produced by natural selection for a particular function that ultimately leads to survivorship or reproduction

Not favored by natural selection?

allowed for more efficient harvesting of fruit from small trees.

The extinction of competitors or an "adaptive breakthrough" can trigger

an adaptive radiation

H heidelbergensis had

an increased cranial capacity relative to H ergaster

What has never been found outside of Africa earlier than 60kya

anatomically modern human fossils

Chatelperronian industry

and Aurignacian industries co existed in S france

the skull of Australopithecus Afarensis is

apelike

Dizygotic twins differ from the majority of other pairs of full siblings in that they

are born at the same time.

Stone tools found at the herto site

are much like those found in association with earlier African Homo Heidelbergensis

Whats true of age preferences in mate selection among humans

as men age the difference between they wives increases

Contest competition for food is

associated with strong, differentiated dominance relationships

What is the state of two alleles remaining in a population because the heterozygotes have a higher fitness than either homozygote?

balanced polymorphism

Beginning in about 75kya the global environment of various hominins

begin to grow consistently colder

ethnocentrism

believe that your own culture is superior to other culture

Disease resistance

biocultural practices shapes the experience and effects of disease evolutionary pressures of disease affect different populations differently because of access to healthcare

derived feature of Au. Afarensis

bipedalism

Nearly all ethnographic data from cultural Anthro point to what conclusion

bro and sis incest is RARE af

Genetic Drift

change in genetic variation across generations due to random factors

whats another major reason foraging groups exhibit strong gender diversity?

childcare is more compatible with gathering and hunting

What is true of mtDNA

children share it with their mothers

Oldowan tools included

choppers

In order to get an absolute date for a particular fossil, paleoanthropologists would use

chronometric dating techniques

Simps rely more on___ resources while ppl focus on____ resources

collected; extracted and hunted

we first see evidence of ____ in archaeological record of H ergaster

controlled use of fire

All of the following are anatomical traits found in modern Homo sapiens except

curved fingers

The amount of genetic variation for human populations

decreased as the distance from Africa increased

Serves as sufficient evidence that hominins ate meat?

definite stone tool marks found on animal bones at hominin sites

Traits such as slower development and habitual bipedality in modern humans are considered...

derived

extremely heavy browridge characterizing H ergaster is an

derived hominin feature

A 1% difference between the human genome and the chimpanzee means

differences in about 30 million nucleotides.

Borgerhoff Mulder suggest the reason why there is no relationship between wealth and bride wealth among Kipsigis is...

differences in wealth among Kipsigis are very unstable

Disease & Evolution

disease has an impact on evolution human history is marked by the constant circulation of population-shaping diseases

The process of the selection-mutation balance explains why

diseases like cystic fibrosis do not disappear from the species through natural selection.

Main morphological diff that can be seen between H Erectus and H ergaster

dramatic skull differences. H Erectus have massive face and thicker cranial walls

Effects of Larger cranial capacity

enabled us to acquire a degree of social complexity and tool use not seen in other apes

behavioral traits and their expression are usually slightly more sensitive to ___ than morphological traits are

environment

The high occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDD) in some populations could potentially be explained by recent and sudden changes in

environments.

What is the best evidence for the existence of large social networks during the MSA?

evidence of long-distance transport or trade of raw materials.

why do womens make more false negative errors when judging a partners potential intentions

fear of becoming pregnant causes them to err on the side of caution about there partners intention

Orrin tungenesis has chimp like features including..

finger bones adapted to climbing

Carolus Linneaus

first proposed the terms "class" and "order" (John Ray proposed "genus" and "species")

in human foraging groups, hunting and extractive foraging linked to

food sharing

6 Benefits of bipedal movement

frees up arms (carry food, make tools), to protect from sunlight, used less energy walking on 2 legs,

Scientists conventionally divide the causes of human variation into what two categories?

genetic variation and environmental variation

Why did Mulder find bridewealth payments increase as the age of the bride at the time menarche decreased?

greatest value was placed on the brides reproductive potential

The diet of robust australopithecines mostly consisted of items such as

hard objects such as nuts

Lake Turkana Significance

has produced the most diverse range of hominin fossils.

Tarsiers

have a grooming claw

Strepsirrhines (suborder of lemurs and lorises)

have a tooth comb

In a malaria-present environment, a heterozygote individual (genotype = AS) who carries one normal and one sickle cell allele is more likely to

have better survival relative to the AA and SS genotypes

Robust australopithecines (Paranthropus, extinct bipedal hominids)

have molar teeth with thick enamel

Prosimians differ from anthropoids because anthropoids

have postorbital closure

The field of anthropology is

holistic, evolutionary, comparative

40 years ago paleoanthropologist would have incorrectly answered the question "why morphological diversity among hominins of 100kya disappeared by 30 kya

hominids were a single worldwide species that gradually evolved more modern morphology through out the world.

Find antelope bone with tool marks and carnivore teeth marks

hominin scavenged the meat after carnivore killed the antelope

Embodiment

how people literally biologically incorporate the material & social worlds they live in from conception to death

Why are anthropologists interested in human environment of evolutionary adaptedness and studying food gathering practices of hunter gathering societies

humans were foragers for the majority of our existence it is thought that our brains are designed to experience life in foraging societies

evidence points to the conclusion that hominins were

hunters and scavengers

Developmental Bias

idea not all variations are random, but a function of the developmental processes organisms undergo during their lives that generates forms more readily than others

Brachiation

initial adaptation for swinging from limb to limb eventually lead tp bipedalism

Ardipithecus is anatomically

intermediate between hominins and apes

genetic drift

is chance fluctuations of allele frequencies of the gene pool of a population

The FOXP2 gene

is important for proper language function in humans

What is true of the Middle Stone Age? Sally McBrearty & Alison George

it involved symbolic behavior, including the performance of ritual burials

The position of a species within its physical and biotic environment is called

its ecological niche

Function of abductor muscle in bipedalism..

keeps one upright (prevents the tip of the hip) while walking

Mate selection

know where a person lives provides more info about what he or she wants than knowing the persons gender

True of what we can or cannot determine using genetic info about TMRCA and mutations

knowing the age of TMRCA allows biologists to estimate population sizes in the past.

Paranthropus aethiopicus differs bc...

larger molars designed for heavy chewing

Which is a derived feature that fossils classified as anatomically moderns homo sapiens share with contemporary humans

less robust post cranial skeletons

What would challenge John Toobys and Cosmides arguments about the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness

life ways that characterize contemporary foragers did not emerge until 40kya

Homo erectus

lived primarily in E. Asia

A prolonged juvenile period generates selection for

long life span

The acquisition and use of meat for food is efficient and beneficial because

meat provides a large amount of nutrients in a small serving

Mode 5 tool

microliths

Australopithecus Afarensis dental anatomy

more sexually dimorphic canines than modern humans

Gene Flow

movement of genetic material within & between populations

what traits do contemporary men and women around the world rate as the most important in mates

mutual attraction

Not everyone agrees on the characterization of fossils why?

not many fossils 5-7 mya. && they are fossils from a time when lineage began to diverge

Appearance of modern humans in Africa..

of 2 fossil skulls found in Omo Kibish dating 190 kya only one of them has the modern features of high rounded braincases

opposable thumb

opposite site of thumb

brachiation

or arm swinging, is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms.

Niche construction

organisms play an active role in their evolution by reshaping the environment to suit their own needs

A team of geneticists led by Joel N. Hirschhorn of Harvard University discovered that height differences between northern and southern Europeans are

partly due to small genetic differences at a large number of loci.

The 2 migration scenario for human expansion throughout the world is supported by

patterns of climate and ecology over the period

evolutionary psychology

perspective focused on understanding the evolution of psychological mechanisms resulting in human behavior

integration between genes and environment produces

phenotypes

Benefit of finding Dikika child skeleton?

provided a more complete As. Afrarensis

The hypothesis suggesting that the fossil record shows long periods of no change and new adaptive characters form "quickly" at speciation events is called

punctuated equilibrium

Diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU), Tay-Sachs disease, and cystic fibrosis are caused by

recessive mutant genes that code for proteins that do not serve their normal function.

Ecological System of Inherietence

reorganizing ecosystems creates conditions for a co-evolutionary process in which humans, plants, animals, and microorganisms can mutually shape each other's evolutionary prospects (niche constructions)

New data results on Denisovan skeletal remains showed hominins were genetically diff from Neanderthals and mod humans

represents the descendants of distinct wave of migration out of Africa, earlier than Neanderthals and mod humans but after H. Erectus

Most early hominin toolmakers were

right handed

Bouri hominins

sagittal crest

flexible, behavioral traits can be shaped by natural selection bc

sensitive to environmental conditions

bone and tool assemblages at Olduval most likely represent

sites where animals were butchered

the EEA for human beings is envisioned many evolutionary psychologists to be

small scale foraging

The average brain size of Homo ergaster was

smaller than neanderthals

Why don't scientists assign species name to Neanderthals

some anthropologists consider Neanderthals a species an some group them with other hominin species

The genetic evidence for the evolution of modern humans

supports partial replacement model in Europe.

Elements of Culture

symbols, traditions, norms, values dynamic, integrated with daily experience, it is learned, it is shared

hunting efficiency of Ache men doesn't reach its peak until about 35 even though peak age is 20

take many years know the complex hunting skills

great chain of being

the arrangement of species from the highest to the lowest

Heritability is defined as

the extent to which offspring resemble their parents

Recen African Origins

the hypothesis that all modern people are derived from a single population of archaic H.sapiens from Africa

Multiregional hypothesis

the hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world

Characteristics of Strepsirrhini

the infraorder of primates including lemurs, galagos, and lorises smaller bodies, smaller brain-to-body size ratio, keener sense of smell, arboreal, nocturnal

Characteristics of Haplorrhini

the infraorder of primates including monkeys, apes and humans larger bodies, larger brain-to-body size, lack wet nose, better vision, skeletons varied due to differences in living

Taphonomy is the study of

the processes that form archaeological sites

ethology

the study of a certain case/pieces

which is true based on the observed behavior of soapberry bugs in diff environments

there are small genetic differences in the male propensity to guard females

whats a misconception in the nature vs nurture debate

there is clear distinction between the effects of the environment and the effects of genes on an individual

True of shelter and clothing employed and used by Upper Paleo ppl

they covered many of their shelters with large animal hides

how were humans similar to Neanderthals?

they had similar subsistence economies

whats an example of egocentric empathy

third party aversions to incest

Difference between stone tool marks and tooth marks

tooth marks leave smooth grooves

Christine Harris suggests a big problem with forced choice paradigm studies jealously among mates

treats emotional and sexual infidelity as separate though they may be strongly linked in the minds of tests subjects

Individuals who are heterozygous for the Tay-Sachs allele may enjoy a higher resistance to

tuberculosis.

Dual-Inheritance Theory

understanding gene-culture co-evolution is the key to understanding human behavior 1. people aquire info from others from culture 2. change on the level of culture should be modeled as a Darwinian evolutionary process 3. human biology encompasses culture 4. human evolution is distinguished from other organisms 5. co-evolution takes place between genes and culture

Outbred matings are

unrelated individuals

Australians seem to have been the first to

use polished stone tools

Acheulian tools

used by homo erectus

Oldowan tool

used by homo habilis

mousterian tools

used by the neadertals

sociobiology

uses principles drawn from biological sciences to explain human social behavior & social institutions

Our body can adapt to cold environments over the short-term by

vasoconstriction

All of the following traits are found in A. afarensis except

very little sexual dimorphism in body mass

Anatomy of Neanderthals indicate (about their ability to speak)

vocal tracts were similar to apes than humans. they probably couldn't talk

Characteristics of the forelimbs and hands of Adripithecus suggests?

walked along tops of branches, bearing weight on its palms.

It is likely that the common ancestor of chimps and humans possessed some sort of ______ and ______.

warfare...culture (all 4: culture, tool use, warfare, hunting)

According to Marta Lahr and Robert Foley evidence of toolmaking supports the hypothesis

waves of hominins migrated out of Africa and replaced earlier species

Theres controversy over wether the Oldowan hominins

were hunters or scavengers

Genetic markers are genes

whose location in the genome is known.

if we assume avg adult need 2k cals a day

women who forage roots don't make enough food for themselves

Erasmus Darwin

wrote out a theory of evolution in verse (i.e., in a poem-like format)

which hominins were definitely the FIRST stone toolmakers?

yo no se

What is Homo habilis short for? Why?

~'Handyman' ~Presumed to have tool-making capabilities

There is a __-__% similarity between modern human DNA of ___________ and _________ (but not _________) and neandertal DNA.

~1-4% ~Europeans ~Asians ~Africans

Define LEVALLOIS TOOLS:

~More complex design

The larger the ________, the larger the group size.

~neocortex

South African sites represent a _____ ________ collection of _______.

~non-random ~bones

Industrial Melanin

Protect skin from UV rays, adaptation

Name 4 distinctions each between Australopithecines and Homo habilis:

Australopithecines- Less rounded skull Smaller brain Prognathic face Large molars Homo habilis- More rounded skull Larger brain Less prognathic face Small molars

Describe the technology of Homo heidelbergensis:

~Controlled fire ~Build shelters ~Many food sources ~Hunted large game ~Used levallois tools

Professor Lawler is a ________. A. Mammal B. Primate C. Hominoid D. member of the genus Homo E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE: A. Jean Baptiste de Lamark developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin's B. Darwin was the first scientist to develop the theory of evolution C. Both Linneaus and Darwin proposed theories of evolutionary change D. Darwin used Mendel's principles of inheritance to support his theory of natural selection E. Buffon suggested there was a dynamic relationship between organism and environment

E. Buffon suggested there was a dynamic relationship between organism and environment

Both ________ and ________ proposed natural (not supernatural) mechanisms for evolution A. Lyell...Wallace B. Charles Darwin...Cuvier x C. Buffon...Erasmus Darwin x D. Wallace...Malthus E. None of the above

E. None of the above

The present patterns of genetic variation will reflect the pattern of past migrations only if

there is not too much gene flow.

what was observed in the study of peer groups in Israeli kibbutzim

there was almost no sexual experimentation or marriage by children in kibbutz peer groups even though they didn't discourage it

why would selection have most likely shaped mens psychology so that they are attracted to female attributes such as symmetrical features

these features would be the marker of out, correspond to fertility

what can we conclude when we find long segments of DNA that are widely shared among human but not in Neanderthals?

these genes have been subject to selection

what can we determine from the fact that Neanderthals are very similar to each other even though they are widely dispersed sites

they all shared a common ancestor well after the Neanderthal lineage split from the lineage leading to the Denisovans

Based on our knowledge about the behavior of mod carnivores, hominins may have transported their kills because

they couldn't carry many stone tools with them

how did neanderthals differ from upper Paleolithic peoples

they lived at lower populations densities

Describe the symbolic burial evidence of Neandertals:

~Corpse in fetal position ~Animal bones and stones also buried with body

When did Neandertals exist?

~130-30kya

What is the average CC of Neandertals?

~1520cc

WHEN and WHERE were the EARLIEST discoveries of Homo sapiens?

~160-100kya ~Africa/Middle East

Describe the early Homo sapien found in Herto, Ethiopia: When? Features? Likely relative?

~160kya ~More robust facial features ~1450cc ~Doesn't have Neandertal traits (no midface prognathism, no wide nasal opening) ~Likely evolved from H. heidelbergensis

Describe the Homo floresiensis: When? Anatomical features?

~16kya STRANGE FEATURES: ~Small brain ~Large feet ~Australopithecine-like anatomy

When does Homo habilis date to?

~2.4-1.5 mya

When were the 2 New World migrations?

~20kya ~12kya

What was found in Shanidar Cave?

~4 partial skeletons 1 male 30-45 yrs. old 5'7", 1600 cc brain size -paralyzed right arm -several pathologies -evidence of compassion

Australopithecines date from what years?

~4.2-1.2 mya

WHEN and WHERE were the LATEST discoveries of Homo sapiens?

~50-30kya ~Europe/Asia/Australia

When did the species Homo heidelbergensis exist?

~800kya-200kya

Dart is convinced that WHO is a human ancestor?

~A. africanus

Describe the TOOL USE of Australopithecines:

~A. ghari first to use tools ~Tools found in Kenya date to 3.3 mya

Where are Neandertals mainly distributed?

~Across the western part of Eurasia (Europe, Middle East)

Name 4 anatomical benefits that aid in language:

~Adam's apple ~Basicranial flexion ~Small oral cavity ~Short tongue deep in throat

Where did the Homo heidelbergensis inhabit?

~Africa ~Asia ~Europe

Who found 'Turkana boy'?

~Alan Walker ~Richard Leakey ~Other colleagues

Define -PITHICUS:

~Ape

Describe the BODY SIZE of Homo erectus:

~As tall as modern humans

Name ONE trait of the Australopithecus ghari:

~Associated with PRIMATIVE TOOLS

Human origins link to colonization of...

~Australia ~The New World ~Remote Oceania

The AUSTRALOPITHICINES are members of what two genus? PLUS name the 2 distinguishing traits:

~Australopithecus (gracile) ~Paranthropus (robust)

Describe the BRAIN SIZE of Homo erectus:

~Avg. of 900cc

Describe THREE traits of the Australopithecus afarensis:

~BIPEDAL, but had some adaptations for climbing ~Mix of ape-like and human-like traits (i.e. prognathism) ~Difficult births (less difficult than modern females)

How is Homo erectus different from prior hominids?

~Bigger body and brain ~Found OUTSIDE of Africa ~More advanced tools ~Features similar to modern humans

Who began excavations in Zhoukoudian, China? When? What was found?

~Black, Weidenreich, and Wenshong ~1930's ~Over 100 fossils of H. erectus

What piece of evidence shows early hominids as SCAVENGERS instead of HUNTERS?

~Bones have tool marks ON TOP of animal tooth marks.

Describe the BRAIN SIZE of Australopithecines:

~Brain size similar to chimps ~Very little brain evolution until emergence of genus Homo

What are the 2 structures in the brain associated with speech production and comprehension?

~Broca's area: production ~Wernicke's area: comprehension

How did the bones collect at the South African sites?

~By falling and breaking in the bottom of the cave

What sites are similar to those in South Africa?

~Caverns in the Shenandoah Valley